Manual of conchology; structural and systematic. With illustrations of the species

LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS

MANUAL

OF

ONCHOLOGY;

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

BY GEORGE W, TRYON, JR.

CONTINUED BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Vol. X.

NERITID^l, ADEORBIID/E, CYCLOSTREMATID^, LIOTIIDyE,

BY GEO. W. TRYON Jr.

PHASIANELLIN^E, TURBINID^, DELPfllNULIN^E.
BY HENRY A. PII.SBRY.

PHILADELPHIA:
Published by the Conehologieal Section,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, COK. 1QTH AND RACE STS.

1888.

LIBRARY

OF CAUFORNIA

MVZS

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Monograph of the Families Xeritida:. I 'ice,

••rbiidas, Cyclostrematidcz, and Liotiidce.

FAMILY XERITID^.

Animal with a broad, short muzzle, and long slender tentacles,
with eyes on prominent pedicels at their outer bases, foot oblong,
wide in front, attenuated behind, branchia long, triangular, pointed,
free at its extremity, ventricle embracing the intestine, anus on the
right side.

Dentition : 8-I'(3 -f I -f- 3)T8. The middle tooth small, sub-
quadrangular, second central tooth very large, transverse, sub-
rhomboidal, third and fourth central teeth very small ; lateral tooth
with reflected, simple or denticulated margin ; marginal teeth nu-
merous, narrow, curved, serrated. PI. 1, figs. 2, o.

Shell imperforate, thick, seniiglobose, porcellanous, spire very
small, internally porcellanous, the cavity simple from the absorp-
tion of the internal portion of the whorls by the animal (PL 1, fig.
15), aperture seniilimate, entire, the columellar lip flattened, septi-
forrn, with a rectilinear, plain or dentate margin, outer lip rounded,
sharp or thickened, not reflected.

The impression of the adductor muscle is horse-shoe shaped, open
in front, and is visible within the aperture.

Operculum calcareous, usually subspiral, provided with projecting
lobes on its inner face, the inner margin forming a pseudo-articula-
tion with the columellar lip.

Aquatic, although some species can live out of water ; herbivor-

The Xeritida? have been monographed by:
Reeve, Conch. Icon., ix, 18oo.
- werby, Thes. Conch, ii, and v.

Von Martens, Kiister's Conchylien Cabinet, 1879, 1881, 1887.
The latter author has given for this family the most complete and
carefully worked-up generic monographs that have lately appeared

(3)

4 NERITID.E.

in either of the iconographies. I have, in the main, followed his
arrangement of the species, although a different disposition of some
of the groups has appeared to me more desirable, and has accord-
ingly been attempted. In the Xeritinse Von Martens has made the
opercular processes the basis of his classification, whilst I have con-
sidered characters of the shell as of more importance ; the result is
a different succession of groups, whilst their contents remain es-
sentially alike.

Synopsis of Genera.
Genus NERITA, Adanson. 1757.

Shell thick, smooth or spirally ridged and grooved, porcellanous,
under a corneous adhering epidermis — sometimes wanting; outer
lip thick, usually denticulated within, columellar lip flattened, its
margin dentate, straight. Operculum calcareous, the outer face
granulated or with a decurrent groove, paucispiral, with excentric
nucleus, inner face callous, the apical and claviform apophyses well-
marked, marginal apophysis more or less developed, corresponding
with the groove of the outer face.

Animal usually with festooned mantle margin. Living on rocks
and stones, generally inactive by day, but said to be active at night,
roaming about and feeding on algse, etc. Gregarious, and littoral,
and nearly exclusively marine.

About 200 living species have heretofore been recognized, in-
habiting tropical and semitropical shores throughout the world.
Sixty fossil species have been enumerated, but the earlier forms are
somewhat doubtful, and may more probably be referred to Nerito-
domus.
Section NERITA, Lamarck. 1799 (sensu stricto).

Columellar lip granular or tuberculated. N. ALBICILLA, Linn.

Theliostyla, Morch. 1852, and Ncrfere, Gray. 1858, are synonyms.
Section PELORONTA, Oken. 1815.

Columellar lip nearly smooth, its margin strongly dentate, outer
lip dentate within. N. PELORONTA, Linn.

Tenare, Gray. 1858, is a synonym.
Section PILA, Klein. 1753.

Columellar lip rugosely grooved and ridged, its edge dentate,
outer lip plicate within, with a large tooth at either extremity of the
series. N. PLICATA, Linn.

Eitena, Gray. 1858, is a synonym.

NERITID^E. 5

Section ODONTOSTOMA (Klein. 1753),M6rch. 1852.

Columellar lip smooth or nearly smooth, its margin dentate, outer
lip scarcely denticulated within. N. POLJTA, Linn.

Subgenus LISSOCHILUS, Petho. 1882.

Inner lip smooth, its margin not dentate, outer lip sharp, not
thickened or dentate within. Triassic and Jurassic.

N. SIGARETINA, BuV.

Subgenus OTOSTOMA, d'Archiac. 1859.

Shell with longitudinal plications and very fine spiral lines, col-
umellar lip thick, with dentate margin.

Cretaceous of Europe, Algiers and Asia Minor. N. KUGOSA,
Hceningh.

These fossils have usually lost the columellar lip and the inner
layer of the outer lip, but traces of these destroyed parts are found
upon casts. The discovery of a silicified specimen in good preser-
vation and intact has proven the identity of Otostoma with Nerita ;
its longitudinal plications will serve to distinguish it subgenerically.

Lyosoma, White. 1882, appears to be synonymous. Its type is
L. POWELLI, White, from the Jurassic of Utah.

Genus DESHAYESIA, Raulin. 1844.

Shell subglobose, thick, umbilicated, spire short ; aperture entire,
semicircular, oblique, columella convex, denticulated, outer lip
smooth internally.

Eocene and Miocene ; Paris and Bordeaux basins.
D. NERITOIDES, Grat. Struct, and Syst. Conch. PI. 78, f. 59.

This genus presents a very remarkable combination of the char-
acters of Nerita and Natica, and appears to establish a passage be-
tween those genera.

Genus NERITINA, Lam. 1809.

Shell im perforate, rather thin, globose, with short spire, usually
smooth, columellar lip flattened, smooth, straight-margined, finely
denticulated or smooth, outer lip sharp, not callously thickened or
toothed within, aperture with a projection on the inner surface near
the base of the columella (PI. 1, fig. 16).

Operculum calcareous, completely closing the aperture ; exteri-
orly paucispiral with excentric nucleus, interiorly with an apical

6 NERITID.E.

and a claviform apophysis, both arising from the summit, and some-
times a medio-marginal apophysis in addition, arising from the
colnmellar or inner margin (PI. 1, figs. 9, 10).

No important differences in the soft parts have been detected be-
tween Nerita and Xeritina. Dentition, PL 1, fig. 3.

About 200 generally recognized species have been described.
They are mostly fluviatile, but a few inhabit marine or brackish
water, and a very few are of terrestrial habitat. They are mostly
tropical and subtropical in distribution. Fossil, they occur from
the liassic downwards, the pattern of coloring being well preserved;
the genus becomes numerous in species in the miocene and pliocene.

The Neritinse are small, smooth, globular shells, ornamented with
a great variety of black or purple lines, bands or spots, covered by
a smooth, polished, horny epidermis. Some species are amphibious,
clinging to the roots of Nipah palms and other trees on the mar-
gins of rivers, while a few inhabit the foliage of tall trees that over-
hang the water.

Neritella (Humphrey. 1797), Gray. 1847, Lamprostoma, Swains.
1840, and Neritcea, Roth, are synonyms.

Section NERITINA (sensu stricto), Swainson. 1840.

Lip sharp, columellar lip rather convex, with crenellated margin,
parietal ridge well marked, dentiform, form ovoid with rather high
spire, usually strigate. Operculum reddish or blackish, both pro-
ss well developed, separate. Fluviatile. N. ZIGZAG, Lam.

Section PUPERITA, Gray. 1857.

Shell white, with black zigzag strigations, yellowish within.
Similar to the above, but marine. 1ST. PUPA, Linn.

Section NERITODRYAS, Martens. 1869.

Columellar margin smooth. Rib of the operculum deeply furrowed,
multilobate at the tip, deeply excavated beneath. Terrestrial.
N. CORNEA, Linn.

Inhabit damp foliage, Philippines, etc.

Section THEODOXUS, Montf. 1810.

Transversely globose, smooth or nearly smooth, columellar mar-
gin smooth. The claviform apophysis of the operculum distinct,
the apical apophysis rudimentary. Fluviatile. Inhabits mostly
rivers of Europe and Western Asia.

NERITIDJE. 7

Neritoglobus, Kobelt. 1871, Elea, Ziegler. 1833, and Neritoconus,
Kobelt. 1871, are synonyms. N. FLUVIATILIS, Linn.

Kobelt separates the species into two subsections, according to the
globose or conical shape of the shell, but the latter form represents
an abnormal growth, including specimens of species undoubtedly
belonging normally to the former.

Section NERITODONTA, Brusina. 1884.

Columella thickened, callous, columellar margin subdenticulated ;
parietal apophysis projecting. N. LUKOVICI, Brusina. Tertiary
of Dalmatia. The genera (!) Tripaloia, Letourn., and Calvertia,
Suhit-Simonia, Petrettinia and Burgersteinia, Bourg., are identical.

Section NERITILIA, Martens. 1879.

Columella smooth ; operculum with a single erect spatulate pro-
cess. N. SUCCINEA, Eecluz. Guadeloupe, W. I.
Section SMARAGDIA, Issel. 1869.

Eyes sessile at the base of the tentacles. Shell greenish, ob-
liquely oval, with short spire ; columellar area callous, the margin
finely denticulate. N. VIRLDIS, Linn. Marine.

West Indies, Mediterranean, Pacific.

Gaillardotia, Bourg. 1876, is a synonym.

Section STANLEYA, Bourg. 1885.

Brilliantly polished, transparent, spirally sulcate, imperforate,
with large parietal callus, 3 sp. Lake Tanganyika. N. NERI-
TOIDP:S, Smith.

Section CLYPEOLUM, Recluz. 1850.

Shell globular, oval or conic, covered by a corneous epidermis,
columellar margin not dentate, outer lip prolonged upward on the
spire in a tongue-like manner. Operculum colored, with well de-
veloped apophyses, the claviform apophysis grooved. Fluviatile.
Indo-Pacific. N. PULLIGERA, Linn.

Section NERITONA, Martens. 1869.

Oval globular, with very short spire ; peritreme widely developed,
subcontinuous, columellar margin not denticulate. Operculum with
the apical process depressed, flattened, lobate at the tip. Fluviatile.

N. LABIOSA, Sowb.

Subgenus CLITHON, Montfort. 1810.

Shell coronated with tubercles, or short or long spines (sometimes
unarmed), and covered by a corneous epidermis ; margin of colum

8 NERITID^E.

ellar lip usually finely denticulated, often with a large superior
tooth. Operculum with rib and apophyses well developed, the
latter connected for half their length.

The spines that usually ornament the whorls are tubular, and
sometimes very long. They are fluviatile and tropical, crawling
slowly, and only showing during locomotion the tentacles and tip of
the muzzle ; they seem to prefer a stony bottom, clear and free from
weeds, and quiet water. N. LONGISPINA, Recluz.

Subgenus NERIPTERON, Lesson. 1830.

Shell flattened, biauriculated posteriorly, spire postero-lateral ;
inner lip septiform, with non-denticulated margin, outer lip very
much dilated behind. Operculum typical. Fluviatile. Polynesia.
N. TAHITENSIS, Lesson.

Section ALLNA, Kecluz. 1842.

Shell flattened, transversely dilated, lip irregularly expanded,
sinuous, margin of inner lip finely denticulated. Operculum typi-
cal. Fluviatile. Central America. N. LATISSIMA, Brod.

Subgenus DOSTIA, Gray. 1840.

Shell sandal-shaped, solid, the apex completely posterior and a
little lateral; peristome continuous and free; inner lip septiform,
arcuated and denticulated in the centre of its margin. Operculum
typical. Brackish water. East Indies. N. CREPIDULARIA, Lam.

Genus VELATES, Montfort. 1810.

Oval conic, spiral at the apex only ; last whorl greatly enlarged,
resembling Trochita externally; aperture basal, semicircular, its
margin forming with that of the wide, flat columellar lip a circular
outline, columellar margin dentate. Operculum as in Neritina.

Tertiary of Europe, India, Madagascar, etc. V. PERVERSA,
Linn. (Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. 78, figs. 81, 82).

Young individuals are Neritiniform, and the apex is completely
lateral.

Section VELATELLA, Meek. 1878.

Shell small, oval; apex posterior, spiral, dextral, submedian.
V. CARDITOIDES, Meek (Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. 78, figs. 85, 86X
Laramie formation, N. America.

NERITID.E. 9

A

Subgenus TOMOSTOMA, Desh. 1823.

Shell oval, apex slightly spiral, inclined posteriorly, base rounded.
PILEOLUS NERITOIDES, Desh. Eocene, Europe.

Calana, Gray, 1844, is a synonym.

This group, resembling the recent Navicellse, has been referred
by myself and others to Pileolus.

Genus NERITOMA, Morris. 1849.

Shell ventricose, thick, apex eroded ; aperture with a notch in
the middle of the outer lip, inner lip excavated in the middle,
without teeth. Jurassic, Europe. N. ANGULATA, Sowb. (Struct.
and Syst. Conch., t. 78, fig. 63).

Casts of this shell are common, and exhibit the interior charac-
teristic of the Nerites: — it was probably fluviatile.

Subgenus NERIDOMUS, Morris and Lycett. 1850.

Smooth, ovately globose, spire small, oblique; last whorl very
large ; aperture ovate or semilunar, outer lip thick, inner lip con-
vex, smooth. Great Oolite, England. N. HEMISPH^IRICA, Romer.
(Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. 78, f. 64).

Subgenus ONCOCHILUS, Petho. 1882.

Shell smooth, columelhir area covered by a swollen, thick callos-
ity, the margin smooth or with two or three small teeth ; outer lip
sharp, smooth within. Triassic, Jurassic. N. GLOBULOSUS, Klip-
stein.

Genus DEJANIRA, Stoliczka. 1860.

Shell subglobose, consisting of a few whorls, the last one large,
spirally grooved, often carinated posteriorly ; aperture large, sub-
trigonal or oval-elongated, columellar lip callous, having three large
plications, outer lip sharp. Operculum calcareous, inner margin
sinuous, with groove corresponding with columellar plication, inner
face with an obtuse claviform apophysis.

Lacustrine Cretaceous of Europe. D. BICARINATA, Stol. (Struct.
and Syst. Conch., t. 78, figs. 57, 58).

Leymeria, Munier-Ch almas. 1884, is a synonym.

Genus NAVICELLA, Lamark. 1809.

Shell imperforate, oblong, smooth, limpet-like with a posterior,
submarginal apex, clothed with u corneous epidermis, often eroded

10 NERITID^E.

at the apex ; aperture large, basal, with a small, not dentate col-
umellar shelf, and elongated lateral muscular scars. Operculum
much smaller than the aperture, irregularly subtetragonal ; labral
margin subcartilaginous ; columellar margin sinuous, partly bor-
dered by a parietal apophysis, projecting at its extremity ; apex
vernacularly granulated on the inner face, with a few radiating
stride on both faces (PI. 1, figs. 11, 12).

Head large, eyes on long peduncles, foot large, regularly oval,
attached on each side to the visceral mass, forming a cavity open
behind, in which the operculum is partly buried. Dentition, PL 1 ,
fig. 2.

The species, about fifty in number, are exclusively East Indian
and Polynesian in distribution. They are usually found on the
banks of rivers adhering to floating sticks and to the petioles and
roots of the Nipah palms and other plants that live near the water ;
they are also found attached to smooth stones.

The synonymy includes Septaria, Fer. 1807, which has priority,
but has not usually found acceptance, Catillus (Humphrey. 1797),
Swainson. 1840.

Section CIMBER, Montf. 1810.

Apex median, usually decorticated, projecting beyond the posterior
margin. K PORCELLANA, Linn.

Dr. Gray has characterized three sections of this group, under
the names of Laodia, Elana, and Paria, all in 1867: they. are dis-
tinguished partly from the opercula, partly from the shells. The
former are so variable in their characters that they afford but
slender material for systematic purposes. The following may per-
haps be maintained :

Subsection PARIA, Gray. 1867.

Septum projecting, and truncated in the middle. N. FREYCINETI,
Recluz.

Section STENOPOMA, Gray. 1867.

Apex median, posterior, submarginal, entire; shell generally
narrow. N. LINEATA, Lam.

Section ELARA, H. and A. Adams. 1854.

Apex a little elevated above the posterior margin and laterally
recurved. N. LAPEYROUSEI, Kecluz.

To these Gray adds a group Orthopoma, 1867, characterized by
an operculum only, the shell of which is unknown.

MACLUREIDJE. 11

Genus PILEOLUS (Cookson), Sowerby. 1823.

Shell limpet-like, solid, circular or elliptical at the base, convex,
with subcentral, non-spiral apex; aperture small, semilunar; col-
umellar septum convex, smooth or toothed, peritreme continuous.
Operculum unknown. Fossil; Jurassic to Cretaceous. P. PLICA-
TUS, Sowb.

Subgenus GARGANIA, Guiscardi. 1856.

Apex elevated, inclined backwards beyond the peritreme, surface
radiately ribbed ; lip with a central, internal depression. Creta-
ceous. G. BROCCHII, Guiscardi.

FAMILY MACLUREID^E.

Shell discoidal, few whorled, longitudinally grooved at the back,
and slightly rugose with growth-lines ; dextral side convex, deeply
and narrowly perforated, sinistral side Hat, exposing the inner
whorls. Operculum calcareous, solid, sinistrally subspiral, with
two internal apophyses, one of them beneath the nucleus, very thick
and rugose.

Genus MACLUREA, Lesueur, em. 1818.

The characters are those of the family, of which this is the sole
genus. A dozen palaeozoic species from North America and Scotland
have been described. M. LOGANI, Salter. (Struct, and Syst. Conch.,
t. 82, f. 8, 9) ; M. MAGNA, Lesueur. (Ibid, t. 65, f. 10).

Conchologists have been at a loss where to place this singular
genus ; according to some it has been included in Solariidse ; others
have placed it in Pleurotomariidse and in Atlantidse. In my "Struc-
tural and Systematic Conchology" I have given it a position be-
tween Bellerophontidne and Haliotidre. I think that Dr. Fischer's
removal of the group to the vicinity of Neritidse, on account of the
apophyses of the operculum, is a happy idea of that learned con-
chologist.

12

FAMILY NERITOPSID^E.

Animal with large head, and distant, elongated tentacles, the
eyes on short peduncles at the exterior -base, buccal orifice plicate,
foot obtuse at either extremity, operculigerous disk surrounding the
operculum, columellar muscle forming a ring interrupted above,
mantle-margin thickened and papillary. Dentition, 8*l'(2-f-0-|-2)*l*8,
PLl,fig.l.

Shell imperforate, neritiform, solid, columellar lip not dentate, the
margin with a sinus in the middle. Operculum thick, calcareous,
symmetrical, not spiral, with lateral, median nucleus, the exterior
face convex, the interior face divided into two unequal parts, the
columellar margin with a median appendage.

Fossil opercula of this family, occurring frequently without the
shell, were long objects of doubt to scientists, and have received the
names of Peltarion, Deslongchamps. 1858 (PI. 1, figs. 5, 6), Sca-
phanidea and Cyclidea, Rolle. 1862, and Hypodema, Koninck. 1853.
They have been supposed to be the beak of a cephalopod, a valve
of a brachiopod or of a chiton, and an operculum of the polyp
Calceola.

Genus NERITOPSIS, Grateloup. 1832.

General characters those of the family. Shell white, cancellated
by spiral and longitudinal ridges and striae. Operculum having on
its exterior face and columellar margin a large truncate appendage,
interior face depressed, with a labral, semilunar, smooth part, and
a striate columellar part, with a pit on either side of it. (PI. 1, figs.
7, 8). Radula, Gray, 1840, is a synonym. East Indies, Polynesia.
N. RADULA is the only recent species. Fossil, secondary and ter-
tiary.

Genus ^ATICOPSIS, M'Coy. 1844.

Shell imperforate, naticiform, thick, suture plicate; columella
callous, more or less flattened, sometimes minutely tuberculated or
transversely plicate, lip sharp (PL 1, fig. 17). Operculum something
like Neritopsis, with convex exterior face, the interior face un-
equally two-parted, one part smooth, the other rugose, no appen-
dage on the columellar margin (PL 1, figs. 13, 14).
Devonian-Triassic.

Europe, India.

I included this group in Naticidse (Vol. viii, 8) ; the operculum,
however, shows it to be a member of the present group. Nerito-
mopsis, AVaagen. 1880, Carboniferous of India, is a synonym.

ADEORBIID^E. 13

Subgenus TEACH YDOMIA, Meek and Worthen. 1866.

Whorls regularly ornamented with small tubercles. N. NODOSA,
Meek and Worthen. Carboniferous. Illinois.

Included in Naticidse (vol. viii, 8), but is better placed here

FAMILY ADEORBIID^.

Shell umbilicated, auriform, depressed, paucispiral, with oblique,
entire aperture, simple columella, and rounded, sharp outer lip.
Operculum corneous, paucispiral, with excentric nucleus.

Animal differing from Trochidse by having no cirriform appen-
dages of the foot. Dentition unknown.

In this group are provisionally included a few small shells, the
relationships of which remain somewhat obscure.

Genus ADEORBIS, S. Wood. 1842.

Shell depressed, 'flattened below, white, subtrauslucent, paucis-
piral, periphery angulated, widely umbilicated: aperture oblique,
angular behind, lip sharp, not continuous.

Europe, Japan, Philippines, West Indies, etc. A. SUBCARINATUS,
Mont.

Genus ARCHYT^EA, Costa. 1869.

Turbinated, but little elevated, thin, widely and deeply umbili-
cated, very finely decussated, appearing smooth, aperture rounded,
with sharp, simple lip. Operculum corneous, smooth and flattened
exteriorly, the spire slightly prominent in the centre of the inner
side. A. DELICATUM, Phil. Norway.

Traehysma, Jeffreys, 1878, is a synonym.

Subgenus PSEUDORBIS, Monts. 1884.

Scarcely umbilicated, aperture circular, surface spirally costate,
not cancellated. A. GRANULUM, Brugn. Mediterranean.

14

FAMILY CYCLOSTREMATID&.

Animal with ciliated, thread-like tentacles, the eyes on short pe-
duncles : snout bilobed ; foot elongated, truncate in front, and ex-
tending at each angle into a filament ; sides with three or four pairs
of ciliated cirri, and a pair of auricular appendages in front, be-
tween the cirri and the tentacles. Jaws scaly.
Dentition, 8'(4 + 1+ 4)'8, PL 1, fig. 4.

Shell small, umbilicated, depressed, white, corneous or transpar-
ent, not nacreous ; aperture circular, with continuous, sharp peris-
tome. Operculum corneous, multispiral.

Genus CYCLOSTREMA, Marryatt. 1818.

Shell white, or uniformly colored, last whorl obliquely striate.
C. CANCELLATA, Marryatt.

About 25 species have been described ; distribution nearly uni-
versal. Fossil, tertiary.

Delphinoidea, Brown. 1727, is a synonym.

Section CYCLOSTREMA (sensu stricto).

Spire short, surface with spiral ridges, cancellated.

Section TUBIOLA, A. Ad. 1864.

Whorls rounded, simple, contiguous, spirally striate. C. SERPU-
LOIDES, Montagu.

Section DARONIA, A. Adams. 1864.

Planorbiform, spire depressed, concave, whorls rounded, more
or less disunited. C. SPIRULA, A. Ad.

Subgenus THARSIS, Jeffreys. 1883.

Globular, solid, polished ; aperture circular, peristome continuous,
adhering at the columellar margin; the umbilicus closed in the
adult by a callus.

C. ROMETTENSIS, Seguenza. Atlantic, Mediterranean.

Subgenus GANESA, Jeffreys. 1883.

Naticiform, thin, always perforate, axis of the spire oblique;
aperture subcircular, peristome continuous.

Atlantic Ocean; abyssal. C. PRUINOSA, Jeffreys.

CYCLOSTREMATID^. 15

Genus VITRINELLA, C. B. Adams. 1850.

Shell minute, depressed turbiniform, white, often with spiral
carinse, widely umbilicated, and the umbilical region widely indented,
whorls few, aperture large, rounded. Operculum unknown.

V. VALVATOIDES, C. B. Ad. A considerable number of species
have been described by Prof. Adams from Jamaica and Panama.
They are mostly unfigured, and Dr. Fischer thinks that species of
Cyclostrema, Adeorbis, Teinostoma and Pseudorotella are included.

Genus TEINOSTOMA, H. and A. Adams. 1853.

Shell orbicular, depressed, polished or spirally striated, spire
short, obtuse, not projecting ; whorls few, the last with rounded or
angulated periphery ; umbilical region covered by a large, flat cal-
losity ; aperture transverse, distant from the axis, peristome con-
tinuous, lip sharp, simple. Philippines, Japan, Mazatlan.

T. POLITUM, A. Ad. Deshayes enumerates fourteen species from
the Parisian Eocene.

Section CALCEOLINA, A. Adams. 1863.

Neritiform, depressed ; inner lip with a large wide callus, cover-
ing the umbilicus — its margin straight, simple. T. PUSILLA, Adams.

Japan.
Subgenus PSEUDOROTELLA, Fischer. 1857.

Shell thin, diaphanous, subdiscoidal, paucispiral, finely striated ;
aperture oval, peristome not continuous, outer lip sharp ; umbilical
region covered by a polished, transparent callus. T. SEMISTRIATA,
d'Orb. West Indies.

Parkeria, Gabb. 1880, Miocene of West Indies, is a synonym.

Subgenus DISCOPSIS, Folin. 1869.

Shell discoidal, much depressed, flattened above, carinated, vitre-
ous white, widely umbilicated ; whorls few ; aperture very oblique,
triangular, the margins united by a channeled callosity, prolonged
posteriorly. C. OMALOS, Folin. Gulf of Mexico.

Subgenus LEUCORHYNCHIA, Crosse. 1867.

Shell small, perforate, polished ; whorls few ; aperture rounded,
columellar and basel margins united into a callous rostrum, pro-
longed past the umbilical region, but without touching it ; peristome
continuous, simple. L. CALEDONICA, Crosse. New Caledonia.

Evidently nearly allied to the preceding group.

16 CYCLOSTREMATIDJE.

? Subgenus MICROTHECA, A. Adams. 1863.

Shell globosely turbinate, widely umbilicated, somewhat porcel-
lanous, radiately, rugosely plicate, suture channeled and crenulated;
aperture semicircular, peritreme continuous, inner lip thickened
and arcuate, outer lip with thickened margin ; umbilicus crenulated.
Operculum unknown. C. ORENELLIFERA, A. Ad. Japan.

? Subgenus MORCHIA, A. Adams. 1860.

Shell obliquely oval, depressed, widely umbilicated, convex
above, flattened beneath ; whorls rapidly increasing, the last di-
lated and ascending, embracing the others to the apex; aperture
oblong, obliquely horizontal, dilated below, narrowed above, peri-
treme continuous, thickened, bilabiate. Operculum unknown. C.
MORELETI, Fischer, C. OBVOLTTTA, A. Ad. Japan, China, Red Sea.

? Subgenus CIRSONELLA, Angas. 1877.

Shell minute, globosely turbinated, smooth, narrowly umbilicated ;
aperture circular, peristome continuous, slightly thickened. Oper-
culum unknown. C. AUSTRALIS, Angas. Australia.

? Subgenus HAPLOCOCHLIAS, Carpenter. 1864.

Shell solid, turbinate, subperforate ; aperture rounded, peristome
continuous, thick, exteriorly varicose, columella not callous. Oper-
culum unknown. C. CYCLOPHOREUS, Carp. Mazatlan.

? Subgenus CYNISCA, H. and A. Adams. 1854.

Shell turbinate, depressed, with large, deep umbilicus encircled
by a spiral callosity ; whorls ornamented by spiral granular ribs ;
aperture circular, inner lip straight; outer lip rather thick, sub-
crenulated, prolonged behind upon the penultimate whorl. Japan.

C. GRANULATA, A. Ad.

I.IOTIIIU-:. 17

FAMILY LIOTIIDJE.

Head proboscidiform, epipodial line with a pair of conical lobes
and three pairs of cirri. Dentition ?

Shell turbiniform or discoidal, white, with longitudinal ribs or
clathrate; aperture feebly nacreous, peristome continuous, thick,
with a callous varix. Operculum niultispiral, hispid, corneous,
witli a calcareous layer formed of pearly particles spirally disposed.

Genus LIOTIA, Gray. 1842.

( Imracters those of the family.

Tropical and subtropical seas. L. PERONII, Kiener.

Section ARENE, H. and A. Adams. 1854.

Ornamented with reddish radiating markings, periphery spinosely
carinated. L. R ADI ATA, Kiener.

Subgenus LIOTINA, Munier-Chalmas. 1877.

Shell solid, cancellated, subdiscoidal, umbilicus large, with a
spiral funiculum, aperture not. nacreous, peristome varicose, re-
flected, sub-bilabiate. L. AUSTRALIS, Kiener, is a living represen-
tative ; otherwise the group is Eocene.

? Subgenus SC^VOLA, Gemmellaro. 1878.

Sinistral, thick, more or less conic, turriculated or conic-de-
pivssed, umbilicated, spire sharp, longitudinally variciformly pli-
cate, crossed by spiral riblets; aperture circular. Liassic, Sicily.
S. i XTERMEDIA, Geinmellaro.

Genus CRASPEDOSTOMA, Lindstrom. 1884.

Naticiform, with longitudinal laminse ; aperture circular, with a
widely expanded thick peristome, which is aliformly produced to
tlu- left at the base; umbilicus narrow. Silurian of Gotland. C.
ELEGANTULUM, Lindstroni (PI. 1, fig. 18).

? Genus CROSSOSTOMA, Morris and Lycett. 1854.

I in perforate, thick, turbinated, apex obtuse; aperture contracted
circular, entire, sharp edged, with a reflected peristome some dis-
tance behind it ; umbilical region with a dentiform callosity,
formed by a funiculum which fills the umbilicus.

Jurassic. C. REFLEXILABRUM, d'Orb. (PI. 1, figs. 19, 20). •
2

18 XERITA.

FAMILY NERITID^.
Genus XERITA, Adanson. 1757.

Dr. vou Martens, in the preface to his monograph of Xerita, now
in course of publication, thus divides the genus into groups, which
he considers " more or less natural," whilst not so sharply distin-
guished one from another as the similar divisions of Xeritina. I
find the older and more simple divisions which I have adopted full
of difficulties to the systematist, which would be much increased by
a more elaborate system. It is noticeable that Dr. von Martens
has not arranged his own monograph by the system he proposes.
His groups are :—

1. THELIOSTYLA, Morch. Whorls flattened, strongly ribbed,
columellar area granular, the marginal teeth mostly small. Oper-
culum granular. X. TEXTILIS. Natere, Gray, is a synonym.

2. CYMOSTYLA, Martens. With weaker spiral ribs, whorls
rounder, columellar area with parallel plications, the teeth stronger.
Operculum granular. X. UXDATA. Pila, Mo'rch, in part, but not
Pila, Klein.

3. PILA, Klein. Shell bullet-shaped, with strong rounded spiral
ribs, and strong columellar teeth. Operculum concave, weakly
granular or smooth. X. PLICATA. Ritena, Gray, and Tenare,
Troschel (not Gray), are synonyms.

4. TEXARE, Gray. Teeth of the interior of the outer lip vanish-
ing. Operculum smooth, with polished marginal zone.

a. PELORONTA, Troschel. With weak spiral ribs. Marginal
zone of the operculum swollen, distinct. X. PELOROXTA.

6. ILYXERITA, Martens. Spiral sculpture stronger, teeth of the
mouth weaker. Operculum with scarcely developed marginal zone.
X. PLAXOSPIRA.

5. XERITA (restricted). Spiral sculpture weak or wanting, colum-
ellar area swollen, smooth. Operculum flat, with ribbed margin.
X. POLITA. Odontostoma, Morch (in part), is a synonym.

6. AMPHIXERITA, Martens. Shell as in preceding group. Oper-
culum granular. X. UM LA A si ANA, X. SEXEGALEXSIS, etc.

7. HEMIXERITA, Martens. Outer lip not toothed, columellar
margin likewise toothless. Operculum with strongly developed
skinny projection on its convex margin. X. PICA. This group is
the most nearly related to Xeritina.

NERITA. 19

Section NERITA, Lam. 1799 (sensu stricto).

N. ALBICILLA, Linn. PI. 2, figs. 21-26.

With wide, flatly convex ribs, separated by narrow sulci, whitish,
yellowish or orange color, densely or sparsely clouded, maculated
or interruptedly or irregularly banded with black ; aperture white,
the columellar area tuberculated, with small teeth on the middle of
the margin, outer lip with numerous small teeth.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Natal, Singapore, China, Philippines,
Viti Is., etc.

It is N. sanguinolenta, Menke, N. venusta, Phil. (fig. 24), N.
marmorata, Reeve (not Hombr. and Jacq.), = N. crassilabrum,
Smith, t N. marginata, Gmel., N. cornea, Forsk., N. Erythrcea,
Desh., and N. Forskalii, Recluz (figs. 25, 26).

N. PLEXA, Chemn. PL 2, figs. 27, 28.

With rugose or somewhat nodose spiral ribs, alternately smaller,
whitish, maculated with black ; aperture whitish, black spotted on
the fimbriated outer margin, lip numerously plicate-dentate within,
columellar area with a raised plicate outer border, the face numer-
ously granulate, the centre of the margin two-toothed.

Diam. 30-45 mill.

East Africa, Cape, Madagascar, India, etc.

The synonyms are JV. costata, Schum., N. textilis, Gmel., N. chlo-
rostoma, Lam. (fig. 28).

N. EXUVIA, Linn. PL 2, fig. 29.

With strong, rugose, high ribs, broadest at the top, or somewhat
overhanging, the intermediate sulcations deep, often in the larger
specimens with a median thread-like, rugose, but much smaller rib-
let in each, the ribs blackish or obscurely maculated, the sulci grey-
ish or yellowish grey, with zigzag black stripes; aperture white,
the columellar area, including the raised border, covered by very
numerous small granulations. Diam. 30-35 mill.

Indian Ocean, East Indies, Philippines.

It is N. Malaccensis, Lam. JV. chlorostoma, Lam., which I have
referred to the preceding species, Dr. von Martens places, here ; in
the outer border of the columellar area it combines the characters
of both, but its exterior ornamentation is, I think, decidedly that
of N. ple.ra.

"20 NKIUTA.

N. OBAKULATA, Kcevc. PI. 1>, fig. :J() ; PI. 4, fig. 70.

Blackish, spirally subcostalc or liralc; columrl lar area strongly.
granulated, outer lip very strongly plicate within. Diam. 17 mill.

Hab. unknown.

N. niAM KI.KON, Linn. PI. L>, figs. .",1-W ; PI. <J, fig. 4 ; PI. !), fig.
66.

Shell with numerous, low, rugose spiral ribs, sometimes alter-
nately smaller, the interspaces varying from a mere line to the
width of the ribs, whitish, yellowish white or orange color, macu-
lated with dark grey, brown or black, often forming three indistinct
interrupted bands; aperture white, columellar area with a few
granules behind the marginal teeth, and some plication.-, on the
raised outer margin. Diani. _-"> -'!() mill.

I'^txt Indies to Polynesia, East Africa.

The synonymy includes N. Stella, Chemn. (figs. r')!-.'),')), Ar. *</H<I-
nui/iiln, LeCJuillou ( li^s. o4-,')(J;, X. -motlf-xld, Jlombr. and Jacq. (fig.
37),? N. chloroleuca, Phil., N. xcuhrdla, Phil., X. A-ntbica,\\\v\v
(fig. 38), a tessellated specimen, A. <nrnit/nt.a, Reeve ( li.u's. :;!), 4),
N. bizonalis, Lam., and i)robably \. c/irtrimt, Reeve (fig. 66).

N. I1XCAVATA, Sowb. PI. 8, fig. o 1.

With strong, approximate, llatlened spiral ribs, black variegated
with white; aperture yellowish, black-margined, columellar aiva ex-
cavated, granular, marginal teeth tumid, acute, plications of lip
strong, the upper and lower larger. Diam. "2"! mill.

//<i/>. unknown.

Apparently not very different from Ar. yranulata, Reeve.

N. ORYZARUM, Keclu/. PI. ,'), fig. 40.

With rather distant and faint low spiral riblets, black, with /ig-
/ag maculations and sometimes an interrupted band of white, lip
with faint plicate1 denticles wit hin, columellar margin with three or
four minute denticles, the area with several small granulations,
its outer margin with a lew plications. Diam. 1 inch.

Aracan (Ilanley ), I!<»nt><i// ( Kcclu/).

N. BEMIRUGOSA, K'eclu/. PI. .°>, figs. 41-1:1.

With numerous low riblets and much narrower grooves, whitish,
with usually small, frequently linear scries of black maculations,
sometimes undulated, or more or less confluent ; lip plicatciy
toothed within, columellar margin strongly three-toothed, the area.

XKIUTA. 21

convex, witli a few more or less elongated granules below, the outer
margin frequently plicate. Diam. 25-40 mill.

Indian Ocean, Mauritius, E. Africa, East Indies, Philippines,
.1 a. -i i -til id, Polynesia.

The synonyms are N. nuiuni, IJcclu/ (Tig. 4-'5j, N. histrio, Gmel*
Mig. 42), N.atrata, Lam. Hast whorl entirely black;, and Ar. <!ln:in-
nitzii, Ueclu/.

N. Lo.vni, Rcdu/. PI. :;, figs. 44,45.

With rather wide, close;, smooth, rounded ribs, yellowish, well
covered with brownish or blackish maculat ions, sometimes obscurely
t rif'a.-ciate; lip numerously toothed within, the upper two teeth
strong, columellar margin tridentate, area granular, outer margin
eonvexly rai.-ed, strongly plieat<\ Diam. 2~>-.V\ mill.

llt'.d tiea to Bombay.
N. HIM>SII, Keclu/-. PI. :;, fi-s. 40, 47.

With rather distant thread-like, granularly rugose lirse, and
sometimes intermediate much smaller ones, whitish, yellowish or
greyish, punctate and maculated with black; aperture white, col-
umellar margin minutely two to four toothed, area flattened, with a
few granules. Diarn. 10-20 mill.

Philippines.
N. i-LANosi'iitA, Anton. PL 3, fig. 48.

Shell flattened above, with an obtuse shoulder angle, with' ele-
vated, rounded, somewhat irregular, thread-like riblets, and fre-
quently much smaller intermediate lines, yellowish grey or light
purplish, with maculations, bands or /ig/a.^ Strigations of brownish
black or purplish black; aperture yellowish white, lip teeth obsolete,
columcllar margin obtusely l-dentate, area with a few granules,
outer margin with a long blotch of black. Diam. 20-30 mill.

Indian Ocean, Japan, Australia, Polynesia,

The synonyms are N. atropurpurea, Recluz, JV. bizonalis, Mo'rch,
and N. angularif, Hombr. and Jacq.

N. BETICULATA, Karst(;n. PL 3, figs. 49, 50.

With very irregular crowded spiral sculpture, often with inter-
mediate smaller threads, or with a pair of smaller lines between
each pair of ribs, rugosely -Tossed by close, growth-lines, \vhhish,
unicolored, or more frequently maculated, subtessellated or undu-
latingly slrigato with red or black; lip with numerous small plicate
denticle.-, columcllar margin slightly sinuous in the middle with 2

22 NERITA.

or 3 minute teeth, area flat, with a few granules below, and pli-
cations above, marked by a central bright orange red spot.
Diam. 12-20 mill.

East Indies to Polynesia.

The red spot on the columellar area is very characteristic and is
seldom absent. The species is very generally known under the
later name of N. signata, Macleay ; other synonyms are N. rudis,
Wood, N. petichialis, Morch, ? N. musiva, Gould (in part), and
JV. frag urn, Reeve (fig. 50).

N. PATULA, Kecluz. PI. 3, figs. 53-56, 51, 52.

"With 30-40 close, unequal, flattened riblets, crossed by close
striae, variegated with grey and black, sometimes with black bands
articulated with white ; aperture white, the lip-teeth minute, numer-
ous or obsolete, columellar margin distinctly sinuous in the middle
and the sinuosity indistinctly toothed, the area concave, yellowish,
with a central semicircular depression, granular and blotched with
black, base with a transverse plica. Diam. 18-25 mill.

Moluccas, Philippines.

It is N. musiva, Gould, N. Beaniana, Kecluz (fig. 55), N. Dom-
beyi, Recluz (fig. 56), N. dilatata, Recluz, and N. unidentata,
Hombr. and Jacq. (figs. 51, 52).

N. SENEGALENSIS, Gmel. PI. 3, figs. 57, 58.

With numerous, low, flat- topped riblets, divided by iucised lines,
the sculpture often very faint, blackish, maculated and variegated
with yellowish grey; lip minutely dentate within, columellar mar-
gin concave and moderately 2-3 dentate in the middle, area flat-
tened with a number of tubercles, outer margin narrowly elevated
and plicate. Diam. 15-25 mill.

W. Africa, Cape Verd Is.

N. Largillierti, Phil., is a synonym.

X. AXTHRACINA, Busch. PI. 26, fig. 96.

Black, marbled with yellowish, spirally, and irregularly longi-
tudinally striate, epidermis rough ; lip toothed within, columellar
margin quadridentate, median tooth minute, area concave, granular.

Diam. 14 mill.

- Java.

This species has not been identified.

NKIIITA. 23

X. NIGKRRIMA, Chemn. PI. 8, figs. 42, 43.

Shell thick, spirally grooved, grooves often becoming obsolete
towards the aperture, black, polished ; aperture whitish or yellowish
white, the outer lip finely denticulated within, columellar margin
toothed in the middle, area obscurely wrinkled above, granular
below. Diam. 1'25 inch.

Australia, Polynesia.

This is N. nigerrima, Ghemn., as unfolded by Reeve and others ;
the original figures are not readily determinable. N. achatina,
Reeve (fig. 43), is a probable synonym.

X. MACULATA, Pease. PL 4, fig. 61.

Minutely spirally ribbed, separated by engraved lines, polished,
black, minutely, numerously necked with yellowish grey ; aperture
white, lip numerously toothed within, columellar margin with two
small median teeth and a larger quadrangular one above them, area
concave, tuberculated. Diam. 15-18 mill.

Central Polynesia.

It is N. Schmeltziana, Dunker.

N. ARGUS, Recluz. PL 4, fig. 59.

Shell smooth, indistinctly, closely spirally striate, olive brown or
blackish, shagreened with minute white flecks, often apparent only
on close inspection ; aperture yellowish white, outer lip with numer-
ous small plicate denticles, larger at the extremities of the series,
columellar margin with four minute teeth, area flattened, with a
few granules. Diam. 1 inch.

Philippines, Hong Kong, China.

The species was described as from Rio Janeiro, but has never
been authoritatively illustrated ; for convenience, Reeve's identifica-
tion of it with a rather common oriental species, is followed.

N. FULGURANS, Gmeliii. PL 4, figs. 62, 63, 66-69 , PL 9, fig. 63.

Shell with numerous, narrow, distinct rounded ribs, separated by
incised lines, minutely scabrous from the crossing of close growth-
struu, black, unicolored or maculated with yelloAvish grey; aperture
white, lip with two stronger teeth above and below, and numerous
intermediate plicate denticles, columellar margin with two minute
median teeth and a larger quadrate one above them, area flattened,
granular. Diam. '75-l'25 inch.

West Indies, Brazil, Panama to Gulf of California.

24 I NERITA.

Var. PR.ECOGNITA, C. B. Ad. Fig. 63.

Embraces the lighter colored specimens, being yellowish grey,
upon which are blackish inaculations composed of separate short
lines and markings, sometimes forming indistinct, irregular, inter-
rupted bands.

Var. BERNHARDI, Kecluz. Figs. 66-69 ; PL 9, fig. 63.

Spire usually somewhat flatter so as to form an obtuse, almost
obsolete shoulder-angle, color varying from black to spotted, and
maculated with yellowish grey or orange color. Size somewhat
smaller.

West Coast of N. America, Panama, Mazatlan.

Usually distinguished by the above characteristics, which are,
however, all shown not infrequently by occasional West Indian
specimens. N. funicvtata, Menke, and N. genuana, Reeve (fig. 68),
are synonyms ; to which may probably be added N. albipunctata,
Reeve (fig. 65, and PI. 9, fig. 63), the locality of which is unknown.

N. TESSELLATA, Gmelin. PL 4, figs. 71-74 ; PL 9, fig. 69.

With ten or twelve rounded low ribs, separated by deep, narrow
grooves, white, strigate, tessellated or nearly covered with black ;
aperture white, lip with numerous plicate teeth within, the upper
and lower ones larger, columellar edge concave, with small teeth in
the middle, area flattened, with a few granules. Diam. 18-24 mill.

West Indies, Florida.

Sometimes the ribs are more numerous by their division, and by
the interpolation of smaller intermediate ones. The species is also
subject to erosion in such manner that the black markings become
elevated and the ribs obliterated, in this condition becoming X-
exarata, Pfr. Other synonyms are N. varia (Meusch.), Morch, X.
Antillarum, GmeL, N. striata, Chemn., X. Listeri, Recluz (fig. 73),
a nearly black condition, as is also N. nivosa, Reeve (fig. 74), re-
ferred here with some doubt, and X. comma-notata, Reeve (fig. 72),
and X. scalpta, Reeve (fig. 69), the localities of both of which are
unknown.

Section PELORONTA, Oken. 1815.

N. PELORONTA, Linn. PL 4, figs. 75-77.

With broad, flatly rounded ribs and narrow intervening sulci—
which very seldom give rise to very small riblets; yellowish or
whitish tessellated or marked in a zigzag manner with dark red and
black, the tessellations sometimes forming broad spiral bands in

NERITA. 25

which the colors alternately appear, in other cases promiscuously
scattered; aperture white, outer lip minutely dentate within, colum-
ellar margin with one or two strong central teeth, area somewhat
concave, with a few plicate granules, the central portion, and sur-
rounding the teeth, stained blood-red. Diam. 1-1/75 inch.

Florida, West Indies.

The well-known " bleeding tooth." The ribs are sometimes very
faint, and occasionally the surface is entirely smooth.

N. VERSICOLOR, Gmelin. PI. 4, figs. 78, 79; PI. 5, fig. 80.

With broad, rounded ribs, separated by narrow grooves, varying
occasionally to entirely smooth (fig. 80); light yellowish, rosy or
whitish, tessellated, maculated or with zigzag stripes of red and
black, in some cases of the latter only, in others forming alternate
spiral bands of markings in one color or the other, but mostly
intermingled ; aperture white, outer lip dentate within, columellar
margin decidedly convex, with three or four distant strong teeth,
area smooth or obsoletely plicate. Diam. 75-1*25 in.

Florida, West Indies.

This is N. striata, Chemn., N. variegata, Chemn., and N. tricolor,
Gmelin.

N. HELICINOIDES, Reeve. PL 9, figs. 71, 72.

Whorls faintly spirally ribbed, yellowish, maculated with black
or red, sometimes forming alternate bands; lip plicate within,
columellar area smooth, the margin two oc three dentate.

Diam. 15 mill.

Hab. unknown.

N. pellis-serpentis, Reeve (fig. 72), is doubtless identical. Very
probably this species to be referred to the proceeding, but the figures
do not show its convex margined columella.

#
* #

N. WINTERI, Phil. PI. 9, fig. 73.

Spirally costate, whitish ; lip very thinly toothed within, columellar
margin four-toothed, area plane, a little wrinkled. Diam. 16 mill.

Moluccas.

I know nothing about this species.

N. INCERTA, Busch. PL 8, fig. 48.

Dark brownish or blackish, minutely speckled with greyish
white; lip minutely denticulated within, columellar margin with
five small teeth, area smooth. Diam. 14 mill.

Java.

26 NEBITA.

The condition of the specimen figured by Philippi was too poor
to do justice to its characters; I can only guess at its relationships.

N. ATEATA, Keeve. PI. 8, fig. 40.

Black, spirally linearly grooved; aperture white, the outer lip
black margined, with rather strong internal plicate teeth, columellar
area smooth, the margin minutely toothed in the middle.

Diam. 28 mill.

Australia, New Zealand, etc.

Reeve figured this species for the N. atrata, Chemnitz — which it
probably is not, and on this account von Martens preferred for it
the name N. pundata, Quoy — which it ertainly is not, whilst
Hutton imposed the name of N. saturata, and E. A. Smith that of
N. melanotragus, both in 1884, with a probable priority of publica-
tion of the former name. Watson (Voy. Challenger, xv, 132) reviews
the whole subject, preferring tho name N. pun data. Inasmuch as
Chemnitz was not binomial and therefore not entitled to quotation,
and his figures and description are neither of them sufficient for
identification, whilst they indicate that at least two species were
confounded by him, I think it preferable to treat him as non-existent,
and quote Reeve ; especially as he has been followed by others, so
that his atrata has become well-known. N. nigra, Gray (who quotes
Quoy) in "Dieffenbach's New7 Zealand" has been cited by authors as
applying to the present species, but the name is not accepted by
them on account of the prior N. nigra, Chernn. They show that
Quoy never described a N. nigra, but then neither did Gray ; he
merely mentioned the name in his above list, and it is impossible to
determine what species he may have intended. Finally, different
as this species is from N. nigerrima, Chemn., in its form and absence
of columellar granulations— actually a group distinction, I have never-
theless some suspicion that it is only a variety of it, and that it
connects that species with N. morio, which, on account of its smooth
inner surface of the lip belongs to still another group. In my
saner moments I am well-aware that such vagaries of conjecture
are simply the demoralizing result of the questionable questioning
which has largely supplanted the questionless faith of the last
generation of conchologists.

N. ATRAMENTOSA, Reeve. PI. 8, figs. 44.

Shell slightly spirally striated, black or dark olivaceous variega-
ted with black; aperture white, outer lip strongly toothed within at

XKIUTA. 27

the extremities of a row of fine denticles, inner margin with two
small teeth and a superior, quadrangular larger one.
Diam. 28 mill.

Swan River, Australia.

N. YOLDII, Recluz. PL 9, figs. 0.1-57.

Faintly, closely spirally striate or smooth, yellowish white macula-
ted in a zigzag manner with black, sometimes black with white
markings, often with a light band on the darker specimens, or a
dark band on the lighter ones; aperture yellowish', the outer lip
dentate within, columellar margin minutely or obsoletely dentate
in the middle, area smooth or very faintly marked by a few tubercles.

Diam: 18 mill.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Hongkong.

Sometimes this species, like some West Indian ones is subject to
an erosion which excavates the white portions leaving the black
in relief. N. Ixtu4n(in, Reeve (fig. 56), and N. Peruviana, Phil.
(fig. ~>7), which is not from Peru, are synonyms.

Section PILA, Klein. 1753.

N. PLICA TA, Linn. PI. 5, figs. 81-83.

Shell .spirally ridged, with equal, excavated interstices, each
about 18-20 in number on the body whorl, whitish or brownish
white, here and there spotted and streaked with black ; lip crenated,
with several minor internal teeth, with a larger one at each extrem-
ity of the series, columellar margin with four strong teeth, columellar
region rugosely wrinkled. Diam. 15-30 mill.

Indian Ocean, Formosa, Polynesia, Sandwich Is.

Sometimes unicolored whitish, sometimes regularly tessellated
with black, or the spots so disposed as to form interrupted bands.
Occasionally very thick specimens occur in which the sculpture is
reduced to rugose striae or partially or wholly disappears. Entirely
black specimens are known as N. ringens, Reeve (fig. 83). Other
synonyms are: N. lactaria, Linn., N. Otaiensis, Lesson.

N. COST ATA, Chemn. PI. 5, fig. 84.

With about 12-15 strong spiral ridges, which are black, and
equal, with excavated yellowish olivaceous interspaces; lip crenula-
ted, toothed as in the preceding species, columellar area tuberculated
below the plications. Diam. 15-35 mill.

Indian Ocean, East Indies, Japan, Australia, Philippines, etc.

It is N. grossa, Born, and N. scabricosta, Delessert.

28 NERITA.

N. GROSSA, Liim. PI. 5, fig. 85.

With 10-12 strong, spiral ridges and rather wider deeply excava-
ted snlci, frequently developing a central, much smaller riblet,
white, subradiately maculated with dark grey, varying to blackish;
lip scarcely crenulated, very thick, internally bearing two strong
teeth above and usually one below, with an intermediate series of
numerous fine denticles, columellar teeth strong, 3 or 4, the area
covered with wrinkles. Diam. 25-33 mill.

Indian Ocean, Philippines, N. E. Australia.

N. Ascensionis, Lam. is a synonym.

N. UNDATA, Linn. PL 5, figs. 86-95; PI. 6, figs. 96-3; PL 7, fig.

30.

With 30-40, rounded, small spiral riblets and narrower shallow
interspaces, yellowish, light brown or greyish with darker, olivaceous
grey or black maculations, often arranged in radiating, undulating
stripes, sometimes broad so as almost to cover the shell, aperture
often stained with yellow, median teeth of outer lip very numerous,
small, columellar area strongly rugose. Diam. 30-42 mill.

East Indies, Philippines, etc.

The above may be regarded as the typical system of coloration
in a species varying much in this respect. It has, under different
aspects received a number of names, several of which I retain as
varietal, not so much because of intrinsic value as for mere con-
venience, these several forms having been heretofore recognized as
species. With the type may be included N. Papuana, Kecluz, N.
LeGuillouana, Recluz (fig. 87), N. marmorata, Hombr. et Jacq.,
N. Savieana, Recluz, (fig. 88), N. crassa, Gould (fig. 89), N. undulata,
Gmel. and N. Novce- Guinece, Lesson (fig. 90), the two last juveniles.

Var. MICRONESICA, Martens.
• Blackish olivaceous, with two spiral black bands.

Var. STRIATA, Burrow. Figs. 91-94, 100, 1.

Costulations small, close, somewhat unequal, greyish, yellowish,
or light brownish, usually spotted, undately strigate or trifasciate
with dark grey, olivaceous or black, aperture tinged with yellow.

The synonyms are N. chrysostoma, Recluz (in part, fig. 91), N.
undata, Gould, Var. icterina, Marts, including N. aurantia, Recluz,
(fig. 92), N: Toiicjaemis, Hombr. et Jacq. N. grisea, Reeve (fig. 93),

NERITA. 29

N. erubescens, Reeve (fig. 100), N. Neritopsoides, Reeve (fig. 1),
and N. costulata, Busch and N. Ewinyton.i, Reeve (fig. 94), the two
latter juveniles.

Var. SIMONGLERIANA, Recluz. PL 6, figs. 96-98.

Greyish, maculated with white, interruptedly trifasciate with
greyish black, riblets flattened, obscure, evanescent below, aperture
white.

The type was a juvenile; and N. oleagina, Reeve (figs. 96, 97)
is a synonym.

Var. QUADRICOLOR, Gmelin. Fig. 86.

Whitish, yellowish white or rosy white, the ribs maculated with
purplish black, aperture white.

Red Sea, Bombay, E. coast of Africa, Southward to Natal.

It is N. maris-rubrce, Chemnitz.

Var. INCURVA, Martens. Fig. 99.

Variegated and interruptedly banded with black and yellowish
•grey, aperture white tinged with yellow or fulvous, the outer margin
•elongated and sinuated at the extremities, above and below ; riblets
about 30, flat, close, unequal. Diam. 30-39 mill.

Mozambique, E. Africa.

Var. GRAY ANA, Recluz. Figs. 2, 3.

Riblets rather narrow and high, sometimes with intermediate
smaller ones, purplish, varying to ash grey, somewhat obscurely
maculated with purplish black or darker grey. Diam. 30-34 mill.

East Indies and Philippines.

Somewhat distinctive in color, but the markings and sculpture of
the usual patterns.

Var. rrxicuLATA, Reeve. Figs. 95, 30.

Black, with scattered white or yellowish white spots on the ribs,
aperture tinged with yellow.

New Caledonia to Central Polynesia.

The ribs vary in number and development, and are often irregular
in size on the same specimen. Some collectors have confounded it
with the West American N. scabricosta, but that species is larger
and more compressed and rounded and generally more rugose.
Probably N. punctata, Quoy and Gaimard (PI. 7, fig. 30) is identical.

30

Var. FLAMMULATA, Recluz.

Yellowish grey, maculated sparsely with black, ribs about 24,
alternately smaller. Diam. 23 mill.

Malay Archipelago.

N. SCABRICOSTA, Lam. PL 6, figs. 5, &

Shell with numerous, rather close rounded ribs, crossed by close
scabrous longitudinal strire, dark greyish or black, more or less
maculated or spotted with orange brown, occasionally irregularly
banded with the latter; lip black-margined, numerously toothed
within, with larger teeth at the extremities, columellar teeth very
strong and prominent, the area deeply plicate, with a perpendicular
series of three tubercles below, sometimes confluent or obsolete.

Diam. 30-50 mill.

Panama, northward to Lower C ilijornta.

The synonyms are N. ornata, Sowb. (fig. 5), X.fuscata, Menke,
N. Desliayesii, Recluz (fig. 66), and X. miiltijugis, Menke. I retain
Lamarck,'s name for this species although the identification is some-
what doubtful, Delessert figuring a N. costata for it; and I do this
because in the United States the species has been usually so designa-
ted. Dr. von Martens calls it JV. ornata, Sovverby, a name published
about the name date. The scabrous surface and compressed rounded
form well distinguish the sj>ecies.

• Section ODONTOSTOMA, (Klein. 1753), Morch. 18o2.

N. POLITA, Linn. PI. 6, figs. 7-11; PL 7, figs. 12-23.

Shell thick, smooth, polished, sometimes with faintly ru_
growth-lines or very obscure spiral riblets, greyish., flecked or
spotted or banded with white, yellow, orange, red or black, the
ground color itself varying rather unusually to one of the other
colors, with or without flecks and bands; aperture porcellarious,
polished, thick, outer lip smooth or obscurely dentate witliin, colu-
mellar lip feebly dentate, the area smooth. Diani. 25-40 mill.

Red Sea, Indian Oeean, Philippines, Pnti/nwia, Mauritius.

The immense variation of coloring in this beautiful species has
been the cause of a considerable duplication of specific names. I
give examples showing the usual as well as some of the rarer
patterns of ornamentation. The synonymy includes X. niara, X.
flaveseens, and X. hieroglyphica, Chemn., X. biden* and JV. bir'<i*ri«t<t,
Gmel., X. Orbignyana, Recluz (figs. 19, 20).

NKK1TA. 31

Var. ANTIQUATA, Recluz. Fig. 17.

Closely wrinkled by impressed growth-lines, aperture and colu-
mclla orange-tinted.

Var. AURORA, Danker. Fig. 21.

Closely wrinkled as in Var. antiquata, but the shell less transverse,
with somewhat elevated spire; white, with three yellowish brown
bands mottled with chestnut, aperture orange-tinted.

Var. UMLAASIANA, Krauss. Fig. 18.

More obliquely elongated, the outer lip more extended upon the
spire above, dark olivaceous, mottled with black.

So. Africa.
Var. RUMPHII, Recluz. Figs. 8-11, 16, 22, 23.

Smaller, usually closely spirally striate, coloring often in definite,
wide or narrow bands, but varying to unicolored, mottled or
interruptedly banded.

N. Doreyana (fig. 23) and ^V. Guamensis (fig. 22), of Quoy, are
synonyms.

M. MAXIMA, Gmel. PL 7, figs. 24, 25.

Thick, lightly decussated by incremental striae and evanescent
spiral sul cations, yellowish grey interruptedly banded with black,
and irregularly strigated and maculated with black and white;
interior of outer lip numerously denticulate, columella smooth,
bearing three prominent teeth on its edge, tinged with yellow.

Diam. 36 mill.

Central Pacific Oeean.

Var. OBATRA, Recluz. Fig. 25.

Shell olivaceous black, obscurely maculated.

Var. trifasciata, Montr, from New Caledonia, appears to repeat,
on a darker ground-color the banded condition of the type.

X. i;rsi;cTA, Reeve. PL 7, fig. 26.

Shell with strong revolving ridges and equal inter mediate sulci,
the ridges black and divided in the middle by an incised line, sulci
yellowish grey; outer lip many-toothecl within, teeth of the extrem-
ities larger, columella smooth, yellowish, the margin three-toothed.

Diam. 23 mill.

West Africa.

N. ASCKNSIONIS, Chemn. PL 7, fig. 27.

Shell with strong spiral ridges and somewhat wider sulci, yellow-
ish grey, strongly tessellated with black on the ridges, outer lip

32 NERITA.

numerously but inconspicuously minutely toothed, inner lip three
toothed, area plane and smooth. Diam. 30-36 mill.

Ascension 1st
X. diversicolor, Martyn is a synonym.

N. LINEATA, Chemn. PI. 8, figs. 32, 33; PL 7, fig. 29.

Purplish grey or yellowish olive, with numerous, thread-like
purplish black spiral elevated lines, often sparely speckled with
white; outer lip numerously denticulate within, inner lip three-
toothed, area smooth. Diam. 30 mill.

Malaysian Is., N. Australia, etc,

X. Birmanica, Phil. (fig. 29) is a synonym. N. balteata, Reeve
(fig. 33) differs only in the riblets being a little more distant.

N. CEROSTOMA, Troschel. PL 8, figs. 36, 37.

Black, with about 22 strong, rugose, rounded spiral ribs, the
upper ones wider, interstices narrow; aperture yellowish, outer
lip numerously denticulate, columellar area smooth, the margin
three toothed. Diam. 27 mill.

Peru.
N. GEMMULATA, Reeve. PL 8, fig. 38.

Greyish, with thin, rather distant, acutely granulated spiral lirse,
tessellated with black and blue; outer lip without internal teeth,
columellar margin obscurely tridentate, area smooth.

Diam. 1 in.

Hob. unknown.

K FULGINATA, Reeve. PL 8, fig. 39 ; PL 7, fig. 28.

With depressed close spiral riblets, purplish or orange red banded
with black or maculated; aperture yellowish white, outer lip numer-
ously minutely toothed within, columellar area smooth, the margin
three-toothed. Diam. 20 mill.

Singapore (Schmacker), Viti Is. (Garrett).

N. alveolus, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 28), appears to be identical and
if the date on the title page is correct, was published a year earlier.

N. FILOSA, Reeve. PL 8, fig. 35.

Yellowish, with somewhat distant reddish, serrated, divided
spiral ridges; aperture white, lip numerously toothed within, colu-
mellar area smooth, the margin with four teeth. Diam. 22 mill.

Hab unknown.

XKKITA. ;;:;

N. GEORGINA, Redu/,. PI. 7, %. :>1.

With acute, subdistant ridges, frequently in pairs, yellowish grey
articulated with black; aperture yellowish, with black spots on the
margin, columellar area smooth, the margin obscurely dentate, den-
t iclcs of interior of outer lip obsolete. Diam.18 mill.

King George s hl<in<l.

N. MORTO, Sowb. PL 9, fig. 75; PI. 8, figs. 41, 46.

Black, usually polished, with slightly impressed spiral lines;
aperture yellowish, the outer lip callously thickened within, but not
toothed, columellar lip minutely or obsoletely toothed in the middle,
area somewhat concave, polished, smooth. Diam. 18-22 mill.

Australia, New Zealand, Polynesia.

Confounded with X. atrata, Linn. N. nigerrima, Chemn. N. Sene-
galensis, ( Tinel. etc. but differs by the smooth interior of the outer
lip, as well as by its oblique last whorl. It was described as a
Neritina, and afterwards by Reeve as N. Neritinoides (fig. 46);
another synonym is N. carbonaria, Pliilippi (fig. 41).

N. KSSIN-GTONI, Recluz. PI. 8, fig. 45.

Shell with somewhat high spire, black, conspicuously spirally
sulcate; outer lip smooth within, columellar lip slightly dentate on
the middle margin, the area smooth. Diam. 18 mill.

Australia.

Has much the appearance of N. nigerrima externally, but differs
in its columellar area; also resembles N. atramentosa, except in the
absence of the teeth within the outer lip. Very probably they will
all prove to belong to one and the same species.

X. PICKA, Recluz. PI. 8, fig. 47; PI. 9, figs. 52, 70, 74; PL 4, fig. 60.

Shell smooth, polished, with close or distant slight engraved lines,
black, often showing faint minute greyish flecks, but frequently so
obscure as to be scarcely visible; aperture white, outer lip without
teeth, columellar margin minutely or obsoletely dentate in the
middle, area Hat, smooth, polished. Diam. 12-18 mill.

Japan, Polynesia to Sandivich Is*

I have been on the point of merging this in the preceding species
as a synonym. In its unspotted state it is only distinguished by
smaller size. N. obscura, Hombr. and Jacq. (fig. 52), N. insculpta,
Reeve (fig. 74), and N. bullula, Reeve (fig. 70), are synonyms,
The shell which Philippi has figured for N.picea (fig. 60), if that
species, is a somewhat abnormal specimen.
3

34 NERITA.

X. AFFINIS, Reeve. PI. 9, figs. 51, 53, 54; PL 8, figs. 49, 50.

Shell usually transverse, closely, somewhat scab rou sly spirally
striate, marbled and speckled with white and grey or olivaceous ;
aperture bluish white, -minutely obsoletely toothed or edentulate
within the outer lip, columellar area smooth, the margin obsoletely
toothed. Diam. 10-13 mill.

Viti Islands.

X. Samoensis, Dunker (figs. 49, 50), X. costulata, Busch, and
probably X. Vitiensis, Hombr. et Jacq. (figs. 53, 54) are synonyms.

X. PICA, Gould. PI. 9, figs. 59, 60, 76.

Usually smooth, sometimes spirally striate, black with cuneiform
markings or reticulations of white ; aperture whitish, the outer lip
smooth within, columellar margin minutely denticulated, the area
flattened, smooth. Diam. 15 mill. »>

Japan, Polynesia.

X. Japonica, Dunker is evidently synonymous, but the figure
given for that species in Thes. Conch, and which I have inadver-
tently copied (PL 9, fig. 58), is evidently something else. X. melal-
euea, Martens and X. rudis, Pease (fig. 76), are to be added to the
synonymy. The figure of N. rudis (copied from Pease), very poorly
represents the shell ; the types before me are undoubtedly X. jnea.

X. VEXILLUM, Reeve. PL 9, fig. 61.

Spirally ribbed, with narrow intermediate grooves, orange colored,
with two broad black, orange-spotted bands; aperture yellowish
white, outer lip edentulous, columellar margin sharply toothed, the
area flat, Diam. 22 mill.

Hab. unknown.
X. ARCTA, Hombr. and Jacq. PL 9, figs. 64, 65.

Spirally ribbed, white, with scattered dark spots ; aperture with-
out teeth, columellar area flattened, smooth. Diam. 17 mill.

Arm Is., X. of Australia.

I know nothing of this species; it has been overlooked, as most
of the species of these authors have been, by Reeve and Sowerby.

X. STRICTA, Baird. PL 9, figs. 67, 68, 62.

With low spiral ridges, and broad shallow interstices, whitish
with scattered black markings, varying to greyish black ; aperture
yellowish, lip thickened within, edentulate, columellar area smooth,
the edge obsoletely dentate. Diam. 12-15 mill.

Polynesia, Xew Caledonia.

NKHITINA. 35

.V. Xoi'os- Caledonia*, Baird (figs. (57, 68), is a synonym. My
figure of X. stricta is unfortunately taken from Sowerby's Thesaurus*
and is certainly not typical, Baird's figure being exactly like N.
Nowe-Caledonice in all its features except being darker colored.

Unfigured tijtcclc* of Xcrita.

1ST. TKNKUROSA, Reclu/. 8olo 7., N. of Borneo.

N. CORROSULA, Recluz. N. Guinea.

X. SCAURKLLA, and N. RiNGicuLA, Phil. Hab. unknown.

N. HILLEANA, Dunker. Samoan Is.

X. XoVvK-IIiiJKiiNLK, Lesson. N. Ireland.

Genus NEKITINA, Lam. 1809.
Section NERITIXA (sensu stricto), Swainson. 1840.

N. GAGATES, Lam. PL 10, figs. 77-79, 97, 98 ; PL 11, fig. 6.

Striulate, polished, olivaceous or brownish black, with close black
zigzag lines; aperture bluish white. Diam. 18-26 mill.

Mauritius, Seychelles, Isle of Bourbon.

The synonyms are N. liturata, Recluz, N. Caffra, Gray, N. zigzag,
Morelet. Von Martens has vars. minor (fig. 78), and subplanispira
(fig. 79), the latter for depressed specimens. I think that N. ful-
f/vrata, Desh. (figs. 97, 98), from Isle of Bourbon, described from a
single specimen, is simply a light-colored example of this species.

X. XATALENSIS, Reeve. PL 10, figs. 80, 81; PL 11, fig. 9.

Striulate, somewhat shining, yellowish brown with oblique black
Btrigations, more or less decurrent or reticulately confluent; aper-
ture bluish white. Diam. 19-23 mill.

Mozambique to Natal.

It is Ar. zebra, Krauss. N. Moquiniana, Recluz (fig. 9), is an un-
identified species from "Islands of the South Sea," which appears
to be closely related.

X. VAKIEGATA, Lesson. PL 10, figs. 82-86; PL 12, figs. 23, 24.

Somewhat shining, variegated with yellowish brown and black,
usually in an irregular net- work pattern, the meshes large or small,
sometimes the black reticulations form irregular broad bands, and
occasionally they cover the entire surface so as to make it nearly
unicolored ; aperture whitish or bluish white, the columella with a
tinge of orange-brown. Diam. 16-23 mill.

East Indies, Polynesia.

36 NEKITINA.

The synonyms are X. Sumatrensi-s, Sowb., JV. pulchra, Sowb. (figs.
23, 24), X. gagates, Morch, Clithon Zelandicus, var,. helvola, Mous-
son (not Gould). X. WuHidnrum,, Kecluz, is black, with inconspicu-
ous pellucid-white or brown dots, and is probably not distinct from
N. variegata; I think it likely that .V. Cuvieriana, Eecl. (figs. 85,
86), should also be placed here. X. pulchra, Sowb. (figs. 23, 24),
was described as from Panama, where it is believed no such species
exists. Sowerby's figure shows some reddish zones alternating with
olivaceous, which are not present in specimens of pulchra received
from Sowerby as from Panama, but of a number of specimens of
variegata from the Viti Islands, collected by Mr. Garrett, two have
this peculiar red banding.

N. ZICZAC, Sowb. PL 10, figs. 87-92 ; PL 11, figs. 100, 5.

Striulate, shining, olivaceous or yellowish, with zigzag or undu-
lating radiating black stripes; aperture bluish white, columella
often tinged yellowish-brown. Diam. 20 mill.

East Indies, Polynesia.

According to the relative thickness of the stripes and interspaces
the pattern sometimes appears to be black on an olivaceous ground,
at others olivaceous on a black ground. Originally identified with
X. ziczac, Lam., but is not that species ; yet, as it has become well-
known under that name, I have not deemed it advisable to adopt
another for it, as Martens has done. The synonyms are X. strigil-
lata (Lam.), Recluz, X. aquatilis, Reeve (fig. 100), X. Jovis, Reel,
(fig. 5), X. ramosa, Meusch., and var. inter stitialis, Martens, in
which the olive color is replaced by orange brown.

The true N. ziczac of Lam. appears to be most nearly related to
X. reclivata, Say.

Var. COROMANDELIANA, Sowb.

Olivaceous, with subtriangular black maculations.

X. triangular is, Meusch., and N. pulcherrima and X. insignia
Mousson, are synonyms. Martens has adopted this varietal name
for the species.

Var. SERRULATA, Recluz.

Black, with numerous small olivaceous spots.

N. guttulata, Mouss., and var. xantho stigma, Martens, are syno-
nyms.

NKRITINV. 37

N. ZEBRA, Brug. PL 10, figs. 93-95.

Somewhat shining, yellowish olive or orange brown, with un-
dulating radiating broad black stripes ; aperture whitish.

I Mum. 21-23 mill.

Northern So. America to Brazil; Porto Rico?, Panama?.

I find no characters by which to distinguish this from varieties
of .V. ziczac, unless it be by the less angulated pattern of the stripes
and their greater width ; moreover, I know of no such American
form, and I cannot help thinking that, at least as to some of the
identifications, the mistake has been made of confounding with it
varieties of N. reclivata and N. virginea. Entirely similar shells
are in the Philadelphia Collection, received from Cuming as from
Taheiti. .V. lineolata (? Lam.), of Sowb., Reeve, etc., and N. so-
brimi, Reclu/ (fig. 95), are referred here by Martens.

N. SMITHI, Sowb. PL 10, fig. 96.

Smooth, somewhat shining, light olivaceous, with close undulat-
ing black lines, occasionally confluent into varicose-looking wider
ones ; aperture bluish white. Diam. 22 mill.

Bengal.

X. t i grina, Benson, and N. hamuligera, Troschel, are synonyms.

N. I-LUMBEA, Reel. P. 11, figs. 7, 8.

Striulate, a little shining, greyish olivaceous, unicolored or with
two broad dark bands ; aperture whitish. Diam. 19-25 mill.

Philippine Islands.

N. TURRITA, Clienm. PL 11, figs. 1, 2.

Shell oblong conical, lightly striulate, shining, spire elevated,
pointed, olivaceous or brownish with oblique, curved or somewhat
flexuous black stripes ; aperture bluish white, columellar area yellow
tinted. Length, 25-32 mill.

East Indies, Philippines, Australia.

The synonyms are N. strigillata, and N. lugubris, Lam., N. no-
6/7/x, Chenu.

Var. CTMINGIANA, Recluz. Fig. 2.

Strigations narrower, closer and more numerous.

N. SEMICONICA, Lam. PL 11, figs. 3, 4.

Olivaceous or light brownish, with two or three spiral rows of
black markings, sometimes faintly olivaceous banded.

Length, 25-30 mill.

India.

38 NERITINA.

N. fimbria, Meusch., is a synonym. Von Martens and others
consider N. scmiconica a variety of N. turrita, but it appears to me
to have the characters of a distinct species.

N. ROISSYANA, Recluz. PL 11, figs. 10-13.

Conical, olivaceous or bluish white, with very close zigzag black
lines, often wider than the interspaces, so that the whole shell ap-
pears blackish; aperture bluish white, the columellar area yellow-
tinted. Length, 16-20 mill.

Australia to Central Polynesia.

Shaped like a N. turrita in miniature, but with the broad stripes
of that species replaced by very close zigzag lines. The synonyms
are N. cuprina, Reel. (fig. 11), N. chrysocolla, Gould (fig. 12), N.
Navigatoria, Reeve (fig. 13), N. rivula, Hombr. and Jacq., and N.
Vitiensis, Mousson.

N. TURTONI, Recluz. PI. 11, figs. 14, 15.

Orange or orange-red, often with a coppery lustre, with close,
undulating, oblique, broad black stripes ; aperture light olivaceous
or greenish white, columella bright salmon color.

Diam. 18-25 mill.

Viti Is., in brackish and fresh water.

The locality, New Ireland, given by Hinds, needs confirmation.
The synonymy includes N. lugubris, Sowb., N. Zelandica, Recluz,
N. helvola, Gould, and perhaps N. mix, Brod., a unicolored brown-
ish shell from Tahiti.

N. FULGETRUM, Reeve. PL 12, fig. 30.

Shell olivaceous, with blackish maculations and tstrigatioiis ;
aperture whitish, columellar area orange-red. Diam. 16 mill.

Hob. unknown*

The direction of the pattern of ornamentation is the principal
difference between this species, which remains unidentified, and the
preceding one.

N. COMMUNIS, Quoy and Gaimard. PL 11, figs. 16-22.

Smooth and shining, variously solidly zoned with white, yellow
or purple, a portion of the banding usually overlaid with zigzag
oblique black stripes ; aperture bluish white, the convex columellar
area white or yellowish. Diam. 15-21 mill.

East Indies, Philippines; brackish water.

The figures which I have selected will give some idea of this
beautiful species, but there are besides, many other combinations of

NERITINA. 39

coloring. N. Waigiensis, Lesson, N. strigillata, Sowb., ^V. zebra,
Troschel, N. elegantina, Busch, and N. elegantissima, Morch, are
synonyms.

N. RECLIVATA, Say. PI. 12, figs. 25-30.

Shell olivaceous, sometimes light brownish, with oblique, some-
what undulating or zigzag narrow black lines, usually parallel but
sometimes reticulating, the aperture and convex columellar area
bluish white. Diam. 15-23 mill.

Florida, West Indies, Mexico, Central America

N. lineolata, Lam., is now supposed to be identical, and according
to printed dates of publication has three months' priority ; but con-
ceding this, it would still be of very questionable advantage to
science to substitute a name which has been variously identified for
one the application of which has never been doubted, and so has
become well-known. JV. zigzag of Lam., not authors, has also been
referred here. Other synonyms are N. microstoma, d'Orb., N
grams, Shuttl. and Morelet, ^Y. olivacea, Wiegm., and var. conoidalis,
Martens, for the conical, lineolate form with parallel strigations; N
reticulata, Cristofori and Jan, for the specimens with reticulated
pattern; and N. striolata, Recluz (fig. 28), N. Floridana, Shuttle w.
(fig. 29), and var. rotimdata, Martens, for a short-spired form.

N. VIRGINEA, Linn. PI. 12, figs. 31-45.

Smooth, polished, usually white, sage colored, yellowish or vio-
laceous, with a fine, close painting of parallel longitudinal darker
colored lines, either extending across the entire surface or inter-
rupted so as*to form spiral zones, upon this surface of close lines are
placed miscellaneously numbers of subtriangular spots of the ground
color of the shell, sometimes covering it entirely, at other times
forming spiral bands of large spots, with smaller intermediate ones.

Diam. 6-20 mill.

West Indies to Brazil.

I have figured some of the common as well as the more striking
color modifications of this elegant and very variable species. There
are two or three patterns of coloring which are much more common
than the others, yet which cannot be called varietal ; they are 1st,
whitish violaceous, covered by close violet lines upon which are
triangular spots ; 2d, a similar pattern, but the colors light and
dark olivaceous ; 3d, light sage green, with darker lines, but almo.st
covered over by the spots which are arranged somewhat as on a

40 NERITINA.

serpent's skin. The synonymy is enormous, including N. Brasili-
ana, Recluz, N. trabalis, and N. chlorina, Link, N. flavopicta and
N. vinosa, Mouss., N. Listeri, Pfr., N. turriculata, Menke, N. Matoni,
Morch, N. meleagris, Lam., N. elegantissima, Hartm. (figs. 44, 45),
y. Jamaicensis, Ads., N. pulchella, Gray, probably N. Leachii,
Recluz, and N. tenebricosa, Ads., and vars. oblonga and elongata,
von Martens.

N. TRISERIALIS, Sowb. PI. 12, figs. 46, 47.

Whitish, closely lined with dark grey, covered by white triangu-
lar spots which are usually more conspicuous in three spiral series
or bands. Diam. 14 mill.

Hdb'. unknown.

This species has not been identified ; its coloring resembles that
of N. virginea, but its form is more globose, with the whorls a little
excavated above.

N. WALLACE:, Dohrn. PL 12, fig. 48.

Striulate, greenish, with seven narrow, dark green or blackish
spiral bands ; aperture white, columellar area strongly callous.

Diam. 18 mill.

Arm Islands.
K POUCHETI, Hombr. and Jacq. PL 12, fig. 49.

Brownish, with black transverse stria? ; aperture large, rounded,
with the columellar margin numerously dentate. Diam. 17*5 mill.

Amboina.

This species is only known through the original figure and de-
scription.

N. ADANSONIANA, Recluz. PL 13, figs. 50, 51.

Yellowish brown, flexuously strigate, and reticulate with dark
olivaceous or black, usually with an overlaying pattern of miscel-
laneously arranged light spots ; aperture and columellar area bluish
white or yellowish white. Alt. 11 mill.

Senegal, Cape Palmas, W. Africa.

N. Sangara, Morelet is a synonym.

N. ATERRIMA, Koch. PL 11, fig. 99.

Globosely oblong, smooth, black, the spire elate, conical, some-
what acute ; aperture white, columellar area flattened, the margin
toothed in the middle. Diam. lo mill.

Habitat unknown.

This species has not been identified.

NKUITINA. 41

N. SAYANA and N. PHASIANA, Recluz. Unfigured. J'luli/ij)hie8.

K PICTA, Sowb. PI. 13. figs. 52-55.

Smooth, polished, yellowish or grey or broadly alternately banded
with both, with flexuous oblique, bluish white strigations; aperture
bluish, columellar area flattened, chestnut color, margin rather
strongly denticulate. Diam. 11-13'5 mill.

Gulf of California to Panama.

Various color variations have been named vars. nigrofasciata,
luteofasciata, guttata and albescens, Miller.

N. UALANENSIS, Lesson. PI. 13, figs. 56-68.

Smooth, shining, many colored, usually yellow, olivaceous or pink,
witli subimdulating to reticulating close longitudinal purple-black
or reddish lines, continuous over the whole surface, or interrupted
to form spiral bands, often with subtriangular light colored spots
with darker margins in spiral series; aperture usually yellowish,
sometimes bluish white, columellar area narrow, a little convex,
yellowish, faintly coriaceous-rugalose and foveolate,- the margin
with a central sinus which has four or five minute teeth, and a
larger one above them. Diam. 7-12 mill.

Indian Ocean to Polynesia.

A widely distributed species, which closely mimics the West
Indian N. virginea. Like that species, it inhabits both brackish
water and the ocean, and it is equally variable in its markings. It
is perhaps less conical, as a rule, smaller, its columellar area is more
yellowish and flatter. The operculum differs somewhat from that
of N. virginea, the rib and apophyses are well-developed, nearly
equally large, with a connecting band almost equally elevated.

The synonymy includes N. Oualaniensis, Lesson, N~. nubila,
Busch, N. Mertoniana, Recluz, N. nebulata, and N. Ceylonensis,
Recluz, N. Garretti, Mousson, N. pulchella, Morch, N. cineta and
N. columbaria, Recluz, N. Gaimardi, Souleyet, N. ornatetta, N.
delicatula, X. guttulata, and N. multipicta, Mouss. Mss. and the
'following color-varieties, named by von Martens : conferta (fig. 56),
polydelta (figs. 57, 58), diremta (figs. 59, Q0~),frondicincta (figs. 61-
(U), nigrobifasciata (figs. 65, 66), parcepicta (figs. 67, 68).

N. NOULETIANA, Gassies. PL 13, figs. 69, 70.

Solid, shining, blackish violaceous, with superimposed tent-shaped
whitish or yellowish maculations, apex violaceous ; columellar area

42 NERITINA.

and aperture greenish yellow, the former concave, with 2-3 margi-
nal teeth. Diam. 7, alt. 10-12 mill.

New Caledonia.
Possibly a variety of the preceding species.

N. MODICELLA, Desh. PI. 13, fig. 71.

Oval-globose, whorls 3, the last large, rugose, blackish brown,
with small greyish-white irregular scale-like spots ; aperture yellow-
ish white, columellar area wide, plane, smooth, the edge with a
single obscure tooth-like elevation. Alt. 12, diam. 9 mill.

'Ins. Bourbon.

/-

Section PUPERITA, Gray. 1857.

IS". PUPA, Linn. PI. 14, figs. 72-74.

Smooth, opaque, white, longitudinally more or less flexuously and
anastomosely strigate or coarsely or finely reticulated with black ;
aperture light orange-brown. Diam. 8-13 mill.

West Indies.

The synonyms are N. delineata, Boube"e, N. liturata, Schultze, ^\7.
venosa, Menke and var. tristis, d'Orb., the latter for closely reticu-
lated specimens.

N. RETICULATA, Sowb. PI. 14, figs. 75, 76.

Solid, smooth or obsoletely spirally engraved, transverse, whitish,
openty or closely reticulated with black ; aperture yellowish.

Diam. 13 mill.

Tahiti, Paumotus, Mauritius.

Distinguished from N. pupa by its more transverse form and sul-
cations — when the latter are present. The synonyms are : N. Des-
moulinsiana and N. Bensoni, Recluz.

N. HOLOSERICA, Garrett. PL 14, fig. 77.

Closely spirally striate, with sharp spire, blackish, under a thin
greyish olivaceous, somewhat tomentose epidermis ; aperture oli-
vaceous yellow, columellar area flattened, polished, but very mi-
nutely granular. Diam. 12 mill.

via is.

K AMfENA, Gould. PL 14, figs. 78-80, 84.

Shell transverse, whorls rapidly increasing, the last whorl swollen,
spire scarcely raised ; with rugose growth-lines and slight, impressed
spiral strise; greyish olivaceous or purplish-blue, sometimes with

NKRITINA. 4:>

light reddish purple bands, speckled over with white spots ; aper-
ture tinged with yellow. Diam. 9-11 mill.

Viti and Samoa Is.

N. Godejfroyana, Mousson, PL 14, fig. 80, and probably N. Gue-
rini, Recluz (fig. 84), are synonyms : if the latter determination be
correct, it has precedence in publication ; it is misprinted N. Gui-
nerii, in Reeve.

N. MOROSA, Gassies. PL 14, fig. 81.

Solid, shining, striulate, greyish black, irregularly punctate with
white ; aperture bluish grey, the columellar area brown-tinged.

Alt. 14 mill.

New Caledonia.
N. OBTUSA, Benson. PL 14, figs. 82, 83.

Shell spirally engraved, epidermis greenish or olivaceous ; aper-
ture ash color. Diam. 12 mill.

India, Java.

N. spiralis, Reeve (fig. 83), is a synonym.

N. GUTTULATA, Gassies. PL 14, fig. 85.

Longitudinally and spirally striate, scarcely shining, violaceous
black, sparsely white-dotted ; whorls !•}, rapidly enlarging; aper-
ture yellowish corneous, columellar area convex, minutely sub-
granular. Alt. 9 mill.

New Caledonia.

Appears to be allied to N. amcena, Gould. Described originally
as N. guttata, a specific name preoccupied by Recluz.

N. SALMACIDA, Morelet. PL 14, fig. 86.

Thick, shining, laterally compressed, striate, with engraved spiral
lines, more apparent above, greenish brown ; aperture ashy white,
columellar area light yellowish, the centre of its margin with two
or three minute teeth. Alt. 13 mill.

Comoro Is.

; N. MORCHIANA, Bunker. PL 14, figs. 87, 88.

Rather thin, olivaceous, with black zigzag narrow lines, thinly
striate ; aperture bluish white. Alt. 12 mill.

Madras.
I am not acquainted with this species.

44 NERITIXA.

X. IXCERTA, Gassies. PI. 14, fig. 89.

Solid, striate, with spiral engraved lines, whitish under a black
and rosy epidermis, with black lines or flames forming three bands ;
peristome whitish, interior white, yellowish or rosy. Alt. 13 mill.

-V. Caledonia.

Only known to me by the figure and description.

X. KLLIPTICA, Guillou. Unfigured. Marquisas Is.

Section NERITODBYAS, Martens. 1869.

X. DUBIA, Chemu. PL 14, figs. 90-95.

Finely, faintly striulate, without spiral sculpture, olivaceous or
orange-brown, with a fine or coarse pattern of zigzag black lines,
often interrupted to form bands, sometimes only appearing here and
there, or entirely absent, seldom confluent, making the entire sur-
face thick ; aperture bluish white, often with an orange tint near
the margin, columellar area usually tinted with yellow, varying to
orange brown, the margin edentulous. Diam. 20-27 mill.

East Indies, Philippines, New Caledonia, etc.

The synonyms are N. fasciata, Lam., N. lugubris, Lesson, N. reti-
culata, Quoy and Gaim., N. zebroides, Lesson, N. Philippinarum,
Sowb., ? N. vestita, Souleyet, X. bella, Busch, N. Adamsi, Issel, N.
atra, Lesson.

Var. APIATA, Recluz. Fig. 95.

Yellowish olivaceous, transversely flecked with yellowish white.

Diam 16 mill.

As this has heretofore been treated as a distinct species, I retain
it as a variety, but its characteristic markings shade off into those
of N. dubia, of which it is a juvenile state of growth.

X". CORNEA, Linn. PL 14, figs. 96-100, 1.

With low, flatly rounded riblets separated by incised spiral lines,
the sculpture usually faint, sometimes obsolete, yellowish brown or
olivaceous, generally more or less interruptedly banded and sub-
tessellated with black, occasionally all black; aperture whitish,
columellar area white, or more or less tinged with yellowish to
orange-brown, when white often with black blotches behind, margin
edentulate, varying to obsoletely minutely toothed.

Diam. 25-42 mill.

East Indies, Philippines, New Caledonia, Viti Is., etc.

XKRITI.NA. 45

I have included in the above description forms heretofore re-
garded as distinct, but which do not appear to possess permanent
differential characters. The principal mark of this species is the
presence of spiral sculpture, but I have before me specimens in
which this is partially obsolete, suggesting very strongly a connec-
tion with X. dubia. The typical N. cornea embraces the smaller
forms, with less developed sculpture, columellar area yellowish, be-
coming deeper, orange or blackish on the outer edge, the margin
edentulate. Here may be placed as synonyms N. amphibia and X.
ampullaria, Lesson, N. morio, Deshayes, A*, xnhatn, A n ton, N. Savesi,
Gassies (fig. 1), and X. fjuyrdex, Troschel, with var. utr<unentaria,
Tapparone Canefri.

Var. HUBSULCATA, Sowb. Figs. 98, 1M>.

The shell is somewhat larger, often more distinctly sculptured, the
color patterns more obscure or unicolored, the columellar margin
obsoletely denticulated, the area white, with black blotches behind.

A. subsinuata, Mousson is a synonym, 'being a typographical
error for subsulcata.

Var. CIITMMOI, Keeve. Fig. 100.

The largest form of the series, with moderate sculpture and
darker epidermis, unicolored or obsoletely maculated and dotted ;
columellar margin edentulate, area orange-brown.

Var. XOLANI, Tryon.

Light violaceous, with several black bands over which are scat-
tered opaque white fleckings.

A single specimen of this exquisite color-variety of the typical
N. cornea is in- the collection of the Philadelphia Academy.

Section THEODOXUS, Montf. 1810.

X. DANUBIALLS, Miihlf. PI. 15, figs. 2-9.

Subglobose, occasionally spirally constricted (fig. 7), yellowish
white, with irregular purple or brown undulating or zigzag lines,
aperture bluish white. Diam. 11-13 mill.

Lower Danube, Northern Italy, etc.

The synonyms of the typical form are X. Marsigliana, Hartm.,
-V. Daitubiensis, Sadler.

Var. STRAGULATA, Miihlf. Figs. 4, 5.

Angulate form ; spire depressed, shoulder of whorl obtusely an-
gular, strigations wider, sometimes entirely black. The synonyms

46 NEKITINA.

of this form are .V. (/<ui</renosa, Schmidt, X. atrata, Ziegler, X. elata,
Haiitf'., and X. nigrescens and X. fusca, Kutschig.

Var. CAKINATA, Kokeil. Fig. 7.

Cingulate form : last whorl spirally constricted, with carinated
shoulder.

Var. SKRRATILINEA, Ziegler. Fig. 8.

Transverse form : shell wide, with zigzag strigations, sometimes
almost entirely black.

The synonyms are X. lacustrw, Olivi, X. Gardensis, Stenz, X.
Benacensis, Stenz, X. Mantuana, Porro, and X. aim, Parr.

Var. CHRYSOSTOMA, Kutschig. Fig. !).

Golden mouthed form : larger, variously strigate, aperture golden
yellow, posterior portion of columellar area blackish.

X. modesta, Kiister and X. incritxtans, Ziegl., are synonyms.

N. FLUVIATILIS, Linn. PL 15, figs. 10-25.

Shell transverse, rapidly enlarging, last whorl swollen, white,
light green, pink, violet, grey or brown with transversely elongated
or subtriangular spots of white, or darker zigzag strigations, some-
times irregularly banded ; aperture bluish white or yellowish, show-
ing the external markings by transparency, columellar margin
edentulous. Diam. 6-12 mill.

Northern and Middle Europe : Great Britain, France, Holland,
Germany, Russia, Norway and Sweden, Italy. Dalmatia.

This common European species is widely distributed in fresh
water, its normal habitat, and occurs also in thermal and salt
springs, in brackish and even in sea water. Its distinguishing
character is its transverse form ; the colors vary considerably, but
the pattern is usually either transverse, nebulous light spots and
streaks on a dark ground, or oblique dark zigzags on a light ground,
the difference of appearance being due to the greater or less thick-
ness and frequency of the dark markings. Fig. 15 represents a
form from a salt stream; fig. 16 is a marine form from the Baltic
coasts, known as N. Baltica, Beck, and which is X. littoralis, Linn,
in part; fig. 17, the N. thermalis of Boubee (X. Pr&vost'utwt,
Dupuy), occurs in thermal springs ; figs. 18, 19 represent specimens
from Southern France, described as X. Parreyssii, Villa, N. Mit-
treana, Recluz, N. Reynesiana, Paladilhe, N. Pyrenaica, Moquin-
Tandon, and X. zebrina, Recluz ; figs. 20, 21 are from Northern
Italy, and have received the local names of X. rhodocolpos, Jan, N.

NKRITINA. 47

trifasciata, N. Ticincn*i* and .V. hrfr.rfu, Villa; rigs. 22, 23 are from
Central Italy, including X. pustulata, Parr., X. meridionalis, Mar-
tens, X. Oi'xuiii, Pecchioli ; fig. 24, from Dalraatia, is N. Dalmatiea,
Partsch, X. Diocletian a and N. guttata, Kiister, N. Petteri, Stentz,
etc.; and fig. 2-") is a South Russian form described as N. dendritica,
Zieglcr, .V. purpumtn, Parr., X. «nbth<>.nnalis, Bourg. etc. Among
tin- general synonyms may be enumerated N. lutetiana, Montf., X.
KnrojHt'd, Leach, X. trifasciata, Menke, X. Porroi, Stabile,^. varia-
bilin, Ilecart, X. Bourguignati, Recluz, 7X. lacustris, Linn., X. fon-
tumti*, Brard, X. halophila, Klett, N. Bdttgeri, Westerl., and vars.
dilatata, Moquin-Tandon, and elongata, Broeck.

X. TKAXSVKRSALIS, Ziegler. PL 16, figs. 26, 27.

Shell obliquely transverse, slightly striulate, shining, greyish lead
color, usually with three narrow dark bands. Diam. 10 mill.

Danube and tributaries, Bavaria, Austria, Hungary, Transylvania,
etc.

It is X. trifasciata, Reeve, N. trizona, Zglr., and X. radiata, Lang.

N. DORUE, Issel. PI. 16, fig. 28.

Thin, distinctly striate, shining, blackish, with zigzag lighter
strigations, sometimes interrupted; aperture bluish white or yellow-
ish. Diam. (> mill.

Southern Persia, in warm springs.

N. LiTi'KATA, Eich \vald. PL 16, figs. 29, 30.

Transverse, yellowish to olivaceous, with oblique, more or less
/igzag dark strigations, rarely replaced by small flecks irregularly
arranged in bands. Diam. 5*o— 7'5 mill.

Caspian, Aral and Black Seas.

It is X. Danubialis, Siemaschko, N. fluviatilis, Menetries, X. ser-
t, Hohenacker, and X.pupa, Pallas.

N. llKLDRKrciir, Schwer/enb. PL 16, figs. 31, 32.

Obliquely transverse, closely, slightly striate, light violaceous or
Liwish, reticulated with white and purple, with three ill-defined
/ones; aperture purplish, yellow-margined, columellar area flat-
tened, minutely rugulose, bluish white. Diam. 7-11 mill.

Asia Minor, Candia.

N. VAULA, Ziegler. PL 16, figs. 33, 34.

Globosely subturbinate, slightly striated, shining, yellowish olive,
with narrow red strigations, or white, red-bordered maculations;

48 XKRITINA.

aperture diaphanous, showing the external markings, columellar
area bluish, finely punctate. Diani. b' mill.

Corfu, Cephcdonia, perhaps <//.*> Dalm<iti<i.

It is X. r/r«//x, Zglr., X. pidurata, Jan, X. lutexcens, Muhlf., N.
Baetica, Mousson, .V. $ulnt<uni, Zelebor.

Us, Phil. PL 16, figs. 8
Tnrbinate, with rather high spire, last whorl obliquely transverse,
very smoothly striulate, a little shining, yellowish, with zigzag red,
purple or Mack >t rigations, more or less confluent, so that the sur-
face sometimes appears of the darker color, with flecks of the
lighter; columellar area a little hollowed, very slightly rugulose.
whitish, colored above. Diani. 8'5 mill.

Sicily.
The synonyms are .V. I'liilippii. Keclu/, X. tiwllntu, Ziegler.

Var. OTGROC2EKULEA, Parr. Fig. 37.

Smaller, slightly more globose, black, the markings obsolete.
Diam. 7 mill.

It is X. nigrita, Ziegl., X. /VtvWwm/, lienoit. and X. M<ir<'*i.
Bourg. The latter from Algiers.

N. ELOX(JATI i, A, Morelet. PL 16, figs. 38-40.

Very obliquely transverse, slightly striulate, whitish or yellowish,
with orange or purple zigzag or anastomosing lines, sometimes close
enough to form a dark ground on which the lighter color appears
as irregularly triangular specks; columellar area convex, white,
lightly rugulose, callous and distinctly margined posteriorly.

Diam.li-1'J mill.

Portugal.

X. Kdcficti, Sowb., T. riolacea (fig. 39), X. hnjnui-itn, Morelet,
and X. lntf*ta, Reeve (fig. 40), are synonyms. The latter appears
to be very similar to -V.

X. HI>I'AI,I:NSIS, von Martens. PL 16, fig. 41.

Transversely globose, last whorl swollen, slightlv rugose, orange-
brown or light olivaceous, with close, subvertical, undulating or
angulated black or dark brown strigations, sometimes interrupted;
columellar area convex, minutely punctulate, greyish yellow, cal-
lous posteriorly. Diam. 7 mill.

Southern Spain.

NERITINA. 49

N. GUADIANENSIS, Morelet. PL 16, figs. 42-44.

Conoidal varying to globosely conoidal, olivaceous or yellowish,
reticulated by purplish or blackish lines, with sometimes rather
broad purple bands; columellar area minutely punctate, rugulose,
yellowish or bluish. Diam. 6*5-10 mill.

Southern, provinces of Spain and Portugal.

The typical form, with usually reticulated coloring is that shown
by fig. 42, and of this N. Anatensis, Recluz is a synonym ; N. Ve-
lascoi, Graells (fig. 44), is one extreme of variation, being more
globose, and dark banded, and N. Valentina, Graells (fig. 43), is the
other extreme, narrowly conoidal, a little constricted, and also dark
banded.

N. HIDALGOI, Crosse. PL 17, figs. 54-56.

Suboval, thin, not shining, white, interruptedly, obliquely, longi-
tudinally streaked or reticulated with narrow black lines, sometimes
with three black bands ; whorls rapidly increasing, convex ; aper-
ture yellowish, translucent, showing the external bands, columellar
area yellowish grey. Alt. 5, diam. 3 mill.

San Julian River, near Jativa, Eastern Spain.

N. CALLOSA, Desh. PL 16, fig. 45.

Smooth, subglobose, white, reticulated with black lines, often
forming spiral bands, and faint or vanishing in the interspaces,
sometimes covering the whole surface, without bands.

Diam. 8 mill.

Morea.
K PREVOSTIANA, Partsch. PL 16, fig. 46.

Subglobose, striulate, shining, black, last whorl sometimes sub-
angulated ; columellar area slightly rugulose, white. Diam. 8 milL

Austria, Hungary.

N. Hungarica, Ku'ster, is a synonym.

N. BAETICA, Lam. PL 16, fig. 47.

Shell closely striulate, a little shining, brownish black, with
scarcely visible spiral black lines ; columellar area flat, rugulose,
somewhat narrow, distinctly circumscribed, ash-colored.

Diam. 6 mill.

Northern Spain, Southern France.

N. SARDOA, Menke. PL 16, figs. 48, 49.

.Rugosely striulate, opaque, black, often unicolored, more rarely
closely undulatingly longitudinally strigate or maculated with

50 NER1TINA.

white ; columellar area plane, rugulose, bluish white, blackish be-
hind, distinctly arcuately circumscribed. Diam. 5-6'5 mill.

IsL of Sardinia.
N. gymnocephala, Kiister is a synonym.

IS". PELOPONNESIA, Recluz. PI. 16, fig. 50.

Rugosely striulate, blackish violaceous, Avith transversely oblong
white maculations ; columellar area white, a little wrinkled, nar-
row, flat, aperture brownish grey. Diam. 8 mill.

Central Greece.

It is N. Baetica, Desh., and N. melanoleuca, Kiister.

IS". NUMIDICA, Recluz. PL 16, figs. 51, 52.

Varying from semiglobose to transversely semiovate, rugosely
striulate, purplish black, with white dots, or yellowish reticulated
with black ; columellar area plane, slightly rugulosely scabrous,
bluish white. Diam. 6-9 mill.

A Igeria.

The transverse form recalls N. fluviatilis, Linn. The synonyms
-are N. Baetica, Morelet, N. algira, Kuster, 'N. fluviatilis, Poiret, N.
Prevostiana, Terver.

N. SYRIACA, Bourg. PL 17, fig. 53.

Transversely semiovate, slightly rugosely striate, black, sometimes
with minute white spots; columellar area plane or a little concave,
slightly rugulose, bluish. Diam. 6 mill.

Beirut, etc., in Syria.
N. PALLIDA, Dunker. PL 17, fig. 57.

Lightly striulate, greyish yellow, nearly unicolored ; columellar
area plane, very slightly rugulose, whitish. Diam. 4 mill.

Persepolis, Persia.

It is N. Sehirazensis, Parr.

K SCHULZII, Grimm. PL 17, figs. 58-60.

Quadrately semiglobose, rugosely striate, light yellowish ; body
whorl depressed above and obtusely biangulated, aperture sub-
quadrate, the peristome continuous, columellar margin plane, punc-
tate-rugulose, yellowish white. Diam. 7 mill.

Caspian Sea.

This shell has much the appearance of a Pileopsis ; fig. 60 is
probably from an abnormal specimen.

XERITINA. 51

K PANAYANA, Recluz. PL 17, fig. 61.

Lightly striulate, light yellowish olivaceous, with dark purple or
blackish zigzag .strigations, often subreticularly confluent; aperture
and columellar area bluish, the latter slightly rugulose.

Diam. 9 mill.

Philippine Is.
N. BACONI, Reeve. PI. 17, fig. 62.

Spire subexserted, obtuse, whorls convex, striate, shining, colum-
ellar area subcallous ; ash color, reticulated or flexuously lineated
with black. Diam. 14 mill.

Swan River, Australia.
N. NILOTICA, Reeve. PI. 17, figs. 63, 64.

Conically semiglobose, smooth, a little shining, ash colored, with
numerous close subundulating purplish black strigations ; colum-
ellar area plane, yellowish white. Diam. 8 mill.

Nile River.

It is N. arctilineata, Recluz, and N. Afrieana, Parreyss and Reeve
(fig. 63), not Recluz, also N. Dongolensis, Ehrenb.

N. EUPHRATICA, Mou?son. PL 17, fig. 65.

Somewhat solid, striulate, yellowish ash color, with close, rather
wide zigzag blackish or dark violaceous strigations ; last whorl ob-
tusely subangulated above, columellar area bluish white, circum-
scribed posteriorly by a semielliptical line. Diam. 6 mill.

Samava, Lower Euphrates.
N. JORDANI, Sowb. PL 17, figs. 66, 67.

Ovate-conoidal, more or less constricted, striulate, solid, whitish,
with subconfluent, flexuous black strigations ; aperture bluish white,
columellar margin slightly sinuated, obsoletely denticulated, area
plane, yellowish behind. Diam. 7'5-14 mill.

River Jordan.

Fig. 67 represents a less compressed shell which may connect this
species with the preceding. ? N. Aleppensis, Recluz, and var. turris,
Mousson, are synonyms.

N. ANATOLICA, Recluz. PL 17, figs. 68-71.

Semiglobose, a little shining, lightly striulate, sometimes with fine
spiral sculpture, convex, often obtusely angulated, suture deep,
black, or more rarely violaceous with spiral black bands or longi-
tudinal wide strigations ; columellar margin edentulous, area plane,
bluish white. Diam. 5-10 mill.

Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Rhodes, Scio, etc.

52 NERITINA.

The synonyms are JV. Jordani, var. nitida, Recluz, N. nigrita,
Ziegler, N. nitida, Parr., X. interposita, Mouss. I follow von Mar-
tens in designating four varieties for convenience only ; their char-
acters have no permanence.

Var. BELLARDII, Mouss. Fig. 71.
Larger, black, subangulated.
N. Schirazensis, Bourg. is a synonym.

Var. HAUSKNECHTI, Martens. Fig. 68.

Size moderate, obsoletely angulated, fulminately strigate.

Var. OLIVIERI, Martens. Fig. 70.

Size moderate, rounded, light violaceous, spirally banded.

Var. BELLADONNA, Mousson. Fig. 69.
Small, rounded, subdilated, black.
It is N. Trojana, Charp., and var. Boissieri, Martens.

N. MACRII, Recluz. PI. 17, figs. 72-74.

Globosely ovate, a little shining, lightly striulate, unicolored
black, rarely fulminately strigate on a lighter color; columellar
area convex, whitish, margin edentulous.

Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine.

Has not the spiral stride which rather indistinctly mark JV. Anato-
lica. The synonyms are N. Karasuna, Mouss., and N. Michonii,
Bourg.

N. MESOPOTAMICA, Mousson. PI. 17, fig. 75.

Lightly striulate, shining, black, usually unicolored, rarely ma-
culated with white, whorls scarcely convex, the last somewhat flat-
tened above, wider below ; aperture bluish white, columellar area
rather wide, plane, minutely rugulose, margin finely denticulate.

Diam. 6*5—7 mill.

Upper Mesopotamia.

Described as a variety of N. meridionalis, and at first considered
by Martens a variety of JV. A natolica.

K CINCTELLA, Martens. PL 17, fig. 76.

Lightly striulate, somewhat shining, greenish olivaceous or black-
ish, last whorl tumid below the suture, then constricted, base wider ;
aperture bluish white, columellar area convex, greyish, margin mi-
nutely denticulate. Diam. 4'5 mill.

Upper Mesopotamia.

NERITINA. 53

Lives in same region as the preceding form, but is said to be con-
stantly distinguished by its constricted whorl.

N. PEROTTETIANA, Recluz. PI. 17, fig. 77.

Shell globose, striulate, black, unicolored, whorls scarcely three,
the last tinged at the suture ; aperture bluish white, columellar area
plane, narrow, middle of the margin obtusely denticulate.

Diam. 9-11 mill.

India, Ceylon, Pegut.

N. tristis, Phil, is a synonym.

N. COLUBER, Thorpe. PI. 17, fig. 78.

Undescribed, and only a single figure published, showing the
back. It is yellowish green, with black zigzag markings, and (if
not enlarged) is 15 mill. diam.

Ceylon.

N. JAYAXA, Recluz. PI. 17, fig. 79.

Thin, concentrically striulate, epidermis yellowish, with reticulate,
flexuously angulated lines, mixed with small white spots; suture
narrowly channeled ; inner lip maculated with black, aperture yel-
lowish. Diam. 6 mill.

An undetermined species sent by Dr. Jay of N. York to Recluz,
and therefore doubtfully ascribed to North America. I believe
that no one has recognized it ; it almost certainly is an old-world
species.

N. SHOWALTERII, Lea. PI. 17, figs. 81, 82.

Smooth, diaphanous, yellowish corneous, whorls 3, rapidly in-
creasing, suture inconspicuous, last whorl somewhat inflated, aper-
ture bluish white, edentulate, peristome continuous, forming a pos-
terior raised margin which limits the rather wide columellar area,
area smooth, slightly concave. Diam. 5'5 mill.

Coosa River, Alabama.

Several specimens were obtained, all without the operculum. It
has been suggested that this is a young Anculosa, but it has not
the characters of that group ; on the contrary, it more nearly ap-
proaches in general Neritina crepidularia. The coloring of the
epidermis more nearly resembles Anculosa however, than the other
fluviatile species of Neritina.

54 NERITINA.

Unfigured and undetermined Species of Theodoxus.
N. SAULCYI, Bourg. Athens.

N. MAROCCAXA, Pa-lad. (Figure inaccessible to me). Morocco.

IS". LURIDA, Jan. (Perhaps = Littorina obtusata, L.). Antilles.
N. EUXINA, Clessin. Dobrudscha.

Section NERITILIA, Martens. 1879.

N. SUCCINEA, Kecluz. PL 17, fig. 83.

Obliquely elliptical, striulate, thin, yellowish, or yellowish cor-
neous ; columellar area plane, very slightly rugulose, margin eden-
tulous. Diam. 3*3-4'5 mill.

Guadeloupe, W. L
N. CONSIMILIS, Martens. PL 18, fig. 86.

Obliquely elliptical, slightly, closely striulate, a little shining*
diaphanous, corneous yellow, spire blackish ; columellar area slightly
convex, and faintly rugulose, blackish, margin edentulous.

Diam. 3'3 mill.

Mauritius.

The shell is scarcely distinguishable from that of N. nuccinea, but
the operculum of the former is reddish, that of consimilis trans-
parent, but appearing black when the animal is enclosed.

N. RUBIDA, Pease. PL 17, fig. 84 ; PL 18, fig. 85.

Transversely ovate, thin, translucent, lightly striulate, yellowish
corneous, usually more or less incrusted with black (epidermal ?) ;
columellar area nearly plane, ash-colored, margin edentulous.

Diam. 5 mill.

Central Polynesia.

N. ossea, Garrett, is a synonym.

N. MAXOELI, Dohrn. PL 18, fig. 87.

Obliquely turbinate, lightly striulate, thin, corneous yellow,
partly incrusted with black (epidermal ?) ; columellar area yellowish
white, margin straight, edentulous. Diam. 4 mill.

Prince's IsL, W. Africa.

Section SMARAGDIA, Issel. 1869.

N. VIRIDIS, Linn. PL 18, fig. 88.

Obliquely ovate, dorsally compressed, smooth, shining, bright
green, varying to yellowish green, more or less interruptedly stri-
gate or maculate with white, or sometimes with black ; columellar

NKRITINA. 55

area greenish white, convex, wide, margin sinuate and minutely
dentate. Diam. 7*5 mill.

Florida, West Indies, Mediterranean Sea.
It is N. pallidula (DaCosta), Risso, N. Feuilletii, Audouin.

N. RANGIANA, Recluz. PL 18, figs. 89-92.

Somewhat less oblique than X. viridis, usually with a subangu-
lated shoulder on the body Avhorl, greenish, occasionally varying to
yellow or rose color, with short white flames below the suture, and
spiral bands formed of longitudinal white lines, occasionally coal-
lescing, or absent, and sometimes intermingled with reddish spots in
spiral series ; columellar area convex, wide, white, margin distinctly
toothed. Diam. 8 mill.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Mauritius, Philippines,
Australia.

I think that the unfigured N. puella, Gould, from the Loo Choo
Is., and N. viridissima (figs. 91, 92), of Tapparone Canefri, fall
within the range of variation in form and color usually attributed
to N. Rangiana. The latter is a New Guinea species.

N. SOUVERBIANA, Montrouzier. PL 18, figs. 93-97.

Smooth, shining, corneous yellow, variously longitudinally stri-
gate, fasciculated, or reticulated with black lines, sometimes inter-
rupted to form spiral bands, and three or four spiral series of white
maculations ; columellar margin sinuate and minutely denticulated,
area convex. Diam. 5-7 mill.

New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pt. Jackson, Australia.

It is N. semen, Tapparone-Canefri (figs. 96, 97), N. pulcherrima,
Angas (figs. 94, 95).

It is possibly only a variety of N. Rangiana.

Var. HELLVILLENSIS, Crosse.

Besides the brown or black strigations and white maculations,
there are two or three orange bands.

N. PAULUCCIANA, Gassies. PL 18, figs. 98, 99.

Moderately thick, shining, white, yellowish or light pink, dis-
tantly or closely reticulated with red or black, sometimes with spiral
bands ; aperture yellowish, columellar margin edentulous, area sub-
granular. Diam. 4'5 mill.

New Caledonia'

56 XERITINA.

N. SUAYIS, Gassies. PL 18, figs. 100, 1.

Obliquely ovate, striulate, shining, translucent, yellowish or red-
dish, with narrow red and black bands ; aperture reddish, showing
three bands, columellar margin obscurely dentate. Diam. 6 mill.

Loyalty Is. (near 3T. Caledonia).

K GLABRATA, Sowl). PL 18, figs. 2-5.

Obliquely ovate, rather solid, smooth, shining, yellowish or cor-
neous, with obliquely longitudinal black strigations often reticu-
lated, or sometimes with spiral black or reddish bands ; columellar
area convex, white, margin obscurely dentate. Diam. 5-7 mill.

Gambia, Liberia, West Africa.

N. Webbei, Recluz, is a synonym.

Unfigured and undetermined Species.

N. MATONIA, Risso. Mediterranean.

-TV. miliacea, Reel, is a synonym.

N. ORNATA, C. B. Ad. (? = ^V. /'//•/'//.<>. Jamaica.

The color is pale greenish or livid brown, ornamented with nu-
merous rather small irregular spots of bright red ; there are
crowded spiral microscopic lines ; the columellar lip is obsoletely
toothed. Operculum divided into two concave regions by an acute
ridge, which is curved in the direction of the growth.

Section STANLEYA, Bourg. 1885.

N. NERITOIDES, Smith. PL 17, fig. 80.

Imperforate, rather thin, smooth ; whorls 4, convex, subolivaceous,
with spiral brownish lines; columella callous, edentulous.

Diam. 5, alt. 6'5 mill.

Lake Tanganyika, Africa.

Unfigured Species.

N. GIRAUDI and N. SMITHIANA, Bourg. Lake Tanganyika.

Section CLYPEOLUM, Recluz. 1850.

N. PULLIGERA, Linn. PL 18, figs. 10, 11, 6-9, 12, 13; PL 19, figs.

14-19, 22, 24.

Lightly striate, outer lip raised into a ridge above, epidermis
dark brown, sometimes nearly black, or olivaceous, obsoletely or
faintly minutely dotted with black; aperture yellowish with a deep

NERITINA. 57

orange band parallel with the outer lip, columellar area flattened,
polished, very minutely punctate, greyish black varying to yellow-
ish olivaceous, edge very minutely dentate. Diam. 40 mill.

East Indies, Australia, Central Polynesia.

N. rubella, Mu'ller, N. larga, Hornbr. et Jacq. (fig. 9) N. conglo-
bata, Martens (figs. 22, 24), and vars. sulcata, T. Woods, and sub-
canalis, Mouss. are synonyms.

Var. IVNORRI, Kecluz. Figs. 16-18.

Smaller than N. pulligera, body whorl without the sutural ridge,
but extending over the spire, which it completely covers, epidermis
jet black, unicolored; aperture bluish with an orange band within
the margin, columellar area violaceous, the edge minutely toothed.

Diam. 28 mill.
E. Africa, Mozambique to Madagascar; Ins. Labuan, near Borneo*!

It is N. Beckii, Sowb., (fig. 17), and N. cryptospira, Martens
(fig. 18), from the last named locality.

Var. CANALIS, Sowb. Figs. 6, 7.

Epidermis black, or very dark brown punctate or minutely retic-
ulated with black ; aperture varying from bluish to yellowish, colu-
mellar area yellow becoming reddish orange posteriorly, edge very
minutely dentate, or smooth. Diam. 20-30 mill.

Australia, New Caledonia, Viti Is.

Typically distinguished by its strong sutural ridge and interven-
ing channel, but from this character insensibly merges into the
parent form ; the coloring of the columellar region also, varies to
that of N. pulligera through intermediate shades.

X. bicanalis, Phil, is a synonym.

Var. OVALIS, Sowb. Fig. 8.

More transverse, with terminal apex, spirally striated, aperture
yellowish, deepening to orange color on the columellar area, edge
very obscurely crenulated. Diam. 25 mill.

Tahiti.
Var. PETITII, Recluz. Figs. 12, 15, 19.

Striate, body whorl somewhat extended above, but not covering
the spire, and appressed, not ridged, dark brown, faintly black-
spotted, varying to black ; aperture and columellar area yellowish
to orange, columellar edge minutely dentate or smooth.

Diam. 30-40 mill.

Indo- Australian, Central Polynesian.

58 XERITINA.

N. Californica, Keeve (fig. 13), X. expansa, Gassies (fig. 14), N.
Bruguierei, Recluz (fig. 15), of which X. Dunalii, Montr. Mss.,
X. cirrata and ^Y. circinata Philippi, are synonyms, and X. Lenor-
mandi, Gassies (fig. 19), may all be placed here.

N, SQUAMIPICTA, Kecluz. PL 19, figs. 27, 20, 21, 23, 25-27.

Striate, shining, yellowish olivaceous to brownish, nebulous, or
with reticulations or bi angular markings of black lines, varying from
minute to large, sometimes intensified into bands, sometimes absent
or only apparent here and there, last whorl appressed and envelop-
ing the spire; aperture bluish white to olivaceous, columellar area
slightly punctate, flattened, yellowish white or pale olivaceous
margin minutely dentate. Diam. 25-35 mill.

Philippines, Moluccas.

I think it not unlikely that this form will prove to be only a
color variety of X. pulligera, from which it is distinguished mainly
by its lighter color and more prominent and diversified markings.
Like that species it has its varieties depending upon the appression
or erection of the sutural edge, color of interior, etc ; and as in that
species, so far as these differences have caused separate names to be
given them, I have treated them as varieties-simply for convenience.

This form is X. pulligera, Quoy and Gairnard, X. Delestennei,
Recluz.

Var. BECKII, Recluz. Figs. 20, 21, 25.

Lip raised into a sutural ridge above, columellar area greyish
black. It is .V. Knorri, Reeve (fig. 25), X. Brandti, Phil, of which
X. cornuta, Reeve (Figs. 20, 21) and its Var. Pacifica, Mousson are
synonmys.

Var. IRIS, Mousson. Fig. 23.

Spire subiminersed beneath the last whorl, yellowish olive, con-
spicuously reticulated with brown or black ; aperture bluish, yellow
around the margin, columellar area purple-red, edge numerously
dentate. Diam. 18-30 mill.

Malaysian Archipelago.

The synonyms are ^V. Knorri, Sowb., X. testudinea, Hombr. et
Jacq. ^\7. Delesserti, Recluz.

Var. SANGUINEA, Sowb. Fig. 26.

Flexuously striate, upper part of body whorl appressed to and
enveloping the spire, olive yellow, reticulately mottled with black ;

NERITINA. 59

aperture yellowish, with marginal border of blood red, the latter
color extending over the columellar area, edge edentulous.

New Ireland, on stones in mountain streams.

N. POWISIANA, Recluz. PL 19, figs. 28, 29.

Last whorl partially enveloping the spire, raised into a ridge
towards the aperture, yellowish olivaceous, reticulated or spotted
with black, sometimes faintly banded with violaceous upon which
are nebulous light spots; aperture and area olive yellow, columellar
margin edentulous. Diam. 20 mill.

New Ireland, on stones.

Var. IMMERSA, Martens. Fig. 29.

Pale violaceous with darker bands, with white, black-bordered
triangular markings; aperture yellowish. .

Japan ?

N. ASPEBULATA, Recluz. PI. 19, figs. 30, 31 ; PL 20, fig. 32.

Whorls very rapidly increasing, somewhat flattened above a very
obsolete shoulder-angle, spire minute, but visible, not raised, spirally
and longitudinally somewhat roughly striate, the spiral lines im-
pressed, olivaceous brown, transversely reticulated with black,
epidermis thin, rough, not shining, aperture bluish white to light
yellowish, columellar margin edentulous. Diam. 16-25 mill.

East Indies, N. Caledonia, Philippines.

I think that N. arcifera, Morch (fig. 32), will prove synonymous,
or at most a variety with somewhat more produced spire.

N. PENNATA, Born. PL 20, fig. 33.

Semiglobose, slightly striate, somewhat shining, olivaceous or
brownish with subtriangular black spots often in oblique series;
aperture and columellar area yellowish to orange color, margin
concave, numerously minutely toothed. Diam. 16-25 mill.

East Indian Archipelago.

N. piperina, Chemn. is the young of the species.

N. HIEROGLYPHICA, Wattebled. PL 20, fig. 34. ,

Conically globose, solid, shining, scarcely striulate longitudinally,

brownish olivaceous, with zigzag dark brown or blackish markings;

aperture and columellar area bluish white or slightly yellowish,

columellar margin concave, minutely dentate.
Diam. 22, alt. 34 mill.

Annam.

60 NERITINA.

K POBCATA, Gould. PL 20, fig. 35.

Eqtially, closely plicate, epidermis dark brown with inconspicuous
black reticulations, varying to entirely black, last whorl appressed
on the spire, which is partially covered ; aperture yellowish with a
deeper zone around the margin, columellar area flattened, minutely
punctate, yellow* deepening into orange red posteriorly, margin
minutely dentate. Diam. 18-27 mill.

Viti and Samoan If.

It is A7. Solomonensis, Reeve, N. Graffei, and Var. frondosa,
Mousson.

N. SULCULOSA, Martens. PI. 20, fig. 36.

Closely spirally engraved, striulate, dark olivaceous brown, with-
out markings ; aperture bluish ash color, columellar margin sinuated,
distinctly rather strongly dentate, area plane. Diam. 14 mill.

Ins. Flores, E. of Java.

Is N. spiral is, Martens, not Reeve.

N. PUNCTULATA, Lam. PL 20, figs. 37-41.

Nearly 'smooth, the strise of growth fine and inconspicuous, last
whorl enveloping the spire, light brown, sometimes with a violet
tinge, varying to black, covered throughout with close light colored
suboval spots; aperture bluish white, varying to light yellowish,
columellar area wide, flattened, minutely punctate, yellowish grey,
edge minutely dentate. Diam. 20-30 mill.

West Indies, Central America, New Grenada, Bay of Montija,
Panama to Mazatlan.

Probably inhabits the sea as well as fresh water; some of the
-specimens have the spire extensively eroded. The distribution on
both shores of the American continent is singular, but is well-
established. The species need not be confounded with N. virginea,
Linn., as has been done; in its spire-enveloping body whorl and
other characters it is very distinct from that species, and completely
indemnified with the present group.

The principal synonym is N. cassicidum, Sowb. (fig. 39), which
von Martens by an erroneous reference to Sowerby's illustrations
has referred to N. reclivata, Say ; other synonyms are N. fuscilabris,
Wiegmann; and N. aperta, Budgin. I think that to these may pro-
bably be added N. Bahiensis, Recluz (fig. 40), from Brazil, and
N. turbida, Morel et (fig. 41), from Central America — both of them
young shells.

NERITINA. 61

N. AFRA, Sowb. PL 20, figs. 42-44.

Very slightly striulate, spire somewhat prominent, partially en-
veloped by the last whorl, yellowish olive to brownSgr nearly black,
reticulated with black, often forming obscure spiral bands; aperture
bluish white, columellar area yellowish brown, flattened, the margin
finely toothed. Diam. 15-20 mill.

West Coast of Africa.

As in most similarly marked species, the interspaces of the reticu-
lations sometimes have the appearance of nebulous spots on a dark
surface. The synonyms are N. cequinoxialis, Morelet, ^7". Listeri,
Reeve (figured), N. Africana, Recluz, N. rubricata, Morelet (figs. 43,
44), and N. Calabarica, Mousson.

N. FRASERI, Reeve. PI. 20, fig. 45.

Olive black, longitudinally ridged-striate, spire but little exserted;
aperture bluish white, columellar margin sinuous arid minutely
dentate in the middle, area flattened, yellowish. Diam. 14 mill.

West Africa.

This species is unknown to me.

K SANDALINA, Recluz. PL 20, figs. 46-48.

Growth strise crossed by ve*ry faint impressed lines, last whorl
obtusely shouldered, slightly concave above the shoulder, more or
less enveloping the rather high spire, brown to black, sometimes
obscurely reticulated; aperture and columellar area bluish white or
yellowish, columellar margin sinuous and dentate in the middle.

Diam. 16-22 mill.

Sandalwood Bay, Malaysian Archipelago, Viti Is. etc.

N. cholerica, Gould (fig. 47), N. Vanicorensis, Hombr. (fig. 48),
and N. Cajfra, of Garrett are synonyms. There is but little differ-
ence between this species and N. propinqua, Mousson in the appear-
ance of the shell: the latter has not columellar teeth.

N. ADUMBRATA, Reeve. PL 20, fig. 49.

Last whorl a little depressed around, but not enveloping the spire,
smooth, shining, yellowish olivaceous to brown, closely or coarsely
reticulated with black, or appearing nebulous on a darker ground;
aperture bluish white, columellar area flattened, posteriorly orange
brown, edge slightly sinuous and minutely dentate in the middle.

Diam. 18-30 mill.

Solomon's Is.

62 NERITINA.

More elevated, brighter color, and not enveloping the spire like
the preceding species.

N. MARCHIONATA, Reeve. PL 20, fig. 50.

Rather thin, orbicular, shining, body whorl concavely impressed
next the spire, with conspicuous waved yellowish and black striga-
tions, sometimes nebulous; aperture yellowish, somewhat expanded,
columellar area rather narrow, the edge minutely toothed.

Diam. 22 mill.

Marquesas Is.

Un figured Species.

N. TRUNCATA, Sganzin. Madagascar.

K RARA, Dufo. Seychelles.

N. ROSSMASSLERIANA, Recluz. Hab unknown.

Section NERITONA, Martens. 1869.

N. LABIOSA, Sowb. PI. 21, fig. 53.

Semiglobose, last whorl partially enveloping the spire, expanded
at the aperture, rugosely striate, olive brown, with short black trans-
verse markings; aperture large, peristome subcontinuous with the pos-
terior margin of the columellar area, lip and area yellowish white to
deep orange color, the margin edentulous. Diam. 35-50 mill.

Celebes, Philippines.

For operculum, see description of the section, p. 7.

N. PLANISSIMA, Mousson. PL 21, figs. 54, 55.

Oval, depressed, striulate, olivaceous, somewhat rough ; aperture
bluish, columellar area orange tinted, the margin edentulous, peri-
stome subcontinuous. Diam. 28 mill.

J/fc. in Navigator's Is.

Unknown to me, but appears very closely related to the preceding
species.

N. MACGILLIVRAYI, Reeve. PL 21, figs. 56, 57.

Depressed auriform, usually more or less eroded, smooth, brownish
olivaceous; peristome subcontinuous, columellar area deep orange
color, margin arcuate in the middle and edentulous, aperture bluish.

Diam. 29 mill.

Port Carteret, Solomon Is.

NERITINA. 63

N. GRANOSA, Sowb. PI. 21, figs. 51, 52.

Much depressed, covered with warts throughout, arranged some-
what in quincunx order, rayed on the sides ; aperture bluish white,
radiated and speckled with darker short lines and spots, columellar
area whitish or more or less tinged and colored with yellow, varying
to reddish orange. Diam. 30-45 mil].

Sandwich Is.

N. papillosa, Jay and N. gigas, Lesson are synonyms.

Subgenus CLITHON, Montfort. 1810.

When the spines are developed, as they usually are, there is no
difficulty in determining these shells; but occasionally the same
species is spineless, and even some of the species referred here
appear to never develope spines, in which cases they are only
separable from Clypeolum by the characters of the operculum.

N. LONGISPINA, Reel. PL 23, figs. 3-5.

Epidermis varying from rather dark brown to nearly black, the
lighter colored specimens often with black lines and bands, surface
plicately rugose, with a series of long, cylindrical spines on the
shoulder; aperture bluish white, showing the exterior bands, colu-
mellar area flattened, smooth, usually whitish or posteriorly tinged
with yellow, terminated by a distinct rounded line, margin incurved
in the middle and edentulous or minutely dentate.

Diam. 15-30 mill.

Mauritius, Isle of Bourbon, Rodriguez, Madagascar.
It is N. corona, Linn, in part, N. coronata, Leach.

Var. MAUEITIANA, Morelet. Fig. 5.

Spines not developed. N. despiuosa, Mouss. is a synonym.

N. SPIBOSA, Budgin. PI. 23, figs. 6, 7.

Rather smooth, with a few wrinkles, shining, light yellowish
brown with irregular black spiral bands, and a corona of moderately
long, subcylindrical black spines; aperture bluish white, showing
the bands, columellar area flattened, distinctly circumscribed pos-
teriorly, often tinged with yellowish, deepening into reddish-orange
behind, margin a little incurved but scarcely dentate in the middle.

Diam. 15-20 mill.

Taheiti.

64 NERITINA.

N. undata, Lesson, and var. inermis, Martens (fig. 7), are syno-
nyms, the latter for specimens in which the spines are broken or
not well developed ; but I have never seen a specimen without some
indication of their presence.

N. SOULEYETANA, Recluz. PL 23, figs. 8, 9.

Rather smooth, shining, black, with white or yellowish, more or
less interrupted and undulated longitudinal strigations, shoulder
subangulated, with distant rather short, somewhat stout spines,
aperture yellowish or bluish white, columellar margin incurved and
very faintly minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 13-20 mill.

Marquisas Is., New Ireland, Moluccas, etc.

Small specimens entirely devoid of spines are of frequent occur-
ance. N. Recluziana, Guillou (fig. 10), N. hapa, Hombr. et Jacq.,
and N. rarispina, of the same authors, N. nigrispinis. Lesson, and
var. Studeriana, Martens are synonyms.

Var. KERAUDRENII, Le Guillou.

The strigations replaced by numerous small rounded or subtri-
angular yellowish or whitish spots.

N. Armstrongiana, Hinds is a synonym.

N. MADECASSINA, Morelet. PI. 23, fig. 11.

Slightly striate, somewhat plicately folded, yellowish or olivaceous,
more or less variegated in spots or bands, or uniformly reddish
brown, with a more or less defined shoulder, sometimes unarmed
but usually cord-like with an occasional short spine; aperture
bluish white or yellowish white, slightly sinuous on the middle of
the columellar margin — which is minutely dentate throughout.

Diam. 15-21 mill.

Madagascar.

It is N. corona Bengalensis, Chemn., but does not inhabit the
neighborhood of Bengal.

N, DIADEMA, Recluz. PL 23, figs, 12-15.

Lightly striulate, smooth, shining, yellowish olivaceous, occasion-
ally pale violaceous, with white, black-bordered subtriangular
spots, shouldered, with usually moderately long spines, sometimes
scarcely developed; aperture whitish or bluish white, columellar
edge minutely dentate. Diam. 12-16 mill.

East Indies, Philippines.

N. aranea and N. cryptospina, Mousson are synonyms.

NERITID^E.

PLATE 1

NERITID^E.

PLATE 2

NERITIDvE.

PLATE 3

NERITID^l.

PLATE

NERITID>£.

PLATE 5

NERITIDyE.

PLATE 6

NERITIDyE.

PLATE 7

31

NERITID^E.

PLATE 8

4-6

NERITIDyE.

PLATE 9

53

54-

51

59

60

73

NERITID^E.

PL-ATE 10

97

98

NERITID>E.

PLATE 12

NERITINA. IT)

Var. SPINIFERA, (Recluz) Sowb. Fig. 14.

Reticulated with reddish brown. It is very doubtful whet hi- 1
this is the spinifera of Recluz.

Var. DONOVANA, Recluz. Figs. 12, 13.

With subvertical flexuous reddish or blackish strigations.
X. ttriyillata, Canefri is a synonym.

Var. CELEBENSIS, Mousson.

With alternate orange and black spiral bands, the orange ground
with triangular black-margined yellowish spots.

N. BREVISPINA, Lam. PI. 23, figs. 16-18 ; PI. 24, figs. 19-28, 31-34.

Rugosely plicate, and usually very irregularly subgranular, often
unarmed, or with a shoulder somewhat shortly spinose, yellowish
brown, with granules whitish, varying to darker brown or nearly
black, sometimes obscurely maculated or indistinctly banded, some-
times pinkish under the epidermis; aperture yellowish or bluish
white, columellar edge usually edentulous in large specimens, mi-
nutely faintly dentate in small ones. Diam. 1 in.

East Indies to Central Pacific.

A very common, widely distributed form which rejoices in an
extensive synonymy. It is N. corona, Linn, in part (figs. 16, 20.)
N. spinosa, Wood, N. variabilis, Lesson, N. cardinalis, Guillou, N.
Montacute, Recluz, ^T. musiva, N. flexuosa, and N. corrugata, Hombr.
et Jacq., N. subgranosa, (figs. 17, 18) and var. mutica, Sowb., N. squar-
rosa, Recluz, (figs. 25, 26), N. ruida, Mousson, N. squamosa (Reel.)
Sowb., N. Pritchardi, Dohrn (fig. 23), — with which may be
united N. aspera, Phil., N. deltoidea, Garrett and var. Vitiana,
Mousson, N. rugata, Recluz (figs. 27, 28), and its var. moniliferat
Marts., in which granules tend to unite into longitudinal plicae.

Var. AXGULOSA, Recluz. Figs. 21, 22.

Irregularly longitudinally plicate, blackish olivaceous, usually
with minute yellowish spots, which are sometimes black margined,
sometimes replaced by short black lines, spines scarcely developed
on the shoulder.

Typically, this form 'seems very distinct, but it passes into brevis-
puin. by intermediates; one of these is N. obscurata, Reel, others are
^V. discors, Mart. (fig. 24), and N. rnginosa, Reel. (figs. 31, 32), —
of which N. aspersa, Reel. (fig. 33), N. humerosa, Mousson N. sub-
rugata, Baird. (fig. 34) are synonyms.
5

66 NERITIXA.

N. RHYTIDOPHORA, Tapparone-Caiiefri. PL 24, figs. 29, 30.

With elevated, obliquely longitudinal rugae, olivaceous green, or
light greenish pink, with undulating brown or black lines, sometimes
evanescent, and sometimes with a submedian black spiral band;
aperture light yellowish or brownish grey, columellar area brownish,
shining, very minutely rugulose, margin centrally incurved and
finely toothed. Diam. 15 mill.

Ins. Sorong, JV. Guinea.

N. THERMOPHILA, Martens. PL 24, figs. 35, 36.

Plicately striate, olivaceous brown, with occasional yellowish
maculations, sometimes black-margined, occasionally triseriate,
slightly shining, peristo me yellowish within, sub-thickened, columellar
margin obtusely dentate in the middle, upper tooth much larger,
area slightly rugose, orange-yellow. Diam. 6'5 mill.

Isl. New Britain.

Only known to me by the description and figure, but appears not
unlike a spineless JV. brevispina.

N. H.EMASTOMA, Martens. PL 24, fig. 37.

Striulate, olivaceous brown, with small yellowish, black-margined
spots; aperture bluish white, columellar margin slightly incurved in
the middle, with a few indistinct teeth on the upper part of the
sinus, area plane, scarlet. Diam. 2(ro mill.

Philippines.

Described from a single specimen.

N. CHLOROSTOMA, Brod. PL 24, figs. 38, 39; PL 25, fig 62; PL 26,

figs. 83-85.

Smooth, somewhat shining, greyish, varying to violaceous, light
brown or black, with numerous, usually minute white dots and
spots which, when the ground color is light, are black-margined,
sometimes indistinctly darker banded; aperture whitish, yellow,
olivaceous etc, columellar margin scarcely sinuous in the middle,
edentulous, or obscurely dentate, area plane, smooth, often tinged
with yellow posteriorly. Diam. 7-12 mill.

Marquesas, Harvey, Cook's, Samoan and Viti Is. etc.

The synonymy includes X. pisiformis, Recluz, J\T. siderea, Gould,
(fig. 83), N.parvnla, Guillou, .V. tristis, Reeve, (fig. 85), X. lentuji-
nosa, Reeve, (rig. 62), JV. (U*par, Pease, (fig. 84), N. Harveyensis,
Mousson, N. paludosa, Garrett, Ms.

NERITINA. 67

N. RETROPICTA, Martens. PI. 24, figs. 40, 41.

Closely striulate, subopaque, olivaceous, with subtriangular yel-
low markings, bordered on the basal margin with black, aperture
bluish or yellowish, columellar margin sinuated and obtusely dentate
in the middle, area light greyish yellow, slightly rugulose.

Diam. 14-17 mill.

Southern Japan, Siam, Viti Is.

I suspect that this will prove a variety of the preceding species.
The synonyms are N. obtusa, Reeve, (fig. 41), N. nubila, Martens,
and N. obscura, Dunker.

N. CASTANEA, Hombr. and Jacq. PI. 24, fig. 42.

Minutely flexuously striulate, somewhat sharply so above, dark
brown, with black zigzag longitudinal lines, so obscure that they
are not usually visible except when the surface is wetted, epidermis
of last whorl appressed to and partially or entirely covering the
spire; aperture bluish white, columellar margin slightly sinuous, and
scarcely dentate in the middle, area flattened, minutely punctate
and rugose. Diam. 15-18 mill.

Samoa and Caroline Islands.
N. propinqua, Mousson is a synonym.

N. RETUSA, Morelet. PI. 24, figs. 43, 44.

Subrugosely striate, soiled olivaceous, with scarcely visible brown-
ish maculations, with short spines on the shoulder in the young state
which are mostly lost in the adult; aperture yellowish white, the
columellar area becoming orange color behind, edge sub-emarginate
in the middle and minutely dentate. Diam. 12 mill.

New Hebrides.

N. SOWERBYANA, Recluz. PL 24, fig. 45; PI. 25, figs. 46-51.

Solid, subopaque, closely, faintly striate, shining, yellowish brown,
orange brown or rosy, frequently with minute white and red spots,
sometimes more or less interruptedly banded or longitudinally
strigate with black ; aperture usually bluish white, columellar mar-
gin dentate for most of its length. Diam. 10-15 mill.

Gulf of Siam, China, Japan, Philippines.

Great as is the typical difference between this species and N.
brevispina, Lam., I have specimens before me which seem to estab-
lish a passage between that species and the granular, spineless form
of the latter, N. pulchella, (figs 50, 51), Recluz, and N. Sowerbii,
Reeve, (figs. 48, 49), are synonyms.

68 NERITINA.

N. AVELLANA, Reel. PL 25, figs. 52-55.

Solid, irregularly striate, subopaque, somewhat shining, olive
grey, yellowish or orange-red, with articulated black bands; aper-
ture bluish white, columellar area minutely punctate, the margin
sinuous in the middle, and obsoletely dentate.

Borneo, Formosa, Philippines.

I fear that this will prove synonymous with the preceding species.
The synonyms are N. dubia, Issel (— var. Isseliana, Martens) and
vars. petholata, and chlorosticta, Martens.

N. FABA, Sowb. PI. 25, figs. 57-60.

Solid, irregularly striulate, shining, yellowish or reddish, more
or less interruptedly strigate or reticulated with chestnut or black,
sometimes black-banded ; aperture bluish white, columellar margin
scarcely sinuous in the middle, obsoletely dentate.

Diam. 15 mill.

Western part of the Indian Archipelago, Singapore, etc.

My only specimens of this species, types from its author, strongly
indicate identity with N. Sowerbyana. N. Baliensis, Mousson, and
the color-varieties strigosa, sagittata and fasciata, Martens are
synonyms.

N. ISTERRUPTA, Recluz. PL 25, fig. 56.

Solid, striulate and occasionalty subplicate, yellowish, with fine
olivaceous somewhat anastomosing longitudinal lines, often interrupt-
ed partially, to form lighter colored spiral bands, young shells
frequently and old ones occasionally with several short spines above;
aperture bluish or yellowish, the columellar margin dentate nearly
throughout, with stronger teeth at the extremities of a central sinus,
area subrugose and minutely punctate, usually tinged with bluish
black behind ; often the base of the shell has a jet-black fasciole.

Diam. 9-16 mill.

Philippines; New Caledonia.

Von Martens considered the species of Recluz a synonym of JV.
avellana; on the contrary it appears to possess all the characters of
the more recently named New Caledonian N. nucleolus, Morelet,
(fig. 63). N. plicata, and N. Pazii, Gassies, and var. spinifera,
Martens are synonyms.. The unfigured N. costulata and N. Artensis
of Gassies, likewise New Caledonian, are probably to be added.

NERITIXA. 69

N. RARISPINA, Mousson. PL 25, figs. 65, 66.

Striate, dark greenish, minutely punctulate with black, last whorl
obtusely angulated, and obsoletely or shortly spinose; aperture
bluish, columellar area rather narrow, plane, margin with a dentate
median sinus. Diam. 6-9 mill.

Java.

According as the shell is with or without spines, Mousson has
made varieties spinosa and destituta, — which, of course, have no
varietal value. The species itself has not been identified.

N. TRITONENSIS, Guillou. PI. 25, fig. 61.

Greenish, with arcuate longitudinal yellowish lines, spire entirely
eroded, flat; aperture oblique, with a rather narrow, flat area, its
margin subarcuate, uriidentate, lip rounded, depressed above.

Triton Bay, New Guinea.

The above is a copy of the original description — which was not
illustrated. The figure is from Reeve, and I cannot believe that it
pertains to the same species ; it looks more like N. chlorostoma, Brod.

N. BICOLOR, Reel. PI. 25, figs. 68, 67, 69; PI. 26, fig. 75.

Shell plicate-striate, the body whorl enveloping the spire, some-
what shining, closely finely strigate with alternate yellowish and
olivaceous green, sometimes minutely punctate with the lighter color
upon the darker, as though serrating the margins of the strigations;
aperture bluish white, columellar area flattened, subrugose, margin
slightly incurved and faintly dentate in the middle, the curve boun-
ded by a stronger tooth above. Diam. 15-27 mill.

East Indies to Philippines.

It is N. celata, Recluz, (fig. 69), N. subpunctata, Recluz, (fig. 67),
X. rugata, Souleyet, N. rugosa, Bush, N. punctifera, Mousson, and
varieties glandiformis, Molluccensis and tricolor of Martens — the
latter with reddish brown rugse and a basal zone of the same, with
elongate triangular diaphanous yellowish maculations. I have not
seen this variety, nor has it been figured except a section showing
coloring, but I can scarcely believe it to belong here — the pattern
is more like N. avellana. Finally in N. Wallisii, Mousson (fig. 75)
=N. rugata, Gallies, we have a sparsely spinose form which appears
to connect very closely with the spinose form of the next species.

X. OLIVACEA, Recluz. PI. 26, figs. 71, 72 : PI. 25, fig. 70.

Smooth, slightly striate, dark olivaceous varying to brownish with
obscure black undulating lines, often obsolete, occasionally with one

70 NERITIXA.

or two short spines above, but mostly without them ; aperture bluish
white, columellar area flattened, subrugose, sometimes bounded by
a callous orange-brown fasciole, edge incurved in the middle and
dentate there, and slightly so above the curve. Diam. 15-24 mill.

Moluccas, Philippines, Viti Is.

N. inconspicua, Busch is a juvenile, and N. subocellata, Schepmann
(fig. 70). a spinose specimen ; other synonyms are^\T. solium, Recluz,
=X. dolium, Rve., (fig. 72). I suspect that this will, after all, prove
a smooth form of N. bicolor, Recluz. Mousson has described a var.
VitiaiKi.

N. FLAVOVIRENS, Busch. PL 26, figs. 76, 77.

Lightly striulate, shining, greenish with yellow, black-margined
maculations, sometimes a few spines at the suture ; aperture bluish-
white, columellar margin with a denticulate sinus, terminated by a
larger tooth above and below, area convex, very slightly punctate
rugulose, Diam. 15 mill.

Java, Borneo, etc.

The synonyms are N. emergens, Mouss., N. Cochinsince, Recluz,
N. cyanostoma, Morelet (fig. 77).

N. SPIXIPERDA, Morelet. PI. 26, fig. 78.

Uniform olive green, roughly longitudinally ridged, ridges some-
times articulated, young shells with an obtuse shoulder bearing an
occasional short spine ; aperture bluish or livid white, columellar
area callous, dilutely maculated with orange color or greyish green,
margin arcuated and dentiulated, with a median larger tooth and
another below. Diam. 18 mill.

Ins. Nossi-be, near Madagascar.

Perhaps a variety of N. bicolor, Recluz.

N. FULIGIXOSA, Busch. PI. 26, fig. 79.

Plicately striate, shining, olivaceous brown, with numerous pallid
dots scarcely visible ; aperture whitish, black-bordered ; columellar
area white, plane, faintly rugose, margin arcuate and dentate in the
middle, with a larger tooth above and below. Diam. 13-15 mill.

Batavia.

X. Bataviemis, Mousson, is a synonym.

N. ACULEATA, Gmelin. PL 26, figs, 80, 81.

Shell with revolving ridges elevated into nodes and short spines,
olivaceous brown ; aperture bluish white with yellowish bands, col-

NERITINA. 71

umellar margin slightly concave, multidentate, area flattened, mi-
nutely punctate. Diam. 18-25 mill.

Indian Archipelago.
It is N. squamcespina, Moussoii and N. sulqtta, Nyst.

N. CIRCUMVOLUTA, Kecluz. PL 26, fig. 82.

Smooth, fulvous, or pink, with minute white maculations, with
two or three spiral black bands articulated with white; aperture
bluish white, the columellar margin slightly arcuate and minutely
dentate in the middle, with a stronger tooth at either extremity.

Diam. 18 mill.

Ins. Negros, Philippines ; on stones in a mountain stream.

N. LUCTUOSA, Kecluz. PL 26, fig. 86.

Shell small, smooth, greyish, with close undulating black striga-
tions ; columellar area plane, narrow, whitish defined on the middle
and base by n semicircular line, margin slightly arcuate in the
middle, the tooth above the sinus prominent. Diam. 3'5-7 mill.

Neiv Guinea, Norfolk Island.

N. PEGUENSIS, Blanford. PL 26, fig. 87.

Striulate, shining, greenish or yellowish olivaceous, sometimes in-
distinctly darker banded, covered with minute white dots, shaded in
front with brown or black ; aperture bluish white, columellar area
bluish grey, slightly corrugated, margin slightly sinnousjn the mid-
dle, the sinus and above it minutely toothed, with a stronger tooth
between. Diam. 14 mill.

Irawadi River, Pegu, Burmah.

It is N. fuliginosa, Theobald.

N. RETIFERA, Benson. PL 26, figs. 88, 89.

Lightly striulate, yellowish olivaceous or greenish, with oblique
angulated reddish or blackish lines, sometimes forming a coarse re-
ticuliitioii ; aperture bluish white, columellar margin incurved and
minutely dentate in the middle with a stronger tooth at the top,
area somewhat convex, wide, whitish. Diam. 9-12 mill,

Calcutta, Madras.

The synonyms are N. Michaudi, Kecluz, (fig. 89) N. retieularis,
Sowb., N. capillulata, Gould, of Sowb., N. Morchiana, Fraueu., N.
huineralis, Theob. Perhaps N. fulgetrum, Keeve (PL 12, fig. 30)
which I have described on p. 38, and for which no habitat is given,
should also be referred here.

(Z XERITIXA.

N. DRINGII, Recluz. PI. 26, figs. 90, 91.

Rather thin, whorls obliquely rugulose, with yellow bands on a
blackish ground, sometimes obliquely longitudinally strigate with
black or brownish and yellow ; aperture bluish, tinged with yellow
around the margin and on the columellar area, columellar margin
subarcuated and dentate in the middle. Diam. 12 mill.

Hanover Bay, N. Australia.

X. FLEXUOSA, Gassies. PI. 26, fig. 92.

Oblique, flexuous, striulate, scarcely shining, thin, yellowish oli-
vaceous, somewhat auatomosely strigate with longitudinal black
lines, sometimes obscurely yellowish banded ; aperture yellowish,
columellar area bluish white, flattened, subpunctate, margin sub-in-
cised, with a superior, rather strong tooth. Diam. 5, alt. 7*5 mill.

New Caledonia.
X. UXIDEXTATA, Recluz. PL 26, fig. 93.

Thin, olivaceous, with oblong, oblique yellowish maculations, last
whorl a little angulated and flattened above ; aperture yellowish
green near the margin, columellar lip narrow, whitish, its margin
with a single superior tooth, and scarcely arcuated.

Diam. 12 mill.

Taheiti.

Sometimes a short spine occurs at the superior angle of the lip.
The species has not been recognized.

N. COMOREXSIS, Morelet. PL 26, figs. 94, 95.

Solid, irregularly striulate, not shining, greenish grey; brown-
spotted ; aperture grey or greyish brown, columellar area plane,
yellowish, the margin with one to three obtuse denticles.

Diam. 9 mill.

Comoro Is.

Unfigured species, probably belonging to Clithon.

N. RARISPIXA and X. LESLOXI, Recluz. Sicily.

The locality is doubtless erroneous.

N. GUTTATA, Recluz. New Guinea.

N. PFEIFFERIAXA, Recluz. New Ireland.

N. BOURGAINVILLEI, Recluz. Samoa Is.

N. DACOSTJE, Recluz. Philippines.

X. MEXKEAXA, Recluz. Taheiti.

NKRITIXA. 73

N. TROSCHELI, Recluz. Hab. unknown.

N. CORONOIDES, Lesson. New Guinea.

N. PENICILLATA, Gould. New Ireland.

Subgenus NERIPTERON, Lesson, 1830.

In the diagnosis of this group (p. 8), the columelhir margin is
stated to be edentulous, but this is in fact, only occasionally the case ;
usually there are traces of teeth, and sometimes they are very dis-
tinct, although small.

N. AURICULATA, Lam. PI. 21, figs. 58-63.

Rather convex, slightly striate, somewhat shining, brownish or oli-
vnceous, obsoletely reticulated with black lines or with lighter spots ;
aperture yellowish white, bluish black around the lip and on the
columellar area, margin of columella a little arcuate in the middle,
and minutely or obsoletely toothed. Diam. 15-25 mill.

Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, Viti Is.

It is N. subalata, Recluz, N. subauriculata, Recluz (fig. 60), N. ros-
trata (figs. 61, 62), and N. Layardi (fig. 63,), Reeve, as well as var.
, Mo'rch.

X. RUBICUNDA, Martens. PL 21, figs. 64, 65.

Convex, very slightly striulate, yellowish brown or chestnut, uni-
colored, a little shining ; aperture ash color, peristome reddish, col-
umellar margin minutely multi dentate, area large, a little rugose,
slightly convex. Diam. 12 mill.

Kapera River, Borneo, on floating timber.

Supposed to differ from the preceding species by its small size,.
want of reticulated markings, etc. I think it will prove identical.

X. TAHITENSIS, Lesson. PL 21, figs. 66, 67.

Striate, and spirally slightly engraved with subdistant lines, light
olivaceous brown, without markings ; aperture greyish blue or yel-
lowish grey, columellar margin slightly sinous and minutely dentate
in the middle, columellar area slightly rugose and minutely punc-
tate. Diam. 19-25 mill.

Ins. Taheiti, So/moan Is., Sandwich Is.

The synonyms are N. auriculata, Sowb., N. Lamarckii, Desh.,
N. marginata, Hombr. and Jacq., N. vespertina, Xruttall (PL 22, fig.
71), and N. Sandivichensis, Reeve (PL 22, fig. 73).

74 NERITINA.

Von Martens separates ^V. vespertina on account of a slight differ-
ence in convexity of whorls, and habitat, but in the large series
before me from both Taheiti, and Sandwich Is., the supposed local
peculiarities disappear.

N. CHKISTOVALENSIS, Reeve. PL 21, figs. 68, 69.

Convex, striulate, yellowish, with spiral bauds of reddish chestnut
markings ; aperture yellowish, columellar area slightly arcuate and
minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 19 mill.

San Christoval, Solomon' 's Is.

N. BICANALICULATA, Recluz. PI. 21, fig. 70.

Rather depressed and somewhat widely winged ; olive brown,
rather closely reticulated and sometimes banded with reddish chest-
nut ; aperture bluish white clouded or changing to greyish yellow,
columellar margin without teeth, area minutely punctate.

Diam. 15-20 mill.

Philippines, Viti Is.

The ears are usually broader than in the specimen figured, but
the depressed form and markings are pretty constant in the series
before me. It is N. biauriculata , Reel.

IS". LECONTEI, Recluz. PI. 22, figs. 74, 75, 76.

Very convex, with numerous elevated close spiral lines, olivaceous
brown, spirally more or less lineated with black ; aperture lead color
or yellowish grey; columellar margin incised, minutely and reg-
ularly dentate in the middle, area rugose and minutely granular.

Diam. 1 in.

New Caledonia.

N. Novas- Caledonica, Reeve, (fig. 76) is a synonym.

N. ACICULATA, Morch. PI. 22, figs. 77, 78.

With small, distinct, obliquely lateral spire, closely radiately
striated, dark olivaceous, uni colored ; columellar margin arcuate
and dentate in the middle. Diam. 17 mill.

Nicobar Is.; Sumatra ?

It is N. navicularis, Morch (undescribed).

N. MARMORATA, Brazier. Unfigured. Neiv Guinea.

NERITINA. 75

Section ALINA, Recluz, 1842.

N. CARIOSA, Gray. PI. 22, figs. 79-81.

With distinct growth lines, and sometimes engraved spiral strise,
body whorl convex, swollen, dilated into wings above and below,
spire visible, flattened, epidermis black or very dark brown, with
numerous close minute yellowish spots, sometimes scarcely visible ;
aperture bluish, sometimes yellowish, columellar margin scarcely
arcuate in the middle and slightly dentate, terminating with a larger
superior tooth. Diam. 18-25 mill.

Sandivich Is.

In young specimens the wings are often not developed, and then
the shell would scarcely be taken for a member of this group. Von
Martens changes the name to N. Sandwichensis, Desh. because he
thinks that Gray's figure should be referred to N. Mauritii, *Lesson ;
I do not agree with him : the figure appears to me to be decidedly
that of the present species. Other synonyms are N. Nuttalli, Recluz.
N. convexa, Nuttall, N. solidissima, Sowb., N. lugubris, Phil., N. per-
striata, Mousson, N. tristis, Phil, N. affinis, Recluz., (=N. lugubris,
Sowb. fig. 83.)

X. MAUKITII, Lesson. PI. 22, fig. 82.

Rather more depressed than the preceding species, with the wings
larger and more dilated, somewhat rugose, epidermis black, unicol-
ored ; aperture bluish white, columellar margin minutely dentate in
the middle. Diam. 18 mill.

Mauritius, Ins. Bourbon, Mas Karene Is., E. coast of Madagascar.

It is N. auriculata, Sowb., N. alata, Robillard, N. Deshayesii, Pease,
N. Sandwichensis, Desh,

N. LIFOUANA, Gassies. PL 22, fig. 84.

Spirally striulate, shining, light yellowish, unicolored, translucent ;
aperture yellowish white, columellar margin with about five minute
teeth in the middle. Diam. 18 mill.

New Caledonia.

I have not seen this species.

N. DILATATA, Brod. PI. 22, figs. 85, 86.

Shell broadly winged, rather regularly striulate, yellowish olive,
sometimes with three indistinct spiral pink bands, covered through-

76 NERITINA.

out with zigzag black reticulations ; aperture bluish white or yellow-
ish grey, columellar margin slightly arcuate and dentate in the
middle. Diam. 16 mill.

Taheiti, in streams.

JV. navicellina, Guillou, N. florida, Recluz are synonyms. Yon
Martens refers here ^V. Owenii, Wood's Index Test. Suppl. t. 8, f.
16, but it appears to me to belong to the next species.

N. LATISSIMA, Brod. PI. 22, fig. 87-89.

Finely striulate, with produced but broadly rounded ears, oliva-
ceous ortbrowTnish black, reticulated with black or triangularly
marked with numerous light, black margined spots ; aperture bluish
or yellowish grey, columellar margin a little concave, scarcely in-
curved but minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 20-37 mill.

West coast of Central America.

The synonyms are N. globosa, Brod., N. intermedia, Sowb. (fig. 89).

Var. PILSBRYI, Tryon. PL 22, fig. 91.

A color variety characterized by a purplish or pink very fine re-
ticulation upon a white ground, upon which are numerous subtri-
angular white spots with dark margins.

Var. FONTAINEANA, d'Orb. PL 23, figs. 92, 93.

Smoothish, olivaceous, reticulated with black, with one or two
greenish or blackish zones. Less winged than the type.

Guayaquil, Eqaador.

It is N. Guaquilensis, Sowb. (fig. 94.)

X. OWENIANA, Gray. PL 22, fig. 90.

Slightly, closely striulate, yellowish or brownish olivaceous, with
a small or large reticulating pattern of black lines, often forming
triangular light spots, last whorl usually enveloping the spire;
aperture bluish white to greyish yellow, showing the external pat-
tern, columellar margin nearly straight, edentulous, or obscurely,
minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 18-25 mill.

West coast of Africa ; Ins. Fernando Po, Cape Palmas.

N. CRISTATA, Morelet. Unfigured. Gabon, W. Africa.

N. ALATA, Brod. and Sowb. Taheiti.

NERITINA-NAVICELLA, 77

Subgenus DOSTIA, Gray, 1840.

N. CREPIDULARIA, Lam. PI. 23, figs. 95-99.

Very convex, lightly striulate, sometimes unicolored, varying from
liii'ht yellowish, or olivaceous to blackish, but usually reticulated,
checkered or spotted with a light color on a dark ground or dark on
a light ground, frequently the darker tint is violaceous, and some-
times it is reddish ; aperture bluish, bluish grey, yellowish grey etc.,
peristome continuous, columellar area slightly rugose, margin a
little arcuate and dentate in the middle. Diam. 15-25 mill.

Indian Ocean, India to Malay Archip., China, Philippines, New
Caledonia.,

The form is pretty constant, but the coloring exhibits considerable
variation, within rather narrow limits, however; not sufficient to
excuse the immense synonymy. It is N. violacea, Gmel. in part,
X. purpurea and N.gracilenta, Budgin, N. concentrica, N.plumata and
N. mitrula, Menke, N. intermedia, Desh., N. cornucopias, and N. de-
pressa, Benson, N. melanostoma, Troschel, N. Indices and N. Tour-
annensis, Souleyet, N. Siquijorensis, N. exaltata, and N. pileolus,
Recluz, N. Schlceflii and N. compressa, Mousson, and N. Montrouzieri,
Gassies.

N. LIFUENSIS, Angas. Unfigured. Viti Is.

N. LACUSTRIS, Jan. Unfigured. Brazil.

Unassigned species described as NERITIN^E.

N. PYGMJEA, C. B. Adams. Jamaica.

!N . PUSILLA, C. B. Ad. = Teinostoma.

N. XEGLECTA, Pease. Sandwich Islands.

N. MINIMA, Recluz. Nukahiva.

N. HESSEI, Bottger. Mouth of River Congo, W. Africa.

Genus NAVICELLA, Lam., 1809.
Section CIMBER, Montfort, 1810.

The shells of the Navicellse are modified in form and convexity
according to the nature of the surface to which they adhere ; thus
the form called N. lineata, is a N. tessellata, higher and laterally
compressed from inhabiting the stems of sea- weed, whilst the typical
N. tessellata is from surfaces giving the shell a chance to spread ; so

78 NAVICELLA.

also the projection of the apex varies so that it may reasonably be
considered as effected by environment; again, the central projection of
the septum, usually conspicuous in N. Freycineti, is sometimes want-
ing in that species, whilst it occasionally occurs in others. Thus the
sectional characters (made subgeneric by Messrs. Adams), insensibly
coalesce. As to coloring, certain patterns have been regarded as
characteristic of species, but there appear to be no breaks in the
modifications by which most of the species may be connected.

In the interest of scientists (and so, perhaps, of science) it becomes
necessary to set up some arbitrary landmarks, be they varieties,
species or sections, it matters not, for the recognition of certain
stages- of the variations else in unbroken progresssion, and to these
stages the names given by naturalists at a time when species were
entities have been applied. This task Dr. von Martens has per-
formed as well as his opportunities, learning and experienced judg-
ment permitted : if I have succeeded in making any improvement,
it is due to having his work as a foundation.

N. BORBONICA, Bory. PL 27, figs. 2-12.

Rather convex, apex small, somewhat attenuated, produced be-
yond the posterior margin ; color varying from dark chestnut brown,
unicolored to light olivaceous brown, or tinged with purple and
marked with radiating reticulations, interior bluish or blackish,
the posterior margin usually with a long black stain on either side.

L. 25-40 mill.

Mauritius, Ins. Bourbon, Madagascar, Seychelles Is.

It is N. elliptica, Lam., (fig. 3) N. tabernaculata, Montf., N. por-
cellana, Reeluz, not Linn., N. Cookii, Recluz (figs. 4, 5), N. bimac-
ulata, Reeve (fig. 6), var. triloba, Martens=J\7. apiata, Sowb. in part
(fig. 7), N. livida, Rve. (fig. 9), very similar to var triloba, var. com-
pressa, Martens = N. affinis, Reeve (fig. 8). I do not separate as
such the two varieties given by Dr. von Martens, because such forms
occur in all the species and are the result of station upon the growth of
the individual. The black markings which Reeve has commemorated
in his name bimaculata are very usually, but not always present, and
unfortunately occur in other species. A more depressed form has
been treated by von Martens as a distinct species, but seems to con-
nect insensibly with Borbonica-, it is called N. depressa, Lesson,
(figs. 10, 11), and N. zebra, Lesson, N. haustrum, Reeve (fig. 12) and

NAVICELLA. 791

its var. fissa, Mousson, N. hupeana, Gassies and N. affinis, Mousson
are referred to it as synonyms. It occurs from New Caledonia to
Tahiti.

Both N. borbonica and the form depressa have been referred to
N. porcellana, Linn., but that species, devoid of epidermis, must re-
ii in in unrecognizable.

Morelet has figured (Jour, de Conch., Oct. 1887) a color variety
from the Comoros Is. It is large, and bimaculate with vermillion
inside in young as well as adult individuals.

N. MACROCEPHALA, Guillou. PL 27, figs. 13-16.

Convex, laterally compressed, beak much produced, large, worn
away below, epidermis dark chestnut color, with somewhat rugose
growth lines. L. 25-35 'mill.

New Caledonia to Viti Is.

N. sanguisuga, Reeve (figs. 13, 14), N. scarabceus, Reeve (figs. 15),
and its var. decapitata, Mousson, and N. magnified, Reeve (fig. 16),
with its var. truncata, Mousson, are synonyms. N. parva, Mousson
(PL 28, figs. 23, 24), from the Malay Archipelago appears to
have no distinctive character, except its much smaller size : I think
it is identical.

N. SCULPTA, von Martens. PL 27, fig. 17, 18.

Elliptical, lateral margins compressed, beaks large, dark chestnut
color, without markings, distinctly longitudinally, granularly lirate.

L. 13 mill.

Sumatra.

N. LUZONICA, Souleyet. PL 27, fig. 19.

Chestnut brown, rather smooth and somewhat shining, very mi-
nutely radiately reticulated, the markings barely visible except on
the beak ; convex, beak narrow, recurved, projecting beyond the
margin. L. 20-40 mill.

Celebes, Philippines, Marquesas Is., etc.

The insufficient distinction of this species rests on the fineness of
its reticulating dark lines. N. crepidaloides, Reeve (PL 28, fig. 20),
= var. compressa, Martens (PL 28, fig. 21) and var. adspersa, Mar-
tens (PL 28, fig. 22) are synonyms.

N. BOURGAINVILLEJ, Recluz. PL 28, figs. 25, 26.

Broadly elliptical, chestnut color or yellowish olivaceous, with a
large pattern of radiating, transverse, black reticulations.

L. 20-30 mill.

New Caledonia to Viti Is*

80 XAVICELLA.

The synonyms include X. macrocephala of Sowb. and Reeve (figs.
27, 28), N. Freycineti, Gould, N. Caledonica, Morelet, X. affinis,
Gassies, N. ornata, Adams and An gas, N. undulata, Mousson, JV.
squama, Mousson, and N. nana, Montr, (juvenile). •

N. CUMIXGIAXA, Recluz. PL 28, fig. 29.

Olivaceous yellow with irregular concentric greenish brown or
blackish bands and reticulations. L. 15-30 mill.

Philippines.

The undulating, transverse alternate series of light and dark col-
ored stripes give character to this species ; it is scarcely as convex
as N. Bourgainvillei.

N. JAXELLA, Recluz. PI. 28, figs. 30-33.

Broadly ovate, laterally somewhat produced, convex, with high,
narrow, recurved beak, olivaceous yellow, with numerous, close ra-
diating strigations of greenish black, sometimes coalescing, smooth,
shining. L. 30-45 mill.

Philippines, Marianne Is., Moluccas.

N. lentiginosa, Reeve (fig. 33) is a synonym.

K LAPEROUSEI, Recluz. PI. 28, fig. 34.

Convex, elliptical, with compressed sides, chestnut color, with
here and there a black longitudinal strigation, sometimes forking,
postero-lateral margins of the lip black stained. L. 18-25 mill.

Marianne, Guam, Ponape Is.

Will probably prove a variety of N. macrocephala, Guillou.

It is N. elliptica, Quoy.

N. LUTEA, Martens. PI. 28, figs. 35, 36.

Broadly oval, convex, epidermis thin, yellowish, without mark-
ings, apex reddish, interior light greyish. L. 17'5 mill.

Viti Is.
Subsection PARIA, Gray, 1867.

N. FREYCINETI, Recluz. PL 28, figs. 37-41.

Oval, convex, yellowish brown, varying to chestnut color, diver-
gently radiated and coarsely reticulated with black ; septum trun-
cately produced in the middle. L. 17-35 mill.

New Hebrides to Viti Is.

The synonyms are N. pala, Mousson and its var. Vitiensis, Mouss.,
var. compressa, Martens, which includes X. suffreni, Reel., N.psfo-
t</ct><t, Reeve (figs. 40, 41), and X. pala, var. profunda, Mouss.

NAVICELLA. 81

N. JUNGHUHNI, Herklots. PI. 28, figs. 42, 43.

Sub-rotund, smooth, shining, convex, dark olivaceous brown, the
apex often purplish, with undulating transverse black lines, rest of
surface without markings ; septum a little produced in the middle.
L. 30-35 mill.

Java.
Section ELARA, H. and A. Adams, 1854.

N. SUBORBICULARIS, Sowb. PL 29, fig. 44.

Rounded oval, rather elevated, apex elevated and recurved, inter-
marginal, a little oblique, epidermis yellowish green, varying to oli-
vaceous brown, the lighter colored specimens sometimes purple
tinted above, with triangular radiating markings or irregular ra-
diating blackish strigations. L. 20-30 mill.

Andaman, Is., to Java, and Philippines.

The synonyms are ? N. porcellana, Linn., N. picta^ Schum, N. el-
liptic^ Blainv. (in part), N. orbicula'ris, Reeve (figs. 45, 46), N.
sqintmata, Dohrn, N. Javanica, Mouss., N. Forstenii, Herklots, N.
Urvillei, Recluz, and its vars. Gaimardi and Quoyi, Recluz, and
N. puleherrima, Tapparone-Canefri. I am also compelled to unite
with this species N. variabilis, Recluz, (figs. 47, 48) ; typically it is
somewhat higher and more elliptical in outline, but shades away in
both respects : N. Schmeltziana, Mousson, is a synonym of it.

Philippines, Viti Is.

N. APIATA, Guillou. PI. 29, fig. 49.

Obovate, apex high, blunt, olivaceous yellow, variegated with
black, so as often to form large tear-like radiating blotches of the
lighter color. L. 25-32 mill.

Marquesas to Viti Is.

N. TESSELLATA, Lam. PL 29, fig. 57.

Subelliptical or oblong, rather depressed, spire narrow, recurved,
not terminal, thin, not much shining, olivaceous yellow, tessellated
with purple brown or black, with obscure rays, varying to olivaceous
or purplish brown, with a few short radiating lines and minute spots
of white. L. 18-30 mill.

Ceylon, Java to Philippines.

The synonymy includes N. clypeolum, Recluz (figs. 50-52), N.
Reclttzii, and N. variabilis, Reeve (fig. 53, 54), N. ambigua, Recluz,
N. atra, Reeve, N. radiata, Reeve, var. subrostrata, Martens, and its

82 XAVICELLA.

synonyms JV. pidcliella (fig. 56) and JV. insignis, Reeve (fig. 55), var.
oblonya, Martens, and its synonym X. macutifera, Mousson, var.
eompressa, Mart., and its synonym X. Entrecasteauxi, Reel., (fig. 59)
X. reticulata, Reeve (fig. 62), including, X. eximia, Reeve (fig. 61)
and its var. compressa, Martens (fig. 67), of which oV. Livesayi, Dohrn
is a synonym, and X ccerulescens, Reel. (figs. 63, 65), with its syn-
onyms X plumbed, Sowb., X compressa, Benson, and X. orientalis,
Reeve (fig. 66).

Section STEXOPOMA, Gray, 1867.
N. LINEATA, Lam. PI. 29, fig. 58.

Shell compressed elliptical, light yellowish, with a radiating pat-
tern of chestnut or purplish longitudinal reticulations, forming tes-
sellations and triangular markings of the lighter color, very thin,
translucent, interior showing all the exterior markings, light bluish
or yellowish. L. 25 mill.

Philippines, Viti Is.

Von Martens unites this species with X tessellata^ Lam., and I
have no doubt that he is correct, but the latter might with equal
propriety be united with X sub orbicular is, etc. : in fact, the charac-
ters in this group anastomose in every direction.

N. navicula, Fer., and JNr. picturata, Garrett (fig. 60) are syn-
onyms : in the latter the ground color varies from yellow to pale
purple, and the tessellations are often replaced by distinct radiating
bands.

Unfigured species of Navicella.

N. APONOGETONIS, Vahl. East Indies.

N. EXCELSA and N. MORELETIAXA, Gassies. Xew Caledonia.

These two have the interiors only, figured, and those have no
characters.

FAMILY XERITOPSID^E.
Genus XERITOPSIS, Grat, 1832.

N. RADULA, Linn. PL 29, fig. 68.

Shell opaque, thick, white, with thick, close, beaded, spiral ribs,
the narrow interstices pitted ; outer lip fluted by the ribs.

Alt. -75-1-5 inch.

Singapore, Java, Mauritius.

ADEORBIS. 83

FAMILY ADEORBIID^E.
Genus ADEORBIS, S. Wood, 1842.

A, PLANA, A. Ad. PL 30, figs. 69, 70.

Much depressed, last whorl obliquely flattened, broad, spirally
striated, umbilicus very large, its wall spirally flattened, aperture
wide, oblique, white. Diam. 12 mill.

Philippines, Japan.

A. ELEGANS, A. Adams. PI. 30, fig. 71.

White or yellowish white, depressed, closely striate and with im-
pressed spiral lines, last whorl obliquely flattened in front, umbilicus
large, its wall rounded, aperture wide, obliquely subtriangular.

Diam. 10-12 mill.

Ins. St. Thomas, W. I.

A. DEPKESSUS, A. Ad. PL 30, fig. 72.

Much depressed, broad, smooth, last whorl not obliquely flattened
above, umbilicus moderate white. Diam. 4 mill.

Mino-Sima, Japan.
A. STRIATELLA, Montr. PL 30, figs. 73, 74.

Spirally striate with impressed lines and suboblique curved lines
of punctations, white, subtranslucent, shining, umbilicus narrow,
spire somewhat elevated,* aperture transversely oval.

Diam. 5*5 mill.

New Caledonia.

A. ORBELLA, A. Ad. PL 30, fig. 75.

White, moderately depressed, with somewhat elevated spire, whorls
sloping above, umbilicus very large, defined, aperture obliquely
rounded. Diam. 4 mill.

Mino Sima, Japan.

A. CLAUSUS, A. Ad. PL 30, fig. 76.

Finely concentrically striated, translucent, spire convexly de-
pressed, whorls somewhat flattened above, umbilicus partly covered

by callus. Diam. 3 mill.

Mino-Sima, Japan.

A. JAPONICUS, A. Ad. PL 30, fig. 77.

Depressed, smooth, semipellucid, concentrically obliquely striated,
whorls slowly increasing, rounded, with impressed suture, umbilicus
wide, bordered by a strong rib. Diam. 2'5 mill.

Gotto Is., Japan.

84 ADEORBIS.

A. ADAMSI, Fischer. PI. 30, fig. 78.

Convexly depressed, with sharp spire, sinuously concentrically
striate, umbilicus rather wide, aperture wide, obliquely oval.

Diam. 4 mill.

Guadeloupe, W. I., Cedar Key, Fla.

A. SEGUEXZIANUS, Tryon. PI. 30, fig. 79.

White, widely umbilicated, whorls very oblique, spire elevated,
suture impressed, microscopically striate, with intermediate spiral
lines, last whorl very oblique, umbilicus surrounded by an obtuse
angle of the base. Diam. 4 mill.

Italy, Sicily ; 11-108 fms.

Segueuza describes this species as A. depressus, preoccupied by A.
Adams.

A. FRAGILIS, G. O. Sars. PI. 30, fig. 80.

Thin, fragile, whitish, or slightly brownish, spire elevated, reg-
ularly spirally striate, whorls convex, with deep suture, last whorl
obliquely flattened above, aperture obliquely ovate, patulous, umbil-
icus large, defined by an obtuse angle. Diam. 2 mill.

Loffoden Isl. ; W. coast of Nonvay ; 60-190 fms.

A. PROMINULA, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs.' 81, 82.

Umbilicus moderate, slightly bordered; thinly concentrically stri-
ate, translucent, polished, whorls scarcely prominent, rapidly increas-
ing, aperture obliquely rounded. Diam. 2 mill.

Mino-Sima, Japan.

A. MANULA, A. Ad. PI. 30, fig. 83.

Moderately umbilicated, depressed, subdiscoidal, the spire a little
exserted, whorls rounded, slowly increasing, umbilicus bordered,
aperture rounded, Diam. 2*5 mill.

Mino-Sima, Japan.

A. TROCHULA, A. Ad. PL 30, fig. 84.

Umbilicus small, defined by a rib, spire rather elevated, trochiform,
the whorls sloping above, periphery bluntly angulated, aperture
rather round. Diam. 3'5 mill.

Gotto Is., Japan.

A. PATRUELIS, A. Adams. PL 30, figs. 85, 86.

Semipellucid, white, spire slightly elevated, last whorl sloping
above, obtusely triangular, rather flattened below, umbilicus some-
what narrow, columellar lip erect. Diam. 3 mill.

Mino-Sima, Japan.

ADEORBIS. 85

A. SUBANGULATUS, A. Ad. PL 30, figs. 87, 88.

Umbilicus narrow, defined by an angle, rather solid, last whorl
gibbous and obscurely angular near the suture, outer lip sinuously
produced above. Diam. 3 mill.

Gotto Is., Japan.
A. SINENSIS, A. Ad. PL 30, figs. 89, 90.

Depressed, solid, opaque, spire slightly elevated, decussated by
minute concentric and spiral striae, whorls rounded, umbilicus rather
large, aperture nearly round. Diam. 3 mill.

China Sea.

A. NITIDUS, A. Ad. PL 30, figs. 91, 92.

Whorls rounded, with impressed suture, spire slightly elevated,
umbilicus large, defined by an angle, aperture nearly round.

Diam. 3'5 mill.

Philippines.

A. CARINATUS, A. Ad. PL 30, figs. 93, 94.

Whorls rounded, the last gibbous towards the suture, flattened on
the base, which is surrounded by a keel, becoming stronger towards
the aperture, umbilicus rather large, defined by an angle, aperture
obliquely subquadrate. Diam. 4 mill.

Seto- Uchi. Japan.

A. PLANORBULUS, A. Ad. PL 30, figs. 95, 96.

Shell much depressed, planorbiform, spire not raised, whorls round-
ed, the last rapidly increasing towards the aperture, umbilicus very
large, not defined, aperture round. Diam. 4'5 mill.

Philippines.

A. SUBCARINATUS, Montagu. PL 30, fig. 97.

Depressed turbinate, white, subcostulate-striate, encircled by two
or three equidistant spiral threads above, sometimes obsolete, occa-
sionally developed into ridges, base convexly flattened, bicarinated,
umbilicus moderate. Diam. 3 mill.

Europe.

It is A. carinatus, Wood, and Delphinula pusilla, Phil.

A. ANGASI, A. Ad. PL 30, figs. 98, 99.

Much depressed, discoidal, thin, white, convexly flattened above,
whorls few, rapidly increasing, periphery sharply carinated and
crenulated by radiating strong growth strise, which also crenulate

86 ADEORBIS.

the suture, concavely flattened below, with the folds of the growth
striae very prominent, umbilicus wide, aperture large, basal.
Diam. 4'5 mill.

Australia; Singapore (Archer).

A. VINCENTIANUS, Angas. PI. 30, fig. 100.

Widely umbilicated, rather thin, semipellucid, white ; whorls 3,
rapidly increasing, the last very large, convex, finely undulatelv
concentrically striated, obtusely keeled below the periphery, and
with a basal keel surrounding the umbilical region, which is slightly
crenated by rude growth-lines; aperture semilunar, the inner lip
nearly straight, sinuously angulated above. Diam. 6 mill.

Aldinga Bay, St. Vincent's Gulf, Australia.

A. SCABER, Phil. PI. 30, figs. 99 a, b.

White, scabrous, with elevated, subserrated spiral lines above,
and sublamellar incremental lines below, whorls rapidly increasing,
the last with acutely angulated periphery. Diam. 3 mill.

Panama.

A. TENUILIRATUS, Smith. PL 30, figs. 1-3.

Moderately umbilicated, yellowish, marked with spiral interrupted
lines and oblique radiating streaks of dark olivaceous, base yellowish
white, unicolored ; whorls 4, convex, rapidly increasing, with deep
suture, obliquely striate, and with thin spiral lirse ; aperture sub-
circular, receding at the base, whitish, showing the external mark-
ings. Diam. 3 mill.

San Christoval, Solomon Is.

I think this will prove to be a Trochus ; there are slight evidences
of pearly nacre on the specimens before me.

Unfigured and doubtful species.

A. COSTATUS, Garrett. —Fossarus Garretti, Pease, Manual, ix, 272.

A. VARIUS, Hutton. =Fossarina, Manual, ix, 276.

A. ABJECTA, C. B. Ad. —Fossarus, Manual, ix, 274.

A. STRTATUS, Chemn. =Circulus striatus, Phil.

A. IMPERSPICUUS, Monts. Sicily _

A. ORBIGNYI, Fischer. Cuba.

A. FIMBRIATUS, Martens. New Guinea.

A. PICTUS, Tenison-Woods. Tasmania.

ARCHYTJ.A. 87

Genus ARCHYTJKA, Costa, 1869.

I have added to this a\'iius a number of species described as Ad-
eorbis, but which are related to the following type species by the
characters of the shell.

A. DELICATUM, Phil. PI. 30, fig. 6.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, semipellucid, white; whorls 82,
convex, the last large, suture well impressed, base a little flattened ;
surface smooth, microscopically decussated ; aperture oval, peristome
simple, nearly continuous. Diam. 1*1 mill.

Norway ; fossil in Sicily.
Var. EXPAN6A, Sars. PI. 30, fig. 7.

Shell and aperture more oblique, dilated below. Diam. 1*4 mill.

Norway.
A. SUTURALE, A. Ad. PL 30, figs. 4, 5.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, very finely concentrically striated,
thin, semipellucid, white, spire a little elevated; whorls somewhat
convex, rapidly increasing, suture deep ; aperture rounded.

Diam. 1'5 mill.

Tsu-Sima, Japan.
A. CORNICULUM, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 8, 9.

Umbilicus narrow, defined by an angle, white, translucent, very
minutely striated ; wrhorls somewhat convex, rapidly increasing, the
last rounded, large ; aperture round. Diam. 2 mill.

Mino-Sima, Japan.

A. DIAPHANUM, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 10, 11.

Narrowly umbilicated, globose, transparent ; whorls rounded, the
last inflated ; aperture round. Diam. 1'5 mill.

Gotto Is., Japan.
A. EXQUISITUM, Jeffreys. PI. 30, figs. 12, 13.

Rather widely, deeply umbilicated, white, rather thin, transparent
and glossy, microscopically decussated, the crossings slightly nodose ;
whorls 3, convex, with deep suture; aperture obtusely subtriangular.

Diam. 1'75,-alt. 2'5 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

Subgenus PSEUDORBIS, Monts., 1884.
A. GRANULUM, Brugnone. PI. 30, fig. 14.

White, subglobose, spire a little exserted, whorls 3, spirally ribbed,
ribs elevated, scarcely umbilicated, peristome subcoutinuous.

Diam. 1.5 mill.

Mediterranean Sea.

88 CYCLOSTREMA.

FAMILY CYCLOSTREMATID^E.

Genus CYCLOSTREMA, Marryatt, 1818.

Section CYCLOSTREMA, (sensu stricto}.

C. ANAGLYPTA, A. Ad. PI. 31, figS. 15, 16.

Turbinate, with broad, flattened umbilicus, last whorl with three
spiral, beaded ribs, convex, white, solid, lip externally crenulated.
Diam. 4 mill.

Seto- Uchi, Japan.

C. MICANS, A. Ad. PI. 31, figs. 17, 18, 19, 20.

More depressed than the preceding species, thick, white, last
whorl with three spiral nodulous ribs, the middle one more promi-
nent, peristome continuous, thick, externally crenulated, umbilicus
rather small.

Japan, Singapore, Australia.

C. pulehella, Dunker, (figs. 19, 20) is a synonym.

C. CALAMELI, Jousseaume. PI. 31, figs. 21, 22.

Rather widely umbilicated, white, thick, solid, minutely cpstulate,
with an obscure spiral line above, periphery angulated, base with
three carinse crossing the. radiating stride, producing a subnodulous
surface. Diam. 2'5 mill.

Prince's IsL W. Africa.

C. MARCHEI, Jousseaume. PI. 31, figs. 23, 24, 25.

Rather widely umbilicated, white, thick, solid, with spiral riblets,
that in the middle of the upper surface tuberculated, riblets closer
on the base. Diam. 2'5-4'5 mill.

Ponlo-Penang, Singapore, Viti Is.

The larger diameter and last locality are for VitrineUa sculpt it is,
Garrett (fig. 25), an undoubted synonym, the types agreeing com-
pletely with Singapore specimens collected by Archer.

C. REEVEANA, Hinds. PI. 31, fig. 26.

Moderately umbilicated, white, radiately lirate, crossed above
by several spiral ridges, of which the centre one is more prominent,
forming an angle, ridges close below, spinously tuberculated by the
radiating line, umbilical wall radiately .closely striate.

Diam. 10 mill. Singapore.

CYCLOSTREMA. 89

C. CANCELLATA, Marryatt. PI. 31, figs. 27, 28.

White, sublenticular, flattened convex above, more convex below,
with oblique radiating riblets, interrupted by an obtuse peripheral
rib, the interstices of the riblets finely spirally striated, umbilicus
moderate. Diam. 6 mill.

West Indies; Philippines f

C. EBURNEA, Nevill. PI. 31, figs. 29, 30.

Narrowly umbilicated, thick, white, shining, longitudinally ob-
liquely plicate, the interstices spirally striated, suture narrowly mar-
gined, periphery with a corded carina, bordered by an impressed
line above and below, base sculptured like the upper surface.

Diam. 4'75 mill.

Pooree, Bay of Bengal.

The Philippine specimens referred to C. ca-ncellata, Marryatt by
Sowerby, may prove to belong to this species.

C. ALVEOLATA, Jousseaume. PI. 31, figs. 31, 32.

Depressed, widely umbilicated, rather thick, transparent, vitreous
white, with an occasional spiral ridge, between which are radiating
riblets, both above and below, the interstices spirally striate.

Diam. 1*5 mill.

Hab. unknown.

C. SCHRAMMII, Fischer. PI. 31, fig. 33.

Subdepressed, spire rather flattened, whorls excavated below the
suture, with strong, oblique, sharp radiating ribs.

Diam. 3*5 mill. Isl. Guadeloupe, West Indies.

C. ARCHERI, Tryon. PL 33, fig. 84, 85.

Rather widely umbilicated, shell depressed, spire scarcely elevated,
whorls rounded, with regular convex longitudinal ribs, the inter-
stices finely spirally lirate, peristome thickened. Diam. 2*5 mill.

Singapore (Archer).

C. AMMONOCERAS, A. Ad. PI. 31, figs. 34, 35.

Depressed, spire slightly elevated, last whorl flattened near the
suture and around the moderate umbilicus, with rather thick, dis-
tant longitudinal ribs, the interstices finely spirally striated, aperture
large, outer lip thin. Diam. 3 mill.

Japan.

Less depressed, with more distant and prominent ribs than the
preceding species; differs also in the thin peristome, and sutural
and basal flattening of the body whorl.

90 CYCLOSTREMA.

C. EXCAVATA, Carpenter. PL 31, figs. 36, 37.

Flatly convex above, flattened below, the wide umbilicus defined
by an angle, minutely spirally striated, last whorl angulated at the
base, peristome thin. Diam. 6 mill.

China Sea.
C. ATOMUS, Issel. PL 31, figs. 38, 39.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, greenish, a little shining,
obliquely longitudinally striate; whorls 4 A, rapidly enlarging,
slightly convex, the last subangulated at the base, umbilical area
longitudinally crispate; peristome thickened, continuous.

Diam. To mill. Suez.

C. NEVILLI, H. Adams. PL 31, fig. 40.

Narrowly umbilicated, disk-like, subpellucid, shining, thin, spirally
lirate and radiately striate, smooth at the periphery, spire subplane,
suture scarcely impressed; whorls 4, moderately increasing, flattened,
the periphery angulated, base more convex; peristome simple, um-
bilicus with callous margin. Diam. 4'5 mill.

Ceylon.
C. MILITAEIS, Jousseaume. PL 31, figs. 41, 42.

AVidely umbilicated, depressed, thin, pellucid, slightly convex
and faintly, finely, irregularly striate above, base nearly plane,
equally striate, the strise becoming stronger upon the walls of the
umbilicus, with a spiral thread-like carina near the periphery of the
base, and another close to the umbilicus. Diam. 2'75 mill.

Prince's IsL, W. Africa.
C. AREOLATA, Sars. PL 31, figs. 43-45.

Widely, perspectively umbilicated, solid, semipellucid, white,
finely spirally lirate, crossed by close incremental striae ; whorls 3,
convex, moderately increasing ; aperture orbicular, peristome thin.

Diam. 1'4 mill. Arctic Norway.

C. VERRILLI, Tryon. PL 31, fig. 46.

Widely umbilicated, depressed, with low spire, white, finely, longi-
tudinally, obliquely striate, with several spiral lines on the body
whorl above the periphery, more numerous and closer on the base;
whorls 3;?, the last large, very convex, base oblique; aperture large,
very obliquely ovate, periphery thin and sharp.

Diam. 2'2 mill. Of New England; 545 fms.

Described by Verrill as C. cingulatum, a specific name twice pre-
occupied.

CYCLOSTRKMA. 91

('. DIATIIAXA, Yen-ill. PI. 31, fig. 47.

Xnrrowly umbilicated, depressed trochiform, thin, translucent,
white, smooth, shining; whorls 3-', very convex, with deep suture,
smooth, except twenty to twenty-five close spiral lines around the
umbilical perforation. Diam. 3 mill.

Off New England; 98 fms.

C. DUNKERI, Try on. PI. 32, figs. 48, 49.

Widely umbilicated, depressed, with a spiral rib near the suture,
another on the periphery, and a third circumscribing the umbilicus.

Diam. 2'5 mill. Japan.

Described by Dunker as C. cingulata, a name preoccupied by
Philippi.

(1. PIIILIPPII, Issel. PL 32, figs. 50, 51.

Widely umbilicated, yellowish white, obsoletely radiately plicate-
striate, with three spiral ridges, one near the suture, the other defi-
ning a narrow peripheral area; whorls 3], rapidly increasing, flat-
tened above, a little convex below, umbilicus defined by a granular
rib. Diam. I'D mill.

Suez.

C1. < ix<;rLATA, Philippi. PI. 32, figs. 53, -54.

Narrowly umbilicated, with radiating low, broadly rounded un-
dulations above, scolloping the periphery, quadricarinate in the
adults, bicarinate in the young, the carinse being more acuate, sin-
uately dentate, and dotted with brown ; aperture subcircular in the
adult. Red Sea.

The only figure represents a young shell, 1/5 mill, in diam.
The size of the adult is not given.

•C. VERREAUXII, Fischer. PI. 32, fig. 52.

Moderately umbilicated, whorls rapidly increasing, the last en-
circled by three keels, of which the peripheral one is most prom-
inent, and produced at the aperture into a tongue-shaped lobe,
umbilical wall flattened, defined by an angle, peristome produced
by the peripheral keel. Diam. 4'5 mill.

California.

I believe that the indefinite locality given by Fischer thirty
years ago remains unverified.

92 CYCLOSTBEMA.

C. BIFORCATA, A. Ad. PL 32, figs. 56, 57.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, last whorl
with two sharp keels of which the lower is most prominent, aperture
rather rounded, outer lip two-lobed. Diam. 2*5 mill.

Seto-Uchi, Japan.

('. L.I:VIS, Kiener. PI. 32, fig. 55, 59, 60.

Widely umbilicated, depressed, smooth, last whorl encircled by
a Amber of rather distant keels, one of which forms an angular
periphery, umbilicus with a flat wall, defined by a rib.

Diam. 15 mill.

Port Lincoln, Australia; Japan; Viti Is.

It is 0. diatreta, Gould, and Delphinula nivea, Reeve. The latter
attributes his species to Chemnitz, who in this, as in many other
instances was not binomial. C. lactea, Jouss, (figs. 79, 60), a species
described as differing from Icevis in the regularity of its keels, also
appears to belong here, for the keels are very irregularly developed
in number, prominence ana spacing; it was described from a single
specimen, without locality.

C. DUPLICATA, Lischke. PL 32, fig. 58.

Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, striate, carinate at the suture,
bicarinate at the periphery, with two less developed carinse on the
base, circumscribing the flat-walled umbilicus; periphery thickened.

Diam. 4 mill. Japan.

C. VIRGINIA, Jousseaume. PL 32, figs. 61, 62.

Widely umbilicated, thick, solid, opaque, white, with about eleven
rounded spiral ribs on the last whorl, the intervening grooves longi-
tudinally striate, the strise more prominent around the umbilicus,
whorls 4J, rapidly enlarging, convex; peristome thickened.

Diam. 6 mill. Madagascar?

Has more ribs than C. cingulifera, A. Ad.

( '. ANGULATA, A. Adams, PL 32, figs. 63, 64, 65.

Widely umbilicated, periphery keeled, with spiral lirre above it,
base with a submedian keel, defining the umbilicus, and producing
the basal margin of the peristome. Diam. 12 mill.

Isl. Zebu, Philippines; Guadeloupe, St. Martin, W. Indies.

( '. (tiif/ulata, A. Ad. was described as from the Philippines on the
authority of Cuming, but as that great collector sometimes made

CYCLOSTREMA. 93

mistakes, the locality needs confirmation. There can be no doubt of
the identity with this species of C. JBeaui, Fischer (fig. 63), a West
Indian species.

C. i KICARIXATA, Smith. PL 32, figs. 66-68.

Widely umbilicated, depressed, white; whorls 5, rapidly increas-
ing, spiral'ly lirate, the last whorl acutely tricarinated, the peripheral
carina strongest; aperture subhexagonal, peristome acute.

Diam. 3 mill. Whydah, West Africa.

C. ROSEOTINCTA, Smith. PL 32, fig. 70.

Moderately umbilicated, rosy white ; whorls 4, convex, distantly,
slightly, spirally lirate, decussated by faint incremental stria?, suture
depressed; peristome thin. Diam. 1*75 mill.

Whydah, W. Africa.
•C. CARINATA, H. Adams. PL 32, fig. 71.

Widely umbilicated, solid, with regular, angular spiral carinse,
the interstices radiately sculptured; whirls 4, convex, rapidly in-
creasing, the last dilated in front; aperture subcircular, peristome
thickened, subcoutinuous. Diam. 2*5 mill.

Persian Gulf.
C. CINGULIFERA, A. Ad. PL 32, figs. 72, 73.

Widely, flatly umbilicated, depressed, whorls rapidly increasing,
the last encircled by six prominent, very sharp ribs; peristome ex-
ternally fluted. Diam. 3'5 mill.

Philippines, Japan.
C. TATEI, Angas. PL 32, figs. 74, 74a.

Widely, deeply umbilicated, moderately thin, shining, pearly
white, microscopically striated; whorls 4, rounded, flattened and
slightly excavated next below the suture, with one, or sometimes
two, narrow thread-like keels at the upper part, and strongly keeled
round the umbilical region, suture distinct; aperture subcircular,
lip simple. Diam. 2 '5 mill.

South Australia.

" The above is the normal condition of the species ; but examples
occur which are thinner and have a greater number of keels, some-
times as many as seven or eight. At first I was inclined to regard
the many-keeled variety as specifically distinct; but on the examina-
tion of a large series by Professor Tate, he assures me that the
number of keels varies so greatly that it would be impossible to
separate them. The thin hyaline examples with many keels are*
probably younger shells."

94 CYCLOSTREMA.

I have figured both the illustrations given by Mr. Angas. If his
above remarks be well-founded, which I am very willing to believe,
several species herein described, and which are principally distin-
guished by the number of revolving riblets will need to be suppressed :
that of the inconoclast himself will be deservedly lost in the general
ruin which he has caused.

C. TORNATA, A. Ad. PL 32, figs. 75, 76.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, depressed-subglobose, spire slightly
elevated; whorls slowly increasing, rounded, spirally six-ribbed;
aperture rounded. Diam. 4'5 mill.

Japan.

C. SULCATA, A. Adams. PL 32, figs. 77, 78.

Umbilicus very wide, grooved, spire convexly depressed, whorls
regularly spirally sulcated, the last broad, aperture nearly rounded.

Diam. 4 mill. Philippines, Jup«n.

C. EXIGUA, Phil. PL 32, figs. 79, 80.

Rather widely umbilicated, subdiscoidal, with radiating riblets
fimbriating four spiral carinse. Diam. 2'3 mill.

Aden, Arabia..
C. WATSONI, Tryon. PL 32, figs. 81, 82.

Widely umbilicated, rather depressed, with a narrow, concave
shoulder on the whorls, periphery rounded, umbilicus broadly funnel-
shaped, bordered by a thread-like carina, with another within it;
white, under a slightly mottled or longitudinally banded smoky
brown membranous, epidermis ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing.

Diam. 28 mill. Off Pernambuco, Brazil; 675 fms.

This is C. sulcata, Watson ; preoccupied by A. Adams.

C. CONICA, Watson. PL 33, figs. 83.

Narrowly umbilicated, conical, with about 17 longitudinal lamella?,
the interstices spirally striate, white, suture well-impressed: whorls
4], well-rounded, rapidly increasing, the last tumid; peristome con-
tinuous, but not solute. Diam. 1-5 mill.

Off Pernambuco ; 350 fms.

Looks more like a Scalaria than a Cyclostrema.

CYCLOSTREMA. <).">

Unfigured species, described as Cyclostrem<i.

C. FLITCTUATA, Huttoii. = Turbinidce.

C. IMMACULATA, and C. SPINOSA, Tenison- Woods. Tasmania.

C. MODKSTA, Gould. Hong Kong.

This has been referred to C. micans, A. Ad. but the description
does not agree.

C. PENTEGOXIOSTOMA, Carpenter. Red Sea.

C. CARBOXXIERI, Jousseaume. Aden.

C. HARRIETTS, and C. MICRA, Petterd. Tasmania.

C. JOHXSTOXI and C. BRUXNIEXSIS, Beddome, Tasmania.

C. CONSPICUA, and C. DEPRESSA, Monts. Mediterranean.

Section TUBIOLA, A. Ad. 1864.

C. CORXUELLA, A. Ad. PI. 33, fig. 14, 15.

Widely umbilicated, depressed turbinate, smooth, spire somewhat
elevated, whorls rounded, rapidly increasing, the last large, aperture
rounded. Diam. 2 mill. Japan.

Is possibly a Skenea.

C. JOSEPHI, Tenison- Woods. PL 33, fig. 9.

Widely umbilicated, obliquely turbinate, thick, white, opaque,
maculated with very pale chestnut; whorls 5, rounded, closely
spirally striate ; peristome thick, posteriorly produced.

Diam. 3 mill. Tasmania..

C. SUSONIS, Tenison-Woods. PL 33, fig. 10.

Widely umbilicated, depressed, translucent white, polished, spire
slightly exserted, whorls 4, rounded, aperture simple, orbicular.

Diam. To mill. N. coast of Tasmania.

('. WELDII, Tenison-Woods. PL 33, fig. 11.

Moderately umbilicated, umbilicus margined, depressed turbinate,
somewhat translucent, thin, shining, smooth, with faint growth strise,
whitish; whorls 6, depressed convex; aperture rounded, everted
posteriorly. Diam. 2 mill.

Long Bay, Tasmania.

C. MICRA, Tenison-Woods. PL 33, fig. 13.

Perspectively umbilicated, turbinate, minute, polished, white;
whorls 5, rounded, with deep suture ; peristome simple, acute.

Diain. 1/5 mill. Long Bay, Tasmania..

96 CYCLOSTREMA.

C. DIVISA, Adams. PL 33, figs. 87, 88.

Widely umbilicated, turbinate, spire elevated, with obtuse apex,
white; whorls 3, rounded, last whorl obliquely descending, becoming
free ; aperture obliquely ovate. Diam. 4 mill. Europe.

C. serpuloides, Mtg. is a synonym,

C. NI YEA, A. Ad. PL 33, figs. 89, 90.

Widely umbilicated, obliquely semiglobose, convex above, some-
what flattened below, spire slightly elevated, whorls rapidly increas-
ing, aperture large, obliquely ovate. Diam. 5 mill.

Japan.

Adams very curiously publishes this as Chemnitz's nivea, and
says that it is exactly similar to the figures in the "Conchylien
Cabinet." The latter, is however, not being binomial, a synonym of
C. Icevis, Kiener, and neither agrees with the description nor the
figures published by Adams (which I copy).

C. RUGULOSA, Jeffreys. PL 33, figs. 91, 92.

Narrowly umbilicated, pellucid, yellowish white, with short,
obtuse spire, smooth, microscopically rugulose and spirally striate ;
whorls 3, (convex, the last large, suture well-impressed.

Diam. 1'3 mill.

Norway, Mediterranean, New England (Verrill).

C. BASISTRIATA, Brugnone. PL 33, figs. 93, 94.

Narrowly umbilicated, shining, smooth ; whorls 4£, tumid, with
deep suture, rapidly increasing, base with oblique, arcuate striae
running into the umbilicus. Diam. 2'25 mill.

Spitsbergen to Drobak; 50-1 333 /ms. Fossil, Italian plioiene.

The striae sometimes extend over the whole shell, this state being
C. profundum, Friele: C. striolatum Sars ms., is another synonym.

C. MINUTUM, Jeffreys. PL 33. fig. 95.

Perforate, thin, transparent, polished, white; whorls 3, convex,
rapidly increasing; peristome continuous, partly appressed.

Diam. 62 mill. Mediterranean Sea,

C. CUTLERIANA, Clark. PL 33, fig. 96.

Narrowly umbilicated, depressed globose, spirally striate, white,
whorls convex, rapidly increasing, suture deeply excavated.

Diam. 2 mill. Europe.

Helicella mutabilis, Costa, is a synonym.

CYCLOSTREMA. 97

C. NITENS, Phil. PL 33, fig. 97.

Narrowly umbilicated, more depressed and thicker, more glossy
than the preceding species; there are a few indistinct grooves on the
upper part of the umbilicus, otherwise the surface is smooth and
polished. Diam. 87 mill. Europe.

Margarita pusilla, Jeffreys is a synonym.

Var. A LI.) KIM, Jeffreys.

Shell thinner. and more transparent. Skenea loevis, Forbes and
Hanley is possibly identical.

C. TROCHOIDES, Jeffreys. PI. 33, figs. 98, 99.

Perforate, somewhat solid, white, opaque, smooth, shining, base
sometimes with a few faint oblique, curved lines ; whorls 4, convex,
with deep suture; columellar lip vertical, forming a slight angle
with the outer lip at their junction. Diam. 2 mill.

Norway.

It is C. Peterseni, Friele.

€. DALLI, Verrill. PI. 33, fig. 100.

Umbilicus imperforate or narrowly rimate, yellowish white, smooth
except for minute grooth-lines ; whorls 3 J, rapidly enlarging, well
rounded, with deep suture, base with seven or eight spiral incised
lines. Diarn. 2*25 mill.

OffN. England Coast.

It is C. trochoides, Verrill, not Jeffreys.

Var. OKNATUM, Verrill. PL 33, fig. 1.

Spiral lines of the base crossed by thin, impressed, oblique lines.

C. BITHYNOIDES, Jeffreys. PL 33, fig. 23.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, the fine growth lines crossed by
microscopic close-set spiral stride, giving the surface a frosted appear-
ance, whitish; whorls 31, rapidly increasing, the last tumid; peri-
stome continuous, but partly adnate. Diam. 1*25, alt. 1'66 mill.

European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.), Mediterranean.

C. AFFINIS, Jeffreys. PL 33, fig. 5.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, semitransparent glossy, with-
out sculpture, white, suture narrow but deep; whorls 4, swollen,
rapidly increasing; periphery simple, acute. Diam. 1*87 mill.

Bay of Biscay, Palermo; 103-913 fais.

98 CYCLOSTREMA.

C. PROXIMA, Tryon. PL 33, fig. 4.

Xarrowjy umbilicated, faintly striate, with a few indistinct spiral
lines below the suture, and numerous well defined ones on the base,
around the umbilicus the inferior stride stronger, surface smooth,
greyish white, suture impressed, whorls very convex, rapidly in-
creasing; periphery round, thin, slightly in contact.

Diam. 2'2 mill. Off New England Coast; 843 fins.

Said to be closely allied to C. basistriata, Brugnone. Described
by Prof. Verrill as C. affinis, preoccupied by Jeffreys for the pre-
ceding species.

C. TENERA, Jeffreys. PL 33, fig. 6.

Xarrowly. umbilicated, thin, semitransparent, lustreless, with
nearly microscopic spiral striae, which are wanting on the base and
replaced by a rugose or fretted appearance, pale yellowish white,
with a faint greenish tinge, suture very deep; whorls 4, convex;
mouth circular, peristome thin, slightly expanded. Diam. 2'5 mill.

European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.)

C. SIMILIS, Jeffreys. PL 33, fig. 7.

Moderately umbilicated, depressed turbinate, rather thin, glossy,
opaque, without sculpture; whorls 4J, convex, rapidly increasing,
suture wide and deep; mouth nearly circular, slightly appressed,
peristome thin. Diam. 1'25 mill.

European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.)

C. VALVATOIDES, Jeffreys. PL 33, fig. 8.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, opaque, glossy, with a few
irregular growth-lines, yellowish white, spire with rather flattened
apex, suture deep; whorls 4, well-rounded; perist9ine considerably
expanded. Diam. 3'12 mill.

European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.)

C. spnyERoiDES, S. Wood. PL 32, fig. 69.

Xarrowly umbilicated, white, spirally costate; whorls three, rapidly
increasing, suture deep. Diam. 1-25. mill.

Bay of Biscay ;

Described as a fossil of the Crag, Button, England, and said to
be nacreous in the original diagnosis.

CYCI.OSTIIKMA. 99

C. TUBERCULOSA, d'Orb. PL 35, fig. 65a.

Narrowly umbilicated, thick, white, with six tuberculated spiral
ribs; whorls 4, convex, the last large; aperture rounded, peristome
thick, externally tuberculated. Diam. 2 mill.

Cuba.
Section DARONIA, A. Adams. ls(i4.

( J. CYOLOTINA, A. Ad. PL 33, fig. 16.

Umbilicus large, flat within, surface smooth, spire flat, last whorl
rapidly increasing, not contiguous, aperture subangular above.

Diam. 4 mill. Japan.

C. SUBKXCAVATA, Tryon. PL 33, figs. 17, 18.

Umbilicus wide, perspective, shallow, whitish under a yellowish
brown, membranous epidermis, spire scarcely raised, suture broadly,
angularly impressed, a little below the suture there is a bluntly
angulated spiral keel, and on the middle of the base, towards the
mouth there is another keel; whorls 4, rather slowly increasing,
until the last, which is rather large; mouth a little oblique, peristome
simple, thin. Diam. 2'15 mill.

Off Culebra Isl., W. Indies; 390 fms.

Described by Watson as C. excavata, preoccupied by Carpenter.

C. CATEXOIDES, Monts. PL 34, figs. 20, 21.

Widely umbilicated, closely spirally striated throughout, with
several spiral chain-like lines on the base, whorls convex, regularly
increasing. Diam. 1*25 mill.

Harbor of Civita Vecehia, Italy.

C. SEMISTJLCATA, Issel. PL 34, fig. 22.

Widely umbilicated, subpellucid, shining, closely spirally sulcate
above, smooth below; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, convex ;» peris-
tome simple, acute, margin interrupted. Diam. 3 mill.

Red Sea.

C. OCTOLYRATA, Carpenter. PL 34, figs. 24, 23.

Widely umbilicated, with eight spiral lira? covering the last whorl;
whorls 3 2, convex, regularly increasing; peristome thin, modified
by the lira?. Diam. 1'75 mill. Red Sea.

The figure is from a shell identified by Issel with Carpenter's
description.

100 CYCLOSTREMA-YITRINELLA.

C. SPIRULA, A. Ad. PI. 34, figs. 25, 26.

Very widely umbilicated, planorbular, spire excavated, whorl?
rapidly increasing, spirally striated, with a sloping, smooth sutural
margin, last whorl becoming disjointed ; aperture large, round, outer
margin of periphery crenate. Dimensions not stated.

Philippines.

C. SUBDISJUNCTA, H. Adams. PI. 34, fig. 27.

Widely umbilicated, spire somewhat elevated, suture deep, white,
subpellucid, with numerous spiral riblets, the interstices very mi-
nutely longitudinally striate ; whorls 3i, rounded, rapidly increasing,
the last solute and descending in front; peristome continuous, simple.

Diam. 10 mill. Ceylon.

Subgenus THARSIS, Jeffreys, 1883.
C. ROMETTENSIS, Seguenza. PL 34, fig. 28,

Imperforate, solid, polished, white ; whorls somewhat convex, with
well-impressed suture; aperture round, peristome simple, continuous,
but slightly appressed, columellar margin callously reflected over
the umbilicus. Diam. 2!25 mill.

European Atlantic, Mediterranean.

Subgenus GANESA, Jeffreys, 1883.
C. NITIDIUSCULA, Jeffreys. PL 34, fig. 29.

Rimate, opaque, rather glossy, with remote, flexuous growth striae,
peristome sharp, simple, interrupted by the parietal wall.

Diam. 312 mill.

Between the Hebrides and Faroe Is., 570 fms.

C. PRUINOSA, Jeffreys. PL 34, fig. 30.

Narrowly rimate, semitransparent, frosted by minute numerous
white tubercles, which are partly embedded in the substance of the
shell, on one specimen there are slight spiral lines below the suture;
whorls 4, swollen, rapidly increasing, suture deep.

Diam. 3*75 mill.

European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.)

Genus VITRINELLA, C. B. Adams, 1850.

As stated under the generic description, this is probably a group
of heterogeneous shells, many of which might be referred to other
genera. The resemblance of the following species described by
Garrett to Cyclostrema and Daronia is striking.

VITRINELLA. 101

V. PURA, Garrett. PL 34, fig. 31.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, smooth, shining, white, with
faint microscopic growth-lines; whorls 4, flatly convex, rapidly in-
creasing, the last large, rounded, slightly deflected in front, base
somewhat angular near the umbilicus, suture channeled, umbilicus
spirally grooved ; peristome rather thick, nearly continuous.

Diam. 2 mill. Viti Is.

V. LiRicmcTA, Garrett. PL 34, fig. 32.

AYidely umbilicated, hyaline, white, shining; whorls 4, convex,
rapidly increasing, the last encircled by from 9 to 11 ridges, most
crowded on the base, suture linear, umbilicus spirally ridged; peri-
stome nearly continuous. Diam. I'd mill.

Viti Is.
V. C^ELATA, Garrett. PL 34, fig. 33.

Narrowly umbilicated, vitreous, shining, subpellucid, white;
whorls 3], angular, the last one trigonal, angles slightly carinate,
crossed by small closely-set, rounded, slightly flexuous ribs ; peri-
stome thick, continuous. Diam. 2 mill. Viti Is.

V. NODOHA, Garrett. PL 34, fig. 34.

Umbilicus large, crenulated, shell discoidal, with flat spire; whorls
82, convex, rapidly increasing, the last rounded, subtrigonal, trans-
versely nodose, crossed by crowded thin elevated striae; peristome
nearly continuous. Diam. 2 mill. Viti Is.

V. PONCELIANA, Folin. PL 34, fig. 35.

Moderately umbilicated, very minute, discoidal, thin, hyaline,
pellucid ; whorls 4, the last large, with thin spiral ridges, the inter-
stices radiately striate, suture subimpressed ; peristome simple, nearly
continuous. Diam. 2 mill.

Bay of Panama.
V. PARVA, C. B. Adams. PL 34, fig. 36.

Narrowly umbilicated, white, with numerous stout, prominent
transverse ribs; whorls 3}, the last very large with a spiral ridge
above and another below the periphery; aperture very oblique, lip
slightly thickened. Diam. 1*2 mill.

Panama— Mnzatlan.

V. clathrata, Carp, is a synonym.

102 VITRIXKLLA.

V. DKcrssATA, Cpr. PI. 34, fig. 37.

Moderately umbilicated, turbiniform, thin, porcellanous, white;
whorls 4*, rounded, the last with about 15 spiral ridges, decussated
by more or less distant radiating striae; peristome continuous in the
adult. Diam. 1 mill. Mazatlan.

\. MONILE, Carp. PI. 34. fig. 38.

Narrowly umbilicated, subelevated, lieliciform, diaphanous, white;
whorls 4], very minutely decussately striate on the last whorl, the
spiral lines being about twenty in number; peristome continuous,
sinuous as in lanthina. Diam. 1/3 mill. Mazatlan,

The decussating sculpture enters the umbilicus; the interstitial
spaces are suboval, punctate, appearing (in a favorable light) like
rows of pearl necklaces.
V. SUBQUADRATA, Carp. PL 34, fig. 39.

Widely umbilicated, subhyaline white, smooth, shining, discoidal
planate, whorls 4, sometimes striate at the suture, the last whorl
subangulated near the umbilicus and below the periphery ; aperture
subquadrate, lip sinuated at the suture and in the middle.

Diam. 1 mill. Mazatlan.

V. HELICOIDEA, C. B. Ad. PI. 34, figs. 40, 41.

Widely umbilicated, discoidal, white, opaque or translucent, with
an impressed sutural line, and transverse unequal stride, spire convex,
scarcely elevated ; whorls 4, subconvex, the suture scarcely impressed;
peristome subthickened ; umbilicus defined by a spiral angle.

Diam. 1/87 mill. Jamaica.

V. STRIATA, d'Orb. PI. 34, figs. 42, 43.

Narrowly umbilicated, translucent, whitish, spirally striate; aper-
ture oblique, peristome slightly thickened, slightly sinuous; pe-
riphery subaugulated. Diam. 1 mill. Cuba.

V. AXOMALA, d'Orb. PI. 34, figs. 44, 45.

Umbilicated, subdiscoidal, translucent, smooth, whitish; whorls 5,
flatly convex, periphery subangulated ; peristome slightly thickened.

Diam. 2 mill. Cuba.

Unfigured Species.

Neither Adams nor Carpenter figured any of the numerous species
described by them. I have been able to illustrate a few of the
species of both authors, by drawings from authentic specimens; many

VITRINKLLA-TKINOSTOMA. 103

of the others might be identified in the type collections of these
authors, but the labor and expense attending such an investigation
would scarcely be repaid by the result. The paucity of material
and minuteness of the species must prevent satisfactory conclusions,
most of the descriptions being based upon dead specimens, unique
or few in number.

V. PAXAMKXSIS, V. CONCTXXA, V.JANUS, V. MOD.KSTA, V, SKMI-
NUDA, V. TRICARINATA, C. I>. A da ii is. Panama.

V. KXIGUA, C. B: Ad. (V. TRIGONATA, Cpr. a synonym).

Panama— Mazatlan.

V. HYALINA, V. INTERRUPTA, V. TiNCTA, C. B. Ad. Jamaica.

V. MKGAHTOMA, C. B. Ad. (?— Ethalia). Jamaica.

V. REGULARIS, V. VALVATOIDES, V. MINTJTA, C. B. Ad. (?=Etlialia).

Panama.

V. MQN1LIFERA, V. LIRULATA, V. BIPILATA, V. BIFRONTIA, V.
( OllONATA, V.' ANNULATA, V. CIXCTA, V. CARINULATA, V. NATI-
COIDES, V. PLANOSPERATA, V. ORBIS, V. TENUISCULPTA, V. SPI-

RULOIDES, V. ORNATA, Carpenter. Mazatlan.

Y. I-ERPARVA, C. B. Ad. and var. NODOSA, Carp.

Panama— Mazatlan.

Genus TEINOSTOMA, H. and A. Adams, 1853.
T. POLITUM, A. Ad. PI. 34, figs. 46, 47.

Much depressed, flattened above, polished, white, periphery sub-
angulated, peristome thickened above and below. Diam. 7'5 mill.

Philippines.
T. ( ^ARPENTERT, A. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 52, 53.

Much depressed; spire nearly covered by a callous deposit, only
exposing the apex, last whorl flattened, periphery faintly angulated,
umbilical callus rounded. 'Diam. 2'75 mill.

Gulf of PecMi.
T. CONCENTRICUM, A. Ad. PL 35, figs. 54, 55.

Depressed convex, finely spirally striate, white, body whorl round-
ed at the periphery, aperture transversely ovate.

Diam. 2'75 mill. Takano-Sima, Japan.

T. RADIATUM, A. Ad. PL 35, figs. 56, 57.

Depressed orbicular, convex above, somewhat flattened on the
base, periphery rounded, ridged by strong growth-lines, peristome
callously projecting above, basal callus somewhat excavated.

Diam. 3 mill. Kmo-0-Sima, Japan.

104 TEINOSTOMA.

T. PUNCTATTJM, Jousseaume. PI. 34, figs. 48, 49. •

Depressed convex, solid, subtranslucent, yellowish white, more
flattened below, umbilicus almost covered, surface covered by mi-
croscopic, close granular spiral striae, more apparent at the suture
and around the umbilicus. Diara. 2-o mill.

Prince's IsL W. Africa.

T. MORLIERI, Joiisseaume. PL 34, figs. 50, 51.

Subopaque, milk-white, slightly convex above, nearly flat below,
umbilicus almost completely covered, suture narrow-margined,
surface microscopically spirally striate. Diam. 3'5 mill.

Martinique.

In this species the heavy umbilical callus joins at a somewhat
acute angle with the ci •lamellar lip, of which it is an extension, the
angle forming a pit.

T. LUCIDUM, A. Adams. PI. 35, figs. 58, 59.

Depressed orbicular, smooth, white, spire enveloped with callus,
umbilicus covered by a heavy, convex callous deposit, aperture a
little oblique. Diam. 1'5 mill. Japan.

T. AMPLECTANS, Carpenter. PI. 35, figs. 60, 61.

Depressed-convex, white, whorls very rapidly increasing, spire
small, last whorl large, oblique, periphery subangulated, aperture
subtriangular, umbilical region covered by d large callus.

Diam. 2'5 mill. Miz<itl<m.

T. SUBSTRIATUM, Carp. PI. 35, figs. 62, 63.

Shining, smooth, white, very minutely impressly striated near the
suture, callus strong,convex, narrow, coiling round the umbilical
fissure, lip thick. Diam. 2 mill. Mazatlan.

T. DIAPHANUM, d'Orb. PI. 35, figs. 64, 65.

Depressed orbicular, thin, diaphanous, vitreous, smooth, shining,
white, umbilicus slightly callous, whorls convex, rather slowly in-
creasing. Diam. 1'5 mill.

St. Thomas, W. L
T. CARINATUM, d'Orb. PI. 35, figs. 66, 67.

Depressed convex, lenticular, periphery strongly carinated, the
cariua forming a sutural margin above, smooth, thin, diaphanous
white, umbilicus minutely callous. Diam. T5 mill.

St. Thomas, W. I.

TK1XOSTO.MA. 105

T. SOLIDUM, E. A. Smith. PL 35, fig. 68.

Shell solid, small, light fulvous, smooth ; whorls 4, rapidly increas-
ing, the last smooth above, base flattened, with three exterior spiral
sulci, umbilical region callous ; peristome receding at the base.

Diam. 3'3 mill. Whijdah, W. Africa.

Unfigured Species.

T. CARBONNIERI, T. DESCHAMPSI, T. RHINOCERAS, Jousseaume.

Aden.

Section CALCEOLINA, A. Ad. 1863.
T. PUSILLUM, C. B. Ad. PL 35, figs. 69, 70.

Orbicular-depressed, very minutely striated, suture impressed,
last whorl large, aperture widely lunate, columellar lip septiform,
with straight margin, whence a wide callus spreads over the umbili-
cus. Diam. 1*5 mill.

Jamaica, Japan (A. Adams).

This species, figured from Japanese specimens, is said by A.
Adams to be identical with the above named Jamaica species; I
have no means of verifying this. T. anomalwn, H. and A. Adams is
a synonym.

Subgenus PSEUI>OROTELLA, Fischer, 1857.

T. SEMISTRIATA, d'Orb. PL 35, figs. 71-73.

Orbicularly depressed, thin, diaphanous whitish, closely, minutely
spirally striate above, smooth below, with a somewhat flat, shining,
transparent umbilical callus; whorls 4, slightly convex, slowly in-
creasing, peristome thickened. Diam. 1*5 mill.

Cuba.

Subgenus DISCOPSIS, Folin, 1869.

T. OMALOS, Folin. PL 35, fig. 74.

Shell much depressed, disk-like, thin, diaphanous, vitreous, shin-
ing, almost plane above ; whorls 3, rapidly increasing, the last whorl
spirally tri-lirate, widely cristate at the periphery, base slightly con-
vex, umbilicated, aperture large, oblique, subtriangular, peristome
acute, left margin a little reflected, separating into a thickened
tongue-like projection at the base. Diam. 1*7 mill.

Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, W. I.

106 TEIXOSTOMA.

T. COSTULATUM, Folin. PI. 35, fig. 75.

Deeply umbilicated, depressed, disk-like, very slightly convex
above, subplanate below, vitreous, whitish, longitudinally minutely
costulate, above the base these are decussated by a spiral thread ;
whorls 3, rapidly increasing, base with cord below the periphery :
aperture oblique, subcordiform, margins subacute, joined by an
oblique channel above the penultimate whorl. Diam. 2 mill.

Cape Sta. Anne, W. Africa.

Subgenus LEUCORHYNCHIA, Crosse, 1867.
T. ( 'ALEDONICUM, Crosse. PI. 35, figs. 85, 86.

Subdiscoidal, slightly convex above and below, polished, shining,
whitish; whorls 3, flattened, rapidly increasing, periphery carinate;
peristome continuous, simple, thickened at the base and produced
into a tongue-like callus past the umbilicus, leaving a perforation
between it and the columellar wall. Diam. 3 mill.

New Caledonia.
T. CROSSEI, Tryon. PL 35, figs. 86a, 866.

Differs from the above in having a rounded periphery ; surface
polished, without a trace of striae. Diam. 3 mill.

Singapore, (Archer) .

Subgenus MICROTHECA, A. Ad. 1863.

T. CRENELLIFERUM, A. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 76, 77.

Thick, globose, broadly umbilicated, longitudinally, somewhat
obliquely plicate, whorls crenulated at the channeled suture, umbuli-
cus with a crenulated marginal angle, peristome thick.

Diam. 3'5 mill. Japan.

Subgenus MORCHIA, A. Adams, 1860.
T. OBVOLUTA, A. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 78, 79.

Obliquely ovate, laterally compressed, last whorl angular above
and below, the spire depressed, umbilicus wide, its margin suban-
gulate, aperture obliquely ovate, peristome thick, continuous.

Diam. 3'5 mill.

Japan.
T. MORELETI, Fischer. PI. 35, figs. 80-82.

Depressed, whitish, whorls 4, the first ones obliquely immersed,
the last embracing, obliquely flattened with a tuberculate-crenate

TKIXOSTOMA. 1<>7

peripheral carina, prominent and eremite at the suture, base flattened,
widely umbilicated, the umbilicus bordered by a crenate angle ;
aperture horizontal, subbasal, peristome thickened, duplicate, con-
tinuous, callously reflected. I Mam. '2 mill.

China Sea.

A bi/arre affair, which differs widely in appearance from the type
of the group.

T. mi'ucATA, Fischer.

Like the preceding species, but smaller, more convex above, and
concave below, last whorl radiately ribbed, carinated below, ribs
paired, uniting in a pre-sutural tubercle. Diam. 1*7-5 mill.

China Sea.

Unfigured.

Subgenus CIRSONELLA, Angas, 1877.
T. AUSTRALE, Angas. PI. 35, figs. 83, 84.

Globosely turbinate, narrowly umbilicated, semi-opaque, smooth,
shining, white ; whorls 4, convex ; the last large, rounded at the
periphery; aperture circular, peristome continuous, slightly thick-
ened on the columellar margin. Diam. 2 mill.

Botany Bay, N. S. Wales, Australia.

Subgenus HAPLOCOCHLIAS, Carpenter, 1864.
T. CYCLOPHOREUS, Carp.

Compact, small, solid, whitish or light yellowish ; whorls 5, rap-
idly enlarging, suture impressed; very minutely spirally striate,
shining ; aperture rounded, peristome continuous, thickened, varicose
exteriorly, inner lips distinct ; umbilicated in the juvenile, adult
rimate. Diam. 5 mill.

Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.

Subgenus CYNISCA, H. and A. Adams, 1854.
T. (IRANULATUM, A. Adams.

Orbicularly depressed, widely umbilicated, white, with granular
spiral ribs, last whorl rounded, umbilicus patulous, perspective, cal-
lously margined, aperture rounded, columella sinuate, lip thickened
within, subcreiiulated.

Philippines'.
No dimensions or figure.

T. JAPONIC A, A. Ad. Unfigured.

This is said to = Collonia pilala, Dunker.

108 LIOTIA.

FAMILY LIOTIID^E.
Genus LIOTIA, Gray, 1842.

L. SCALAROIDES, Reeve. PL 36, fig. 87.

Subglobose, white, stained with chestnut, with seven distant oblique
varices, crossed by a few raised spiral strisB, umbilicus moderate, with
angular margin, interior of aperture salmon-colored. Diam. 15 milL

Philippines.
L. DEPRESSA, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 88.

Flatly rounded, spire remarkably depressed, last whorl somewhat
shouldered, distantly obliquely costate, with distant spiral ribs, the
intersections subspinous or nodose, interstices punctate in spiral
series. Diam. 21 mill. Philippines.

L. VARICOSA, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 89.

Angularly globose, with longitudinal thick varices, rendered nod-
ulous by the crossing of spiral lira?, interstices punctate.

Diam. 18 mill.

L. CIDARIS, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 90.

Depressed globose, solid, rounded, with broad varices and rather
wider interspaces, crossed by spiral ribs, of which two median ones
are more prominent, lower part of the body whorl deeply punctate*

Diam. 21 mill. Philippines.

L. PERONII, Kiener. PI. 36, figs. 91, 92.

Shell shouldered, radiately distinctly ribbed to the shoulder, be-
low which they become obsolete, with a spiral rib forming the
shoulder and another just below it, tooth somewhat tubercular, and
numerous small elevated spiral lirse, becoming granular below, be-
tween the lirse are minute punctations, and a row of large, deep pits
revolves around the base, outer lip strongly, crenulately varicose.

Diam. 12-20 mill.

China, Australia, Philippines, Mauritius, Vlti Is.

L. Hermanni, Dunker is a synonym.
L. CRASSIBASIS, E. A. Smith. PL 36, fig. 94.

Solid, umbilicated, smooth ; whorls 4, plane above, scarcely slop-
ing, bicarinate, radiately ribbed, and spirally lirate, base produced
and greatly thickened, forming a very thick basal lip.

Diam. 14 mill. Habm unj,)Mirn,

LIOTIA. 109

L. CLATHRATA, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 1)5.

Somewhat discoidal, with rounded whorls, regularly latticed by
equidistant spiral and longitudinal ridges, the former more prom-
incut, lip varicose, umbilicus very large. Diam. 12 mill.

Ph Hipp ines, A ustralit / .
L. GRANULOSA, Dunker. PI. 36, fig. 96.

Depressed subglobose, with rounded whorls, with spiral riblets,
which above are granular, umbilicus wide; whitish or rosy, some-
times white with the ribs colored. Diam. (>'4 mill.

Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius
It is Monilea spuria, of Gould.

T. SKMICLATHRATULA, Schrenck. PI. 36, figs. 98-100.

Depressed turbinate, whitish, spirally costate, the costre slightly
tuberculate above, suture channeled, lip crenately varicose, umbili-
cus large, bicarinate within, crenulately margined.

Diam. 6'25 mill.

Amur region, E. Asia.
L. FENESTRATA, Carp. PL 36, fig. 97.

Depressed, clathrate by equidistant spiral and radiating riblets,
with deep interstices, sculpture terminating with a spiral ridge sur-
rounding the rather wide, deep umbilicus. Diam. 4*5 mill.

Catalina IsL, California.
L. ACUTICOSTATA, Carp. PI. 36, fig. 1.

Turbinate, with revolving riblets, which are more or less nodose
above, imperforate. Diam. 4 mill.

Catalina IsL, California.

L. CANCELLATA, Gray. PI. 36, fig. 2.

Turbinate, whorls convex, regularly latticed with equidistant
spiral and longitudinal ribs, umbilicus moderate, defined by a spiral
rib. Diam. 5 mill.

Cobija, Peru.

L. Cobijensis, Reeve is a synonym.

Has the sculpture and umbilicus of -L. fenestrata, Carp., but is
more elevated.

L. DISCOIDEA, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 3.

Discoid al, with flattened spire, periphery with two prominent
ribs, connected by lattices which subspinously project, surface with
clathrate ridges, the interstices of which are finely striated.

Philippines.

No dimensions are given, but the figure is said to be magnified.

1 1 n LIOTIA.

L. AXOASI, Crosse. PI. 36, fig. 4.

Moderately umbilicated, strong, solid, light brownish or greyish,
with about five strong revolving series of rounded tubercles, the last
defining the umbilicus, peristome tubercularly varicose.

Diiim. 3 mill.

Port Jackson, Australia.

L. SPECIOSA, Angas. PI. 36, figs. 5, 7, 8.

Rather solid, depressly orbicular, pale brown,, with three prom-
inent spiral ribs, and longitudinally finely, distantly plicate, the
intersections nodose, suture excavated, umbilicus moderate, encircled
by a rib, its walls decussated with concentric and radiating Ftrise,
outer lip a little thickened, with continuous peristome.

Diam. 2 mill.

Port Jackson, Australia.

Notwithstanding some differences in the descriptions, I think this
will prove synonymous with the preceding species.

L. Goivllandi, Brazier (figs. 7, 8) appears to me to be synomymous,
judging from description and figure. Mr. Brazier states that it ap-
proaches closely to L. speciosa, but does not give distinctive charac-
ters. It conies from Percy Isl., N. E. coast of Australia.

L. ASTERISCUS, Gould. PI. 36, fig. 6.

Solid, brownish white, with about twenty radiating ribs, cut by a
subsutural sulcus, another at the periphery and a third around the
moderate umbilicus; whorls 4, convex, very minutely spirally
striate. Diam. 1*5 mill.

Hong Kong.

Figured from a type specimen. Too close to the two preceding
species.

L. SIDEREA, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 10.

Depressed turbinate, with three prominent spiral ribs on the mid-
dle of 'the body whorl, and smaller ones- above and below them,
crossed by distant, sharp longitudinal ribs, forming nodosely spin-
ous intersections, suture deeply channeled,- umbilicus very wide,
perspective.

Philippines.

The peculiarity of the species is its star-like projection of tubercles
on the periphery of the whorls. The figure is enlarged, and dimen-
sions not given.

LIOTIA. HI

L. P.KLLULA, H. Adams. PI. 36, fig. 11.

Widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, whitish, cancellated by dis-
tant longitudinal and spiral sculpture, suture crenulated ; whorls
3], tabulate above, the last crenulately, carinate at the periphery and
on the base; umbilicus scalariform, with a marginal crenulated rib,
and another interior rib. Diam. 2'5 mill.

Persian Gulf.
L. KIENERI, Phil. PI. 36, fig. 14.

Planorbiform, encircled b\ three distant, sharp ribs on the middle
of the last whorl, and smaller ones above and below them, clathrate
by distant, sharp radiating ridges, the intersections nodosely spinous>
umbilicus very wide, perspective. Diam. 10 mill.

St. Thomas, W. L (Swift), Philippines (Cumiiig).

Described by Kiener as L. cancellata, preoccupied by Gray.

L. ANNULATA, Tcnison-Woods. PI. 36, fig. 20.

Planorbiform, opaque white, flattened above, rounded below, with
somewhat distant longitudinal lamellae, above and below, otherwise
smooth, umbilicus wide. Diam. 1*5 mill.

Blackmail's Bay, Tasmania.

One of the ring-like lamellae forms the peristome.

Section ARENE, H. and A. Adams, 1854.

L. RADIATA, Kiener. PI. 36, fig. 9.

Subtrochiform, spire exserted, with deep suture, periphery strongly
carinate, with scale-like spines, radiately striate, one or more tuber-
culate or shortly spinose cinguli below the periphery ; base gran-
ularly concentrically striate, umbilicus large, encircled by two or
three granular riblets, white, with radiating red strigations.

Diam. 12-15 mill.

West Indies.

The locality " Indian Seas" given by Kiener, is very questionable.

L. CRENATA, Kiener. PI. 36, figs. 12, 13.

Depressed turbinated, spire whorls somewhat exserted, all showing
a pair of peripheral keels, which are strongly, or subspinosely cren-
ulated, whorls encircled by a spiral series of granules above, base
smooth, umbilicus moderate, defined by a riblet ; peristome strongly
crenately varicose; whitish stained with chestnut. Diam. 15 mill.

Philippines (Cuming).

112 LIOTIA.

L. STELLA IMS, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 15.

Discoidal, flat and smooth above, with a spinose periphery, sealy-
spinose and convex below; whitish, tinged with chestnut.

Diam. 18 mill. Eastern Seas.

L. MURICATA, Reeve. PI. 36, figs. 16, 17.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, pale orange yellow, radiated and
spotted with a reddish chestnut, whorls with three scaly-prickly
keels at the periphery, slopingly flattened above, suture excavated,
surface above and below with minutely beaded revolving stria?.

Diam. 12-20 mill.

A ustra lia, Philippines.

L. TAMSIANA, Dunker. PL 36, fig. 21.

Moderately umbilicated, whorls with three somewhat distant spiral
tuberculated ridges, shouldered above, spire exserted, suture excava-
ted, base with less conspicuous series of beaded striae, a stronger one
surrounding the umbilicus ; peristome crenately varicose ; whitish,
distantly rayed with chestnut. Diam. 4 mill.

Pto. Cabello, Venezuela.

Subgenus LIOTINA, Munier-Chalmas, 1877.

L. AUSTRALIA Kiener. PL 36, figs. 18, 19.

Rather widely umbilicated, white, whorls rounded, with spiral
riblets and longitudinal stria?, a beaded riblet winds into the umbil-
icus ; peristome varicose, the inner margin produced below and above.

Diam. 14 mill. Australia, Polynesia.

This, the only living example of the group, has also been referred
by Mr. A. Adams to Cynisca (p. 107).

Unfigured species of Liotia.

L. DAEDALA and L. TANTILLA, A. Ad. Japan.

L. PAULLA, Phil. China Sea.
L. LOCULOSA (Loo Choo), L. FULGENS (Cape), L. SOLIDULA (China)

of Gould.

L. ARM ATA, A. Ad. Korea Strait.

L. CARINATA, L. STRIULATA, L. AoAMSi, Carp. Mazatlan.

L. COMPACTA, and L. LODDER^E, Petterd. Tasmania.

L. INCERTA, L. TASMANICA, Tenison-Woods. Tasmania.

L. PILULA, Duuker (=Collonia), Japan.

? L. BRYAREUS, Dall. Qff Havana, ( '»b<>.

L. SHANDI, Hutton (? = Turbo). New Zealand,

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

NERITIDXE, ADEORBIIDXE, CYCLOSTREMATID/£,
LIOTIID>E.

PAGE.

Abjecta (Adeorbis) C. B. Ad. Panama Cat, 257.

= Fossarus abjectus, Ad. Manual ix, 274, . . .86

Achatina (Nerita) Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 68, 1855.

: N. nigerrina, Chemn. ....... 23

Aciculata (Neritina) Morch. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 108,

1*55, .... .... 74

Aculeata (Neritina) Gmelin. Syst. .Nt,. ul. xiii, p. 3686, . 70
Acuticostata (Liotia) Carp.. Second Report 652, 1863, . 109

Adamsi (Neritina) Issel. Ann. Mus. Genova vi, t. 7, figs. 23,

24. = N. dubia, Chemn 44

? Adamsi (Liotia) Carp. Mazat. Cat. 249, . . . .112
Adamsii (Adeorbis), Fischer. Journ. de Conch., 173, t. 10, f.

11, 1857, 84

Adansoniana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 313, . 40
Adeorbis, S. Wood. Ann. Mag. N. Hist, ix, 530, 1842, . 83

Adspersa (Navicella Luzonica, Souleyet, var.) Martens. Kiist.

(ouch. Cab., p. 16, t 2, f. 9-11, 79

Adumbrata (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., ix, pi. 12, f. 57, . 61
Aequinoxialis (Neritina), Morelet. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 355.

= N. afra, Sowb 61

Afra (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. 111., no. 39, F. 13, ... 61
Africana (Neritina), Parreyss in Hartmann, Gasterp. d.

Schweitz. 1840, 8, 133. = N. Nilotica, Reeve. ... 51
Africana (Neritina), Rechiz. Zool. Proc., 198, 1843.

= N. afra, Sowb. 61

Afh'ne (Cyclostrema), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p. 199,

pi. 32, f. 15. t= C. proxima, Tryon 98

Afline (Cyclostrema), Jeffreys. P. Z. S., 1883, p. 92, pi. 19, f.

5, .... * 97

Atfinis (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 81, 1855, ... 34
Atfinis (Navicella), (Reeve) Gassies. Fauna Conch., Nouv.

( luledon. p, 112, pi. 8, f. 15. = N. Bourgainvillei, Reel. . 80
Atfinis (Navicella) Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 15, 1856.

= N. Borbonica, var. compressa, Martens. . . . .78
Affinis (Navicella), Moussou. Journ. de Conch., 1865, 'p. 189.

— N. depressa, Less. ........ 79

Afftnis (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., i, 1850, p. 153.
- N. cariosa, Gray, . . . . . . .75

8 (113)

114 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Alata CNi-ritiiia), Robillard in coll.

N. Muuritii, Less. ... . .75

Alata (Neritina), Brod. and Sowb. Zool. Joorn., iv, 1829, p.

371. X. Xuttallii, Reel. . . 76
Albescens (Neritina picta Sowb. var.), Miller. Mai. Blat. 1879,

p. 168, .... .... 41

Albicilla (Xerita), Linn. Syst. Nat., Ed. x, p. 778, 4, 19

Albipuiictatn (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 61, 1855.

= N. fultfurans, Gmel. ... .24

Alderi (Cyclostrema nitens, var.), Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., iii,

289, . . . . . 97

Aleppensis (Neritina), Recluz.

— N. Jordani, Sowb. 51

Algira (Neritina), Kiist., Conch. Cab., 1863, t, 3, f. 8, 9.

= N. Numidica, Reel. 50

Alina, Recluz. Rev. Zool., 235, 1842, . . .8,75

Aveolata (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume. • Guerin's Mas:. 1872,

p. 392, t. 19, f. 4, . . . si)

Alveolus (Nerita), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. Astrolabe et

Zelee, v, p. 66, pi. 17, f. 8-10, 1854.

?= N. fulginata,. Reeve. 32

Ambigua (Navicella), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., i, 1850, p. 37(5.

= N. tessellata, Lam. v . . . . . . .81

Ammonoceras (Cyclostrema), A. Adam?. Ann. and Mag.

Nat. Hist., 1863, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 73, .. . 89

Amcena (Neritina), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii,

1847, p. 2:5.s, 42, 43

Amphibia (Nerita), Lesson. Voy. de la Coqnille. Zool., ii, p.

372, pi. 16, f. 1. = Neritiua cornea, Linn. . . .45
Amphinerita, Martens. Monog. Nerita, Conch. Cab., 9, 1887, 18
Amplectans (Teinostoma), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 25:5, . . 104
Anaglypta (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. P. Z. S., 1863, p. 73, . 88
Anatensis (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., i, 1851, p. 150.

= N. Guadianensis, Morelet 49

Anatolica (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 342, 51, 52, 5:1
Angasi (Liotia), Crosse. Journ. de Conch., 343, t. 13, f. 4,

1864, . .HO

Angasi (Adeorbis), A. Ad. P. Z. S., 424, t. 37, f. 11, 12.

1863, 85

Angularis (Nerita), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astra labe et

Zelee., v, p. 61, pi. 16, f. 7-11. = N. plauospira, Anton. . 21
Angulata (Cyclostrema), A. Ad. P. Z. S., 44, 1850, . .92
Angulosa (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 173.

= N. brevispina, Lam., var. 65

Annulata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 78, 1855.

= N. chameleon, Linn 20

Annulata (Liotia), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm.,

121,1877, . .in

Annulata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 245, '. 103

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 115

PAGE.

Anomala (Rotella), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 64, t. 18. f. 32-

34. = Vitrinella anomala, d'Orb , 1Q2

Aiioimiluin (Teinostoma), H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec.

Moll., I, 120. Calceolina pusillum, C. B. Ad. . . 105

A nt hracina (Nerita), Busch, in Phil. Abbild. u. Beschreib, neur.

Conch., 7, .......... 22

Antillarum (Nerita), Gmel. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, p. 3685.

= N. tessellata, Gmel. ....... 24

Anticjiiata (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 106.

= N. polita, Linn. ........ 31

Aperta (Nerita), Budgin ms. Sowb. Cat. coll. Tankerville,

p. 45. = Neritina punctulata, Lam. . . . .60

Apiata (Neritina), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 72.

= N. dubia, Chenm., var. ....... 44

Apiata (Navicella), Guillou in Reel., Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 376, 81
Apiata (Navicella), Sowb. Thes. ii, p. 549, pi. 117, f. 14, 15.

in part .= N. Borbonica, var. triloba, Martens.. . • .78
Aponogetonis (Navicella), Vahl. Skrifter naturhist., Selskab,

[Copenhagen iv, 2, 1798, p. 153, .... .82

Aquatilis (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, pi. 15, f. 73.

- N. ziczac, Sowb. ........ 36

Arabica (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 20, 1855.

?= N. chameleon, Linn. . . . . . . .20

Aranea (Neritina), Mousson in coll.

= N. diadema, Recluz 46

Arcliitea, Costa. Ann. Mus. Nap., iii, 1869, . . 13,87

Archeri (Cyclostrema), Tryon. . . . . . .89

Arcifera (Neritina), Morch. Journ. de Conch., xx, 1872, p. 324.

?•== N. asperulata, Reel .59

Arcta (Nerita), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. Astralabe et Zelee,

v, p. 62, pi. 16, f. 12-13, 34

Arctilineata (Neritina), Reel. ms. in Sowb., Thes. Conch., ii,

p. 531, pi. 116, f. 223, 224.

= N. Nilotica, Reeve. 51

Arene, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll. 1, 404, 1854. 17, 111
Areolata (Cyclostrema), Sars. Moll. arct. Norv. 345, t. 34, f.

6, . " . 90

Argus (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 150, . . 23

Armata (Liotia), A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1861, . . 112
Armstrongiana (Neritina), Hinds. Ann. Nat. Hist., x, p. 86.

= N. Souleyetana, Recluz. ....... 64

Artensis (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 1866, p. 51.

? = N. interrupts, Gassies. . . . . . .68

Ascensionis (Nerita), Chemn. Conch. Cab. . . . .31

Ascensionis (Nerita), Lam. An. s. Vert., vi, p. 193.

= N. grossa, Linn 28

Aspera (Neritina). Phil. Arch. f. Naturg. i, 1845, p. 63.

-N. Pritchardi, Dohrn. . . .... 65

116 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Aspersa (Neritina), Recluz. Jour, de Couch., iv, 1853, p. 319,

t. 7. f. 6. = N. brevispina, Lam., var. . . 65

Asperulata (Neritina), Recluz in Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p.

512, pi. 144, f. 160, 161, . . -59

Asteriscus (Liotia), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc., vii, p. 142,
Aterrima (Neritina), Koch. Phil. Abbild. u. Beschweib. neuer

I, p. 28. Neritina, t. 1, f. 11, 1843, 40

Atomus (Liotia), Issel. Mai. Mar. Ross., p. 217, t. 2, f. 11, . 90
Atra (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Syst., pi. 199, f. 4.

= N. tessellata, Lam. ....... 81

Atra (Neritina), Parr. Teste Villa, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., iv, 3,

1871. ? — N. Danubialis, Miihlf. var. serratilinea, Ziegl. 46
Atra (Neritina), Less. Voy. de la Coquille ii, pt. i, p. 376.

= N. dubia, Chemn 44

Atrata (Nerita), Chernn. Conch. Cab. vol. v, p. 296, f. 1954,

1955. ? = N. atrata, Reeve. ...... 26

Atrata (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 16, 1855, . . 26
Atrata (Nerita), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vi, 191.

= N. semirugosa, Recluz. ....... 21

Atrata (Neritina), Ziegler. mss.

= N. Danubialis, Miihlf., var. 46

Atramentaria (Neritina cornea, L. var.), Tap-Canefri. Ann.

Mus. Genova, ix, p. 286, ....... 45

Atramentosa (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 25, 1855, 26, 33
Atro-purpurea (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 107.

= N. planospira, Anton 21

Aurantia (Nerita), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., vol. i, pi. xi,

f. 11. = N. striata, Burrow 28

Auriculata (Neritina), (Lam.) Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, 508,

t. 113, f. 129, 130. = N. Mauritii, Less. ' ... 75

Auriculata (Neritina), Lam. Encyc. Meth. Vers., ii, pi. 455,

f. 6, . 73

Auriculata (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. 111., f. 17.

= N. Tahitiensis, Less. . . . . . . .73

Aurora (Nerita), Dunker. Phil., Abbild., i, p. 87, t. 1, f. 12.

= N. polita, Linn., var. . . . . . .31

Australis (Liotina), Kiener. Monog. Delphinula. Coq. Viv.,

p. 8, t. 4, f. 7, 17, 112

Australe (Cirsonella), Angas. P. Z. S., 38, t. 5, f. 16, 1877, 16, 107
Avellana (Neritina), Reel. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 76, . 68, 69

Baconi (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., ii, pi. 28, f. 127, . 51

Baetica (Neritina), Lam. An. s. vert., p. 188, . . .49
Baetica (Neritina), (Lam.) Morelet. Joum. de Conch., 12, 1853,

p. 297. = N. numidica, Reel . 50

Baetica (Neritina), Desh. Exped. au Moree, p. 155, pi. 19,

f. 1-5. = N. Peloponnesia, Recluz 50

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 117

PACK.

Baetica (Neritina), (Lam.) Sowb. Conch. 111., No. 23, f. 45.

= N. elongatula, Morelet. . . . . ! 48

Baetica (Neritina), Mousson. Ein Besuch auf Corfu u. Catalon-

ien p. 73. = N. varia, Ziegler. ...... 48

Bahiensis (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., i, 1850, p. 154,

pi. 7, f. 10. ? = N. punctulata, Lain. . . . .60

Baliensis (Neritina), Mousson in coll. = N. faba, Sowb. . 68
Balteata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 28.

= N. lineata, Chemn. ....... 32

Baltica (Neritina), Beck. Oerstzd de region, mar., 1844, p.

69. = N. fluviatilis, Linn 46

Basistriata (Cyclostrema), Brugnone. Misc. Malacol., ii, 17,

1876 ; Jeffr. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4 ser. xix, p. 234,

1877 ; P. Z. S., 90, 1883, 96, 98

Bataviensis (Neritina), Mousson, in coll.

= N. fuliginosa, Busch 70

Beaniana (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1843, p. 200.

= N. patula, Reel. . . 22

Beanii (Adeorbis), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 1857, p. 173, pi.

10, f. 12. = C. angulata, A. Adams 93

Becki (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 275.

= N. squamipicta. Reel., var. . . . . . .58

Beckii (Neritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p. 572, pi. 109, f.

13. = N. Knorri, Recluz. 57

Bella (Neritina), Busch. Phil. Abbild. neuer Conch., i. 27, t.

l,f. 8. = N. dubia, Chemn 44

Belladonna (Neritina), Parreyss, in coll. Mouss. Jour, de

Conch., p. 16. = N. anatolica, Recluz., var. . . .52
Bellardii (Neritina), Mousson. Naturf. Gessel. Zurich., vi,

1861, p. 62. = N. anatolica, Recluz, var. ... 52

Bellula (Liotia), H. Adams. P. Z. S., 1873, p. 206, pi. 23, f.

7, . Ill

Benacensis (Neritina), Stentz. Recluz, Jour, de Conch., i, 1850,

p. 150. = N. Danubialis, Miihlf., var. serratilinea, Ziegl. . 46
Bengalensis (Nerita corona), Chemn. Conch. Cab., xi. t. 197,

f. 1911. — Neritina, madecassina, Morelet. . . .64
Bensoni (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 150.

= N. reticulate, Sowb. ....... 42

Bernhardi (Nerita), Recluz. Journ. Conch., vol., i, p. 285.

= N. fulgurans, Gmel., var. 24

Biauriculata (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p.

145. = N. bicanaliculata, Recluz. . . . . .74

Bicanalis (Neritina), Phil. Arch. f. Naturg., i, 1845, p. 64 ;

Zeit. Malacol., 160, 1848. = N. canalis, Sowb. . . 57

Bicanaliculata (Neritina), Recluz. Sowb. Thes., ii, p. 509, f.

135-137 74

Bicolor (Neritina) Reel. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 172, . . 69, 70

118 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Bidens (Neriia), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii.

= 'N. polita, Linn 30

Bifasciata (Nerita), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed., xiii.

= N. polita. Linn. ........ 30

Bifilata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 241 , . . .103
Bifrontia (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 242, . .103

Bimaculata (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 2, 1856.

= N. Borbonica, Bory. (Juv.) . .... 78

Biplicata (Morchia), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 1877, p. 203, 107
Biporcata (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

1863 ; P. Z. S., 1863, p. 73, 92

Birmanica (Nerita), Phil. Sowb. Thes., f. 82.

= N. lineata, Chemn. 32

Bisecta (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 39 31

Bithynoides (Cyclostrema), Jeffreys. P. Z. S., 1883, p. 93, pi.

19, f. 6, .... 97

Bizonalis (Nerita), Lam. Encyc. Meth., pi. 4-14.

— N. chamseleon, Linn. ....... 20

Bizonalis (Nerita), Morch. Yoldi Cat., 168, 1852.

= N. planospira, Anton. . . . . . • . .21

Boissieri (Neritina), Martens. Conch. Cab., 86.

= N. anatolica, Reel., var. 52

Borbonica (Navicella), Bory St. Vincent. Voy. dans le qua-

tre princip. iles d'Afrique, i, p. 287, pi. 37, f. 2, . . 78, 79
Bottgeri (Neritina), Westerl. = N. fluviatilis, var. . .47
Bourgainvillei (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p.

159, \ 79

Bourgainvillei (Navicella), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 79, 80
Bourguignati (Neritina), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., iii, 293,

1852. r N. fluviatilis, Linn 47

Brandti (Neritina), Phil. Zeitschr. f. Malak. zool., 1848, p

61. = N, Beckii, Recluz .58

Brasiliana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 314, 1841.

= N. virginea, Linn 40

Brevispina (Nerita), Lam. An. s. vert., vi, 2, p. 188, 65. 66, 67
Briareus (Turbo), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 52, . 112
Bruguierer(Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 274.

= N. Petitii, Recluz, 57

Bruniensis (Cyclostrema), Beddome. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania,

1882, p. 168, .... 95

Bullula (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., fig. 76, 1855.'

: N. picea, Reel. ...... 33

Burgersteinia, Bourg. Foss. Dalmat. Lettres Mai., 51.

= Neritodonta, Brusina, ... 7

Caelata (Vitrinella), Garrett. P. A. N. S. Phila., 1873, p. 214,
pi. z, i. ID, ......

101

l.NDKX AM) SYNONYMY. 11!)

PAGE.

( fcerulescens (Navicella), Reel. Sowb. Thes., ii, p. 550, pi. 118

f. 129, pi. 118, figs. 36-38.

= N. tessellata, Lain. ....... 82

Caffra (Neritina), Wood, Garrett, in coll.

— N. sandalina, Reel. . . . . . . .61

Caffra (Neritina), Gray, in Wood. Suppl. viii, f. 10.

= N. gagates, Lam. ........ 35

Calabarica (Neritina), Mousson coll.

= N. rubricate, Morelet, ....... 61

Calameli (Cyclostrerna), Jousseaume. Rev. ZooL, 1872, p. 393,

])1. xix, f. 5, 88

Calana, Gray. Syn. Brit, Mus., 1844.

= Tomostoma, Desh. ........ 9

Calceolina, A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xi, 264, 1863, 15, 105
( 'nlcdonica (Leucorhynchia), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 1867,

:'»20,t. 11, f. 4. . . 15, 106

Caiedonica (Navicella), Morelet. Test. Nov. Austral., 1857,

p. 6. = N. Bougainvillei, Reel 80

Californica (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., fig. 20.

= N. Petiti, Recluz, 58

Callosa (Neritina), Desh. Exped. Scientif. de Moree, iii, Zool.

p. 156, pi. 19, figs. 16-18 49

Calvertia, Bourg. Foss. Dalmat. Lettres Mai., 50.

= Neritodonta, Brusina. ....... 7

( 1analis (Neritina), Sowb. Tankerville coll. Catal., p. 44, 1825.
- N. pulligera, Linn. var. ....... 57

Cancellata (Liotia), Kiener. Coq. Viv. Delphinula, t. 4, f. 10.
= L. Kieneri, Phil. . . . . . . - . .111

Cancellata (Liotia), Gray. Spicil. Zool., 3, 1829 . . .109
Cancellata (Cyclostrema). Marryatt. Trans. Linn. Soc., 1818,

vol. xii, p. 338, 89

Capillulata (Neritina), Gould. Sowb. Thes., f. 267.

X. retifera, Bens 71

Carbonaria (Nerita), Phil. Abbild. u. Beschreib. neuer Conch.

i, 84, t. 4, f. 5. - N. morio, Sowb. . . . . .33

Carbonnieri (Teinostoma), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool., France,

1881, p. 184 105

Carbonnieri (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool., 1881,

p. 181, 95

Cardinalis (Nerita), Guillou. Rev. ZooL, 1841, p. 345.

= Neritina brevispina, Lam. ...... 65

Carinata (Adeorbis), A. Adams. P. Z. S., 1863, p. 75. .

Carinata (Liotia), Carp. Mazat. Cat, 248 112

Carinata (Rotella), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, 62, t. 18, f. 26-28. . 104
Carinata (Neritina Danubialis, Miihlf. var.), Kokeil. Ferd.

Schmidt, Land und Siiss-wasser Conch, in Krain, 1847.

= N. Danubialis, Miihlf. var. ...... 46

120 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Carinata (Cyclostrema), H. Adams. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 207, pi.

23, f. 8 93

Carinatus (Adeorbis), Wood. = A. subcarinatus, Montg. . 85
Carinulata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 246, . . 103

Cariosa (Neritina), Gray, in Wood Index. Test. Supplement,

1828, tig. 11, . . . • • • • .75

Carpenter! (Teinostoma), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1861, . 103
Cassiculum (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. 111., no. and f. 55.

= reticulata. ..... . 60

Castanea (Neritina), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud. Zool, ii,

p. 68, pi. 17, fig. 24-26, . 67

Catenoides (Cyclostrema), Monts. Ann. Mus. Civico Geneva

ix, p. 417, fig 99

Catillus (Humphrey, 1797), Swainson, Malac. 21, 1840.

= Navicella, Lam. ........ 10

Celata (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 120.

= Neritina bicolor, Recluz, ...... 69

Celebensis (Neritina), Mousson ii< coll.

= N. diadema, Recluz, ....... 64

Cerostoma (Nerita), Troschel. Arch. f. Naturg., 1852, p. 180,

t.5,f. 5, 32

Ceylonensis (Nerita), Recluz. Journ. Conch., ii, 1851, p. 202.

= Neritina Ualanensis, Less. ...... 41

Chameleon (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, 779; ed. xii,

1255, 20

Chemnitzii (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 103, 1841.

= N. semirugosa, Reel 21

Chimmoi (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., vol. ix, pi. 37, fig.

171. = N. cornea, Linn. var. . . . . .45

Chlorina (Vitta), (Link), Morch. Cat. Yoldi., p. 167.

= N. virginea, Linn. ........ 40

Chlorosticta (Neritina avellana, Reel, var.) Martens in Conch.

Cab. p. 174, fig. 5-9 . .68

Chloroleuca (Nerita), Phil. Zeitsch f. Mai., 1848, p. 14.

? = N. chameleon, Linn. .... 20

Cholerica (Neritina), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,

1847, p. 225. = N. Sandalina, Recluz 61

Chlorostoma (Nerita), ^Lam. An. s. Vert., vol. viii, p. 603.

— N. plexa, Chemn*. . .19

Chlorostoma (Neritina), Brod. P. Z. S., 1832, p. 201, . 66, 69
Christovalensis (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., ix, pi, 33, fig.

150, . 74

Chrysocolla (Neritina), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii,

1847, p. 225. = N. Roissyana, Recluz. . . . .38
Chrysostoma (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 104.

= N. striata, Burrow. 28

Chrysostoma (Neritina Danubialis, Miihlf. var.),' Kutschig!

Kiisters Verkauts-Katalog., 1845. ... 46

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 121

PACK.

Cidaris (Liotia), Rve. Zool. Proc., 1843; Conch. Icon. sp. 27, 108
Cimber, Montf. Conch. Syst., ii, 82, 1810, . . . .77
Cincta (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 245. . . 103

Cincta (Neritina), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1850, i, p. 158.

= N, Ualanensis, Less. ....... 41

Cinctella (Neritina), Martens. Norderasiatische Conch., 1874,

p. 34, t. 5, f. 43 52

Cingulata (Cyclostrema), Dunker. Mai. Blatt., vi, p. 225, . 91
Cingulata (Cyclostrema), Philippi. Ku'ster's Conch. Cab. Del-

phinula, p. 24, 1853, . 61

Cingulatum (Cyclostrema), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p.

198, pi. 32, f. 14, ... .... 90

Cingulifera (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1850,

p. 43, . '. 92, 93

Circumvoluta (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 173, . 71
Circinata (Neritina), Philip. Menke Zeitsch., 1848-, p. 161.

= N. Brugiueri, Reel 58

Cirrata (Neritina), Phil. Arch. f. Naturg., i, 1845, p. 64.

= N. Brugiueri, Reel. ....... 58

Cirsonella, Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc., 38, 1877, . . 16, 107
Clathrata (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Delphinula, sp. 29,

1843, . 109

Clathrata (Vitrinella), Carp. Cat. Mazat.

- V. parva, C. B. Ad . . . 101

Clausa (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. Mag., 245, 1861, . . 83

Clithon, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 326, 1810, . . 7,63
Clypeolem (Navicella), Reel. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 157.

= N. tessellata, Lam. 81

Clypeolum, Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, 1850, . . 7, 56
Cobijensis (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Delphinula, sp. 22,

1843. = L. cancellata, Gray, . . . . . .109

Cochinsinae (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 159.

= N. flavovirens, Busch, ....... 70

Coluber (Neritina), Thorp. Hani, and Theobald. Conch. Ind.

p. 64, pi. 157, fis:. 10, • 53

Columbaria (Neritina), Reel. P. Z. S., 1845, p. 121.

= N. Ualanensis, Less. ....... 41

Comma-notata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., fig. 72, 1855.

= N. tessellata, Gmel. ...:... 24

Communis (Neritina), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de 1'Astrolabe,

Zool., iii, p. 195, pi. 65, fig. 12-14 38

Comorensis (Neritina), Morelet. Journ. Conch., 1877, xxv, p.

345, pi. 13, % 6, 72

Compacta (Liotia), Petterd. Jour, de Conch., iv, 135, . .112
Compressa (Neritina), Mousson, in coll.

— N. crepidularia, Lam. . . . ... . .77

Compressa (Navicella tessellata, Lam. var.) Martens, in Conch.

Cab. p. 38, t. 8, fig. 4-8-194, 82

122 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Compressa (Navicella), Benson. J. A. S. B., v, 1836, p. 749.

= N, cserulescens, Reel. ....... 82

Compressa (Navicella reticulata, Rve. var.) Martens, in Conch.

Cab., p. 41, .

Compressa (Navicella Luzoriica, Souleyet, var.) Martens, in

Conch. Cab., p. 16, t. 2, fig. 16-18, . . ' . . .79
Compressa (Navicella Freycineti, Reel, var.) Martens, in Conch.

Cab., p. 21, t. 3, fig. 23-24, . . .80

Compressa (Navicella Borbonica, var.) Martens, in Conch. Cab.

p. 11, t. 1, fig. 9-12 .78

Concentria (Neritina), Menke. Verzeichn. d. Conchyl.-Saniml.

des Fr. v. Malsburg, 1829. — N. crepidularia, Lam. . 77
Concentricum (Teiuostoma), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. H., 267,

1863, 103

Concinna (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat., No. 258, . 103
Conferta (Neritina Ualanensis, Less, var.), Martens, in Conch.

Cab., p. 193, t. 20, fig. 5, . . . . . ' . .41

Conglobata (Neritina), Martens, in Conch. Cab., p. 57, t. 8, f.

7-9. — N. pulligera, Linn. ...... 57

Conica (Cyclostrema), Watson. Challenger Rept., xv, 122, t.

8, f. 9. ' .94

Conoidalis (Neritina reclivata, Say var.) Martens, in Conch.

Cab., p. 119, . . . .- 39

Consimilis (Neritina), Martens, in Conch. Cab., p. 243, t. 123,

f.25,26, . .54

Coiispicuum (Cyclostrema), Monts. Nuova Revista, p. 23, . 95
Convexa (Neritina) Nuttall, in Jay's Cat., 3rd edition, p. 66.

= N. cariosa, Gray. . . . . . . . . 75

Cookii (Navicella), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1843, p. 197.

= N. Borbonica, Bory St. Vincent. . . . . .78

Cornea (Nerita), Forsk. Desc. Anim., 123, 1775.

= N. albicilla, Linn. 19

Cornea (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 777, . 44, 45
( orniculum (Archytaea), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag-., 245, 1861 , . K7
Cornu-copise (Neritina), Benson. J. A. S. B., v, 1836, p. 748.

- N. crepidularia, Lain. ....... 77

Cornelia (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 74, 1863, . 95
Conuta (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, f. 63.

= N. Brandti, Phil 58

Coromandeliana (Neritina), Sowb. Conch 111. no., 53, f. 52.

= N. ziczac, Sowb. var 36

Coronata (Glithon), Leach. Zool. Misc., ii, 1815, pi. 104.

Neritina longispina, Reeluz 63

Coronata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 244, . . . 103
Corona (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit, x, 777; edit, xii,

1252. in part == N. brevispina, Lam. . . . .65

Corona (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed., x, p. 777, in part

= Neritina longispina, Reeluz. ... 63

IM>:.X AND SYNONYMY. 123

FAGK.

Ooronoides (Neritina), Lesson. Voy. de la Coquille. Zool., ii,

p. 381, . . 73

Corrosula (Nerita), Kecluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 177, . . 35
Oorrugata (N'eritina), Hoinbr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud. Zool.,

v, p. 70, pi. 17, f. 45, 47.

= N. brevispina, Lam. . . . 7 . . 65

•Costata (Nerita) Chemn. Conch. Cab., v, 299, pi. 191, f.

1966, 1967, 27

Costata (Nerita), Sebum. Nouv. Syst., 287, 1817.

= N. plexa, Chemn 19

Costatus (Adeorbis), Garrett. Proc. Cal. A cad., i, p. 103.

= Fossarus Garretti, Pse. Manual, ix, 272, . . . .86
Costulata (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch. 1866, p. 52.

? = N. interrupta, Gassies 68

Costulata (Nerita), Busch. Phil. Abbild., i, 86, 1844.

— N. striuta, Burrow, ....... 29

Costulata (Nerita), Busch. Cat. Godeffroy, no. iv, 99; No. v,

144. = N. affinis, Reeve, . . . . . . .34

Costulatum (Discopsis), Folin. Fonds de la Mer., i, 205, 1<S69, 106
Craspedostoma, Lindstrom, 1884, ...... 17

Crassa (Nerita), Gould. Expl. Exped., p. 166, f. 195,. 195a.

— N. undata, Linn. ........ 28

Crassibasis (Liotia), E. A. Smith. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 484, pi.

48, f. 10, 108

•Crassilabrum (Kerita), Smith. P. Z. S. 603, 1885.

= N. albicilla, Linn .19

Crenata (Liotia), Kiener. Coq. Viv. Delphinula, t. 4, f. 8, .111
Crenellifera (Teinostoma), A. Adams. Sowb. Thes. Conch.,

ii, Cyclostrema, f. 41, 42,

Crepidularia (Neritina), Lam. An. sans Vert, vi, pt. 2. . 106

1822, 53, 77

Crepiduloides (Navicella), Reeve, fig. 19, 1856.

= N. Luzonica, Souleyet var. compressa, Martens, . . 79
Cristata (Neritina), Morelet. Journ. Conch., xii, 1864, p. 288, 76
Crossei (Leucorhynchia), Tryon, ...... 106

Crossostoma, Morris and Lycett. Moll. Gt. Oolite, 1854, . 17
Cryptospina (Neritina), Mousson in coll.

= N. diadema, Recluz, 64

Gryptospira (Neritina), Martens. Kiist. Couch. Cab., p. 61, pi.

8, f. 10-12. = N. Knorri, Recluz, 57

Cumingiana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 74.

= N. turrita, Chemn. var. ....... 37

€umingiana (Navicella), Reel. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 157, . . 80
Cuprina (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 151.

= N. Roissyana, Recluz, 38

Cutleriana (Cvclostrema), Clark. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,

iv, p. 424, * 96

Curvieriana (Neritina), Reel. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 338, . 36

124 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Cyimostoma (Neritina), Morelet. Journ. Conch., iv, 1853, p.

"373, pi. 12, f. 9, 10. = N. flavovirens, Busch, . . 70

Cyclidea, Rolle, 1862, = Neritopsis, Grat. . . 12

Cyclophoreus (Haplocochlias), Carp. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3d.

Ser., xiii, 474, 1864, . 16, 107

( Vrlostrema, Marryatt. Trans. Linn. Soc. xii, 1818, . 88, 14
Cyclotina (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. Sowb. Thes., f. 35, 36, . 99
Cymostyla, Martens. Monog. Nerita, Conch. Cab., 9, 1887, . 18-
Cynisca, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i. 406, 1854,

16, 112, 107

DaCostse (Neritina), Reel. P. Z. S., 1843, p. 199, ... 72
Dsedala (Liotia), A. Adams. P. Z. S., 1863, p. 72, . 112

Dalli (Cyclostrema), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. v, p. 532, pi.

57, % 39, . 97

Dalmatica (Neritina), Partsch. Sowb. Conch. 111., No. 44, fig.

57. = fluviatilis. Linn. var. . . . . . .47

Danubialis (Neritina), Mu'hlf. Land und Wasser Schnechen,

Pt. 3, 1828, t. 8, f. 17, 18 . . 45

Dannbialis (Neritina), Siemaschko. Bull. Soc. Imp. Moscou,

1847, p. 102. = N. liturata, Eichwald, .... 47
Danubiensia (Neritina), Sadler. Sowb. Conch. 111., No. 47.

= N. Danubialis, Miihlf. 45

Daronia, A. Ad. Sowerby's Thes. Conch., 1864, . 14, 99, 100
Decapitata (Navicella scarabseus Rve. var.), Mousson. Jour.

de Conch, xvii, 1869, p. 384. = N. macrocephala., Guillou, 79
Decussata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 239, . . .102
Deficiens (Neritina), Mabille. Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr., iv, 160,

1887, .....

Dejanira, Stoliczka, Sitzb. Akad. Wien., xxxviii, 488, 1860, 9
Delessertii (Neritina), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., iv, p. 260, pi.

7, f. 2. = N. iris, Mousson, ...... 5£

Delestennei (Neritina), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., iv, 1853, p.
259, pi, 7, f. 3. = N. squamipicta, Recluz, . . . . 68

Delicatula (Neritina), Mousson in coll.

- N. Ualanensis, Less. ....... 41

Delineata (Neritina), Boubee. Villa, Disp. syst., 1841, iv, 38.

= N. pupa, Linn. ........ 42

Delicatum (Arehytaa), Phil. Moll. Sicil., ii, 222, 1844,' . 87
Delphinoidea, Brown. 111. Conch. Gt. Brit., t. 51, 1827.

= Cyclostrema, Marryatt, 14

Deltoidea (Neritina), Garrett Ms. Mousson, Jour, de Conch.

xviii, 1870, p. 224. = N. Pritchardi, Dohrn. ... 65
Dendritica (Neritina), Ziegler. Villa disp, Syst. Conch., 1841,

p. 38. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. var. . . .47

Depressa (Navicella), Less. Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., ii, 1830,

p. -386. : N. Borbonica, Bory 7g

Depressa (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 14, 1843, . . 108

INDKX AND SYNONYMY. 125

. I'AGK.

Depressa (Cyclostrema), Monts. Enum. e Sinon. p. 20, . . 95
Depressa (Neritina), Benson. J. A. S. B., v, p. 1836, p. 748,
= N. crepidularia, Lam. ....... 77

Depressa (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 245,

1861, 83

Depressus (Adeorbis), Seg. Bull. Real. Comit. Geol. Ital. Fasc.

2, p. 382, 1874. = A. Seguenzianus, Tryon, ... 84
Divisa (Cyclostrema), Adams. Linn. Trans., iii, 254, . . 96
Deschampsi (Teinostoma), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool., France,

1881, p. 182, . 105

Deshaysia, Raulin, 1844, . . . . . . .5

Deshayesii (Neritina), Pease. Am. Journ. Conch, iv, 1869, p.

130. = N. Mauritii, Less. 75

Deshayesis (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 104.

= N. scabricosta, ...... .30

Desmoulinsiana (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p.

153,162. - N. reticulata, Sowb .42

Despinosa (Neritina), Mousson in coll.

- N. longispina, Recluz • . .63

Destituta (Neritina rarispina Mouss. var.), Mousson. Moll.

Java., p. 84, . ....... 69

Diadema (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 277, . . 64
Diaphana (Teinostoma) d'Orb. Moll. Cuba., ii, 62, t. 18, f.

23-25, . 104

Diaphana (Archytsea), A. Adams. P. Z. S., 1863, f. 76, . 87

Diaphanum (Cylostrema), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p.

199, PI. 32, f. 16 91

Dilatata (Nerita), Recluz, Ms. Krister's Conch. Cab., 53.

= N. patula, Reel 22

Dilatata (Neritina), Brod. P. Z. S., 1832, p. 201, . . . 75
Dilatata (Neritina fluviatilis L. var.), Moq.-Tand., p. 549, . 47
Diatreta (Cyclostrema), Gould. Bost. Proc. Soc. N. H. ii, 205,
1847 ; Moll. Wilkes Exped., f. 126. = C. kevis, Kiener, . 92
Diocletiana (Neritina), Kiist. Verkaufskatalog.

= N. fluviatilis, Linn. ....... 47

Diremta (Neritina Ualanensis, Less, var.), Martens, in Conch.

Cab, p. 193, t. 20, f. 17-19, . ... 41

Discoidea (Liotia), Reeve. Conch, Icon. Delphinula, sp. 15,

1843, 109

Discopsis, Folin. Fonds de la Mer, 190, 205, 1869, . 15, 105
Discors (Neritina), Martens. Kiist. Couch. Cab., p. 160, t, 17,

f. 7, 18, 11, 65

Dispar (Neritina), Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 1867, p. 285,

pi. 24, f. 3. =- N. chlorostoma, Brod 66

Diversicolor (Nerita), Mart. Univ. Conch., t. 108, 1784.

= N. Ascensionis, Chemn 32

Doingii (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1845, p. 121.

= Neritina Dringii, Reel. ....... 72

126 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Doliura (Neritina) Recluz), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 15.

= N. solium, Reel. ........ 70

Dombeyi (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 149, . . 22
Dongolensis (Neritina), Ehrenberg. Ms. in Berlin Mus.

— N. Nilotica, Reeve 51

Donovana (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1843, p. 73.

-.= N. diadema, Reclu/. ....... 64

Dorise (Neritina), Issel. Mem. Acad. Torino., 1865, p. 23, t.

l>, f. 14, 16 47

Doreyana (Nerita), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Astrolabe iii, p. 190,

pi. 65, f. 43-44. - N. polita, var. Rumphii. . . .31

Dostia, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840, 8

Dringii (Neritina), Reel. P. Z. S., 1845, p. 121, ... 72
Dubia (Neritina), (Chemn) Issel. Moll. Borneensi.

— N. avellana, Recluz. ....... 68

Dubia (Neritina), Chemn. Conch. Cab., bd. v, p. 324, t. 124,

f. 2019, 2020, . 44, 45

Duplicatum (Cyclostrenm), Lischke. Mai. Bliit., xix, p. 101, 92
Dunalli (Neritina), Montrouzier, m.<s.

= N. Bruguieri, Reel. ........ 58

Dunkeri (Cyclostrema), Tryon. . . . . . .91

Eburnea (Cyclostrema), G. and H. Nevill. J. A. S. B., xliv,

pt. 2, p. 101, pi. viii, f. 21-22, 89

Elana, Gray. P. Z. S., 994, 1867, 10

Elara, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., 1, 387, 1854, 10, 81
Elata (Neritina), Hauff. Kraiii, p. :>5.

= N. stragulata, Mtihlf. 46

Elea, Ziegler. Fitzing. Syst. Verz., 116, 1833.

= Theodoxus, Montf. ........ 7

Elegans (Adeorbis), H. Ad. P. Z. S. 44, 1850, . . .83
Elegantina (Neritina), Busch. In Phil. Abbild., i. m. 25, t. 1,

f. 3. = N. communis, Quoy and Gaim 39

Elegantissima (Neritina), Hartmann. Gastropod, d. Schweiz,

1841, p. 189. = N. virgiuea, Linn 40

Elegantissima (Neritina), Morch. Yoldi Cat., 166.

= N. elegantina, Busch 39

Electrina (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 70, 1855.

= N. squamulata, Le Guillou 20

Elliptica (Navicella), Lam. Phil. Zool., 1809.

= N. Borbonica, Bory St. Vincent 78

Elliptica (Septaria), Blainville. Man. de Malacologie, pi. 36,

bis, f. 1. = Navicella suborbicularis, Sowb. . . .81
Elliptica (Navicella), (Lam.) Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de 1'Ur-

anie., Zool., p. 458. = N. Laperousei, Recluz. . .80

Jlliptica, (Neritina), Guillou. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 346, . . 44
Elongata (Neritina virginea, L. var.), Martens. Mai. Blatt., xii,

S. 63. = N. virginea, Linn. ... 40

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 127

PAGE.

Elongata (N. fluviatilis, Linn, var.), Broeck. Ann. Soc Mai

Balz,v,p.32, .' 47

Elongatula (Neritina), Morelet. Desc. Moll. Terr, et Fluv.

Portugal, p. 96, pi. 9, fig. 4, .' 48

Emergens (Neritina), Monsson. Jour, de Conch., 1857, p. 162.

= N. flavovirens, Busch, . . . . . . . 70

Entrecasteauxi (Navicella), Reel. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 380.

=: N. tessellata, Lam. ....... 82

Erubescent (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 54, 1855.

= N. undata, Linn. var. . . . . . . .29

Erythrsea (Nerita), Desh. Laborde, Voy. Mer Rouge.

= N. albicilla, Linn. . . . . . . . .19

Essingtoni (Nerita), Recluz, Petit, Journ. Conch, i, pi. 11, f. 9, 33
Essingtoni (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 29.

= N. striata, Burrow, ....... 29

Euphratica (Neritina), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., 1874, p.

49,' ... ....... 51

Europsea (Neritina) Leach. Brit. Moll; Menke, Zeit. fur. Mai.,

vi, 1849. . = N. fluviatilis, Linn 47

Euxina (Neritina), Clessin. Mai. Blatt. N. S., viii, p. 55, . 54
Exaltata (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 66.

= N. crepidularia, Lam. . . . . . . .77

Exarata (Nerita), Pfr. Wiegm. Archiv Naturg., vi, 255, 1840.

= N. tessellata, Gmel. .24

Excavata (Nerita), Sowerby. Thes. Conch., p. 109, f. 84, . 20
Excavata (Cyclostrema), Carpenter. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1850, . 90
Excavatum (Cyclostrema), Watson. Challenger Mollusca, xv,

121, t. 8, f. 10, . ....... 99

Excelsa (Navicella), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., xviii, 1870, p.

Nouv. 150, Caled., t. 8, f. 4, 82

Exigua (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat., No. 259, . 103

Exiguum (Cyclostrema), Phil. Zeitsch f. Mai., 1849, p. 25, 94
Eximia (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., pi. 6, f. 26, 1826.

= N. reticulata, Rve. ... .... 82

Expansa (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 1875, p. 231.

= N. Petitii. Recluz, .58

Expansa (Trachysma delicatum, var.), Sars. Moll. Arct.

Norv., 212, t. 22, f. 17, 87

Equisitus (Adeorbis), Jeffreys. Ann. and Mag., xi, p. 399,

1883, 87

Exuvia (Nerita), Linn. Mus. Reg. Ulricae, p. 682, . . 19

Faba (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. 111. no., 38, f. 16, . . 68

Fasciata (Neritina faba, Sowb. var.) Martens, in Conch. Cab.,

p. 176, f. 16, . . . . 68

Fasciata (Neritina), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vi, 186.

— N. dubia, Chemn. ........ 44

Fenestrata (Liotia), Carp. Second Report, 652, 1863, . . 109

128 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Fenilletii (Neritina), Andouin. Descr. Egypte vol. xxii, pi. v,

f. 11, 1827. = N. viridis, Linn.
Filosa (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 48, 1855, .
Fimbria (Neritina), Menke. Syn. Moll. ed. 2, p. 48, and 139,

= N. semiconica, Lam. ....

Fimbriatus (Adeorbis), Martens. Sitzb. Berlin, 1881, p. 64, . 86
Fissa (Navicella haustum, var.), Mousson. Journ. de Conch.,

xvii, 1869, p. 383. = N. depressa, Less. . . 79

Flaramulata (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 180, 1841.

= N. undata, Linn., var. . . . . , .30

Flavopincta (Neritina), Mousson, in coll.

= N. virginea, Linn . . 40

Flavovirens (Neritina), Busch in Phil. Abbild., i, sp. 26, t.

l,f.6, . . . .70

Flavescens (Nerita), Chemnitz, Conch. Cab.

= N. polita, Linn. ...... ,30

Flexuosa (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud.

Moll., p. 69, pi. 17, f, 39-41. == N. brevispina, Lam. . 65

Flexuosa (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 1878, p. 342, . 72
Florida (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 160, pi.

7, f. 6, 7. = N. dilatata, Brod. . .76

Floridana (Neritina), Shuttlewerth ms. Rve., Conch. Icon.,

f. 85. N. reclivata, Say 39

Fluctuata (Cyclostrema), Hutton. N. Z. Journ. Science., i, p.

477. = Turbinidse .95

Fluviatilis (Nerita), Poiret. Voy. en Barberia, ed. ii, p. 33.

— Neritina Numidica, Recluz. ...... 50

Fluviatilis (Neritina), Menetries. Catal. rais. Hist. Nat.

Caucase., 1832. = N. liturata, Eichwald. . . . .47
Fluviatilis (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 777, . 46, 50
Fontaineana (Neritina), Orb. Voy. dans PAmer. Mer. Moll.,

p. 406, pi. 76, f. 14, 15. = N. latissima, Brod., var. . . 76
Fontinalis (Nerita), Brard, Hist. Nat. d. coquilles Paris 1815,

p. 196, pi. 7, f. 11. — Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. . . 47
Forskalii (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 147, 1841.

= N. albicilla, Linn 19

Forstenii (Navicella), Herklots in Leiden Museum.

= suborbicularis, Sowb. ....... 81

Fragilis (Adeorbis), G. O. Sars. Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 213,

t. 22, f. 19 a-c 84

Fragum (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 41, 1855.

= N. reticulata, Karsten. ....... 22

Faseri (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon, xi, t. 25, f. 113, . 61

Freycineti (Navicella), Reel. Gould. U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll.,

p. 156, pi. 11, f. 177. = N. Bougainvillei, Reel. . . 80
Freycineti (Navicella), Reel. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 375, . 80

Frondicincta (Neritina Ualanensis, Less, var.), Martens, in

Conch. Cab., p. 193, t. 20, f. 212, . 41

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 129

PACK.

Froii(los:i (Neritina porcata, (lid. var.), Mousson. Journ.

Couch., xviii, p. 221, 60

Fulgens (Liotia), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc., vii, p. 142, . . 112
Fulgetrum (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 103, 1855, 38, 71
Fulginata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 50, ... 32

Fuliirinosa (Xeritina), Theobald. J. A. S. B., vol. xxvii, 1858,

p. 315. = N. Peguensis, Blanf. 71

Fuliginosa (Neritina), Busch. in Phil. Abbild., i, s. 26, t. 1,

f. 5, . 70

Fulgurans (Nerita), Ginelin. Syst. Nat. xiii, . . .23

Fulfil rat a (Neritina), Desh. Moll de li'le Reunion, p. 8, pi.

10, f. 1,2, ? = N. gagates, Lam 35

Fumculata (Nerita), Mke. Zeitsch f. Mai., 1850, p. 166.

X. Burnhardi, Reel 24

Funiculata (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 9, 1855.

N. undata, Linn. var. ....... 29

Fuscilabris (Neritina), Wiegmann. Ms. in Berl. Mus.

X. punctulata, Lam 60

Fusca (Neritina), Kutschig, mss.

'= N. Danubialis, Miihlf. var 46

Fuscata (Xerita), Menke. Verzeichn, 15, 1829.

= N. scabricosta, Lam. ....... 30

Gagates (Neritina), Lam. Morch, Cat. Yoldi., p. 766.

== N. variegata, Lesson. ....... 36

Gagates (Neritina), Lam. An. s. Vert., ed. i, vi, p. 185, 1822, 35
( 1 abates (Neritina), Troschel. Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, t. 16,

f. 15. X. cornea, Linn. ....... 45

Gaillardotia, Bourg, 1876. — Smaragdia, Issel. . . . " 7

Gaimardi (Navicella Urvillei var.), Reel. Rev. Zool., 1841, p.

378. = N. suborbicularis, Sowb 81

Gaimardi (Neritina), Souleyet. Voy. Bonite., t. 34, f. 16, 19.

= N. Ualanensis, Less. . . . . . .41

Ganesa, Jeffreys. P. Z. S., 94, 1883, .... 14, 100

Gangrenosa (Neritina), Schmidt. Conch. Krain, 24.

= N. Danubialis, Miihlf. var. stragulata, Miihlf. . . 46

Gardensis (Neritina), Stenz. Villa, Cat. Moll. Lombardia,

1844, p. 10.

= N. Danubialis, Miihlf. var. serraiilinea, Ziegl. . . 46

( iargania, Guiscardi, 1856, ....... 11

(Jarretti (Neritina), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., xviii, 1870, p.

223. = N. Ualanensis, Less. . . . . . .41

Gen uana (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 77, 1855.

= N. fulgurans, Gmel. Var. Bernhardi. . . . .24
Gemmulata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 40, 1855. . . 32
Georgina (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 180, . . 33
Gigas (Neripteron), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 186 and 234.

= Neritina granosa, Sowb. ....... 63

9

130 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PACK,

Ginuuli (Stanleya), Bourg. Xotie Lac Tanganyika, 88, 1885, 56
Glubrata ( Xeritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 535, pi. 116, f.

:T>()-263, 56

Glandiformis (Xeritina subjunctata, Reel, var.), Martens.

in Conch. Cab. p. 180, f. 22, . 69

Globosa (Xeritina), Brod. P. Z. S., 1832, p. 201.

— X. latissima, Brod. . . . . . . .76

Godeffroyana ( Neritina), Mousson. Jour, de Conch. 1869, p.

371, pL 151, f. 7. = N. amoma, Old 43

Gowllandi (Liotia), Brazier. P. Z. S., 672, t. 83, f. 1, 2,

1*74. = L. speciosa, Angas 110

Gracilenta (Xerita), Budgin. ms. Sowb. Cat. Tankerv, 1825,

p. 4-~). = Xeritina crepidularia, Lam. . . . .77
Graffei (Xeritina), Mousson, Ms.

= X. porcata, Gould, ........ (JO

Granosa (Neritina), Sowb. Tankerville, Catal., Appendix, p. 1 1 , (>.'>
Gnuiiilata (Cyelostrema), A. Adams. P. Z. 8., 1853, p. 183, . 107
Granulata (Xerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 79, 1855, . . 20
Granulosa (Liotia), Dunker. K^auss, Sndafr. Moll., 94, t. 5, f.

28, . . .109

Gran ulum (Pseudorbis), Brugnone. Misc. Malac., p. 13, f. 25,

1.S73, . . 87

Gravis (Xeritina), Shuttlewortli. Mittheil. d Naturf. Gessell.

Berne, 1854, S. 160. =r X. reclivata, Say. . . . ' . 39
Gravis (Xeritina), Morelet. Test, Novissima, 1849, p. 27.

N. reclivata, Say 39

Grayana (Xerita), Recluz. Rev. ZooL, 1843, p. 200.

- X. undata, Linn., var. ....... 29

Grisea (Xerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 28.

= X. striata, Burrow. ....... 28

Grossa (Xerita), Born. Mus. Caes. Vindob., 407, 1780.

— X. costata,- Chemn. ......

Grossa (Xerita), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. 778,
Guadianensis (Xeritina), Morelet. Desc. Moll. Terr, et Fluv.

Portugal, p. 98, pi. 9, f. 3, .49

Guamensis (Xerita), Quoy and Gaim. Astrolabe iii, p. 191, t.

65, fi45. : X. polita, var. Rumphii 31

Guayaquilensis (Xeritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p. 520. pi.

114, f. 177. = X. Fontaineana, Orb. . . . . 76

Guerini (Xeritina), Reel. Rev. ZooL, 1841, p. 314.

= X. amoena, Gould. ... 43

Guinerii (Xeritina), Recluz. Sowb. Thes., p.' 541, 'pi 176 f!

272. ?=N. amcena, Gould. . . . . ' .' 43

Guttata (Xeritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 316,
Guttata (Xeritina), picta, Sowb. var.) Miller. Mai. Blatt, 1879,'

P- 168, 41

Guttata (Xeritina), Kiister. Verkaufskatalog.

= X. fluviatilis, Linn. ... 47

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 131

PAGE.

Guttata (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 1875, p. 230.

= N. guttulata, Gassies. 43

Guttulata (Neritina), Moussori in coll.

N. [Jalanensis, Less. . . . . . . .41

Guttulata (Neritina), Gassies. Nouv. Caled., iii, 90, : . 43
Guttulata (Neritina), Mousson in coll. = N. ziczac, Sowb. . 36
Gynmocephala (Neritina), Kiist. Anton Verzeichn. Conch.,
"1839, p. 30. = .N. Sardoa, Menke. ... . . .50

Haemastonm (Neritina), Martens. Kiist. Conch. Cab. p. 167,

t. 13, f. 6, 7, . .... 66

Halophila (Neritina fiuviatilis var.), Klett. . . .47
Hamuligera (Neritina), Troschel. Arch. f. Naturg., iii, 1837,

f. 177. = H". Smithii, Sowb 37

Hapa (Neritina), Honibr. and Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud. Zool. i, p.

68, pi. 17, f. 33-35. = N. Souleyetana, Recluz. . . 64

Haplocochlias, Carpenter. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xiii, 476,

1864, 16, 107

Harriettse (Cyclostrema), Petterd. Journ. Conch., iv, p. 141, 95
Harvey en sis (Neritina), Mousson, ms.

= N. chlorostoma, Br. ....... 66

Ilaustruni (Xavicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, pi. 4, f. 18,
= N. depiussa, Less. . . . . . . . . 78

Haustrum (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 34, 1855.

= N. Yoldii, Recluz. ... ... 27

Hausknechti (Neritina), Martens. Conch. Cab., 86.

- N. anatolica, Recluz, var. ...... 52

Heldreichi (Neritina), Schwerzenbach. Samml. von Prof.

Mousson. . . . . . . • . . .47

Helicinoides (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 80, 1855, . . 25
Helicoidea (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Monog. Vit. 9, 1850, . 102
Hellvillensis (Neritina Souverbiana, Montrouzier, var.) Crosse.

Jour, de Conch., 1881, p. 208, .... .55

Heminerita, Martens. Monog. Nerita, Conch. Cab., 9, 1887, . 18
Helvola (Neritina), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, p.

225, 1847. = N. Turtoni, Recluz. . ... 38

Helvola (Clithon zelandicus, var.), Gould. Mousson Jour, de

Conch., xvii, 1869, p. 374. — Neritina variegata, Lesson. . 36
Hermanni (Liotia), Dunker. = L. Peronii, Kiener. . . 108
Hessei (Neritina), Bottger. Ber. Offenb. Ver., xxiv-xxv, 192,

1885, 77

Hidalgoi (Neritina), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 1880, p. 320, pi.

xi, f. 2, 49

Hieroglyphica (Nerita), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab.

— N. polita, Linn. , . . . ... . .30

Hieroglyphica (Neritina), Wattebled. Jour, de Conch., 68,

1886, , .... 59

Hilleana (Nerita), Dunker. Mai. Blat., xviii, p. 167, . . 35

132 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Hindsii (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1843, p. 201, . . 21

Hispalensis (Neritina), Martens, in Conch. Cab., p. 220, t. 22,

f. 20-21, .... .48

Histrio (Nerita), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3681.

= N. semirugosa, Recluz .21

Holoserica (Neritina), Garrett. Am. Journ. Conch., viii, 1872,

p. 219, pi. 19, f. 1, . ...

Humeralis (Neritina), Theobald, ms. = = N. retifera Benson. 71
Humerosa (Neritina), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., xiii, 1865,

p. 188. — N. ruginosa, Reel- .... .65

Hungarica (Neritina), Kiist. Conch. Cab., t. 3, f. 13, 1863.

= N. Prevostiana, Partsch. 49

Hupeana (Navicella), Gassies. Faun. Conch: Nouv. Caledon.,

p. 114, pi. 8, f. 13. — N. depressa, Lesson. . . .79
Hyalina (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Monog. Vit., 5, 1850, . . 103
Hypodema, Koninck. 1853. = Neritopsis, Grat. . .12

Icterina (N. striata, var.), Martens. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 37, 28
Ilynerita, Martens. Monog. Nerita, Conch. Cab., 9, 1887, ; 18
Immaculate (Cyclostrema), Tenison-Woods. Roy. Soc. Tas-
mania, 1876, p. 128, .95

Immersa (Neritina), Martens. Mai. Blatt, 1860, p. 51.

= N. Powisiana, Reel. var. . . . . . .59

Imperspicuus (Adeorbis), flouts. Nouv. Revist. 36, . . 86
Inaurita (Neritiua subauriculata, Reel, var.), Morch. Jour.

de Conch., 1872, p. 323, 73

Incerta (Liotia), Tenison-Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1678,

p. 118, . . , . . 112

Incerta (Nerita) Busclr in Phil. Abbild, i, p. 85, t. 1, f. 6, . 25
Incerta (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 1878, p. 341, . 44
Inconspicua (Neritina), Busch. Phil. Abbild. i, p, 27, 1. 1, f. 7.

= N. olivacea, Reel. juv. ....... 70

Incrustans, (Neritina), Ziegler, ms.

— N. Danubialis, Miihl. var. chrysostoma, . . .46

Incurva (Nerita), Martens. Kiister's Conch. Cab. 50. •

= N. undata, Linn. var. ....... 29

Indica (Neritina), Souleyet. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 269.

= N. crepidularia, Lam 77

Inermis (Neritina spinosa, Sowb. var.), Martens, in Conch. Cab.

p. 151, t. 15, f. 14, 15, . . . . ; . . .64
Inquinata (Neritina), Morelet. Desc. Moll. Terr, et fluv.

Portugal, p. 93, f. 2. = N. elongatula, Morelet, . . 48

Insculpta (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 70, 1855.

Nerita picea, Reel. . . . . . ^ .33

Insignis (Neritina), Mousson in coll.

= N. ziczac, Sowb. var 36

Insignis (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 21.

= N. tessellata, Lam. . . 82

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 133

PAGE.

Intermedia (Neritina), Deshayes. Belanger Voy. Ind. Orient,,

p. 240, pi. 1, f. 7. ' = N. crepidularia, Lam. . . . 77
Intermedia (Neritina), Sowb. P. Z. S., 1832, p. 201.

— N. latissima, Brod. ....... 76

Interposita (Neritina), Mousson in coll.

= N. Anatolica, Recluz, ....... 52

Interrupta (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Monog. Vit., 6, 1850, . 103
Interrupta (Neritina), Reel. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 173, . . 68
Interstitialis (Neritina ziczac, Sowb. var.), Martens. Kiist.

Conch. Cab., p. 101, t. 60, f 23, 36

Intexta (Neritina), Villa dispos. Conch. 1841, p. 38, 60.

= N. fluviatilis, Linn. 47

Iris (Neritina), Mousson. Land und Siissw. Moll, von Java,

1849. s. 81, t. 12, f. 10. = N. squamipicta, Reel. var. . 58

Isseliana (Neritina avellana Reel, var.), Martens. Kiist. Conch.

Cab. p. 170, 68

Jamaicensis (Neritina), C. B. Adams. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.

N. Y., 1852, p. 29. = N. virginea, Linn 40

Janella (Navicella), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 376. . . 80
Janus (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat. No. 260, . . 103
Japonica (Cynisca), A. Ad. Ann. Mag., viii, 244, 1861.

= Collonia pilula, Dunker. ...... 107

Japonica (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., 246, 1861, . 83
Japonica (Nerita), Dunker. Mai. Bliit., vi, p. 233, 1859 ; Moll.

Japon., t. 2, f. 23. = N. pica, Gould. . . 34

Javanica (Navicella), Mousson, in seiner Sammlung.

= N. suborbicularis, Sowb. . . . . . .81

Jayana (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch'., i, 1850, p. 157, pi.

7, f. 13, ... . . . . . . . 53

Johnstoni (Cyclostrema), Beddome. Proc. Roy. Soc., Tasmania,

1882, p. 168, . . . . . • . . .95
Jordani (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. 111., No. 48, f. 49, . . 51
Josephi (Cyclostrema), Tenison-Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1876,

p. 147, * . . .95

Jovis (Neritina), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 72.

— N. ziczac, Sowb. ........ 36

Junghuhni (Navicella), Herklots. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 22, . 81

Karasuna (Neritina), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., xxii, 1874,

p. 34. ± N. Macrii, Recluz. 52

Kerondrenii (Nerita), Le Guillou. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 346.

= Neritina Souleyetana, Recluz. .... . 64

Kieneri (Liotia), Phil. Kiister's Couch. Cab. Delphin., 22, t.

5, f. 19, . Ill

Knorri (Neritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p. 511, pi. 113, f.

150. — N. iris, Mousson 58

134 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Knorri (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 6.

= N. Becki, Recluz 58

Knorri (Neritina), (Recluz). Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 274.

= N. pulligera, Linn., var 57

Labiosa (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. 111., f. 48, . . . . 62
Lactaria (Nerita), Linn. Mantissa, 551. - X. plicata, Linn. 27
Lacteum (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume. Guerin's Mag., 1872, p.

388, pi. 19, f. 1. = C. Isevis, Kieuer 92

Lacustris (? Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. 77.

— Neritina fluviotilis, Linn., var. . . . . .47

Lacustris (Neritina), Jan. Conspect. Meth. Test., p. 7, . 77

Lacustris (Nerita), (L.) Oliv. Zool. Adriat., 1792, p. 181,

182. = Neritina Danubialis, Miihlf., var. . . . .40
Lsevis (Cyclostrema), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Delphinula, p. 12,

pi. 4, f. 6, . ... . .92, 96

Lsevis (Skenea), Forbes and Hanley. Brit. Moll., iii, 165.

? = Cyclostrema nitens, var. Alderi. . . . . .97

Laniarrkii (Neritina), Deshayes. Lam. An. s. Vert, viii, p. 578.

X. Tahitensis, Less. ....... 73

Lamprostoma, Swains. Malacol, 350, 1840.

= Neritina, Lain. ........ 6

Laodia, Gray. P. Z. S., 996, 1867, 10

Laperousei (Navicella), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 378, 1841, . 80

Larga (Neritina .), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud. Zool.,

ii, p. 67, pi. 17, f. 17, 18. = N. pulligera, Linn. . . 57
LargilHerti (Neritina), Philip. Menke Zeitsch, 1840, 160.

= N. Senegalensis, Gmel. . . . . . . • . 22

Latissirua (Neritina), Brod. P. Z. S., 1832, p. 200, . ! 76

Layardi (Neritina), Reeve, f. 104, 105.

= N. auriculata, Lam. 73

Leachii (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 312.

= N. virginea, Linn. ........ 40

Lecontei (Neritina), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1853, p. 257J

pl.8,f.3, ..... 74

Le Guillouana (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 178.

= N. undata, Linn. . 28

Lenormandi (Neritina), bossies. Journ. Conch., xviii, 1870!

p. 150. = N. Petitii, Recluz 58

Lentiginosa (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., ix, pi. 25, f. 110 (M
Lentigmosa (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 9, 1856.

= N. Janellei. Reel, (juv.) ... 80

Lessoni (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, 'p. 311, 72

Leucorhynchia, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 319, 1867 15 106

Leymeria, Munier-Chalmas, 1884.

- Dejanira, Stol. ... 9

Lifouana (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 1878, p. 343*, 75

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 135

PAGE.

Lifuensis (Neritina), Angas. P. Z. S., 1860, p. 36, . . 77

Limosa (Neritina Jordani, var.), Recluz. P. Z. S. 121, 1845.

= N. varia, Ziegler, ........

Lineata (Navicella), Lam. Encyc. Meth., pi. 356, f. 4, . 77, 82
Lineata (Nerita), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab., vol. v, f. 19, 58,

1959, 32

Lineolata (Neritina) ? Lam. Sowb. Conch. 111., f. 37, Reeve,

etc. = N. zebra, Brug. ....... 37

Lineolata (Neritina), Lam. An. s. Vert. ed. i, vi, 2, p. 186,

Apr. 1822. — N. reclivata, Say. ..... 39

Liotia, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 57, 89, 1842, . . . 17, 108
Liotina, Munier-Chalmas, 1877, ..... 17, 112

Liricincta (Vitrinella), Garrett. P. A. N. S., 1873, p. 213, pi.

2, f. 14, 101

Lirulata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 241, . . . .103

Lissochilus, Petho. 1882, ........ 5

Listeri (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 71.

= N. Afra, Sowb . . .61

Listeri (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 277.

= N. tessellata, Gmel 24

Listen (Neritina), L. Pfr. Wiegmann's Archiv. f. Naturg.,

vi, 1840, S. 225. = N. virginea, Linn 40

Littoralis (Nerita), Linn. Fauna Seucise, ed. ii, 2195.

- Neritina fluviatilis, Linn, var. . . . . .46

Liturata (Neritina), Eichwald. Bull. Soc. Imp. Moscou., 1837,

p. 147, .... ..... 47

Liturata (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 315.

- Neritina gagates, Lam. ..... -— . . 35

Liturata (Neritina), Schultze, in coll.

= N. pupa, Linn. ........ 42

Livesayi (Navicella), Dohrn. P. Z. S., 1858, p. 135.

= N. reticulata, Reeve, var. compressa, Martens. . . 82
Livida (Navicella), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 13, 1856.

= N. Borbonica, Bory. . . . . . . .78

Loculosa (Liotia), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc., vii, p. 141, . .112
Loddera3 (Liotia), Petterd. Jour, de Conch., iv, 135, . . 112
Longii (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 178, . . 21

Longispina (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 312, . 63
Lucid um (Teinostoma), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 267,

1863, . . . ' . .104

Lucutosa (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1741, p. 317, . . 71
Lugubris (Neritina), Philippi. Abbild, i, sp. 29, t. 1, f. 9.

= N. cariosa, Gray. ........ 75

Lugubris (Neritina), Sowb. Thes., ii, p. 115, pi. Ill, f. 271.

— N. cariosa. Gray. ........ 75

Lugubris (Neritina), Lesson. Voy. de la Coquille. Zool., ii, p.

378. - ~ N. dubia, Chemn 44

136 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGK.

Lugubris (? Neritina), Lam. An. s. Vert., ed. i, vi, 2, p. 185.

= N. turrita, Chemn. ...... .37

Lugubris (Neritina), Lam. Sowb. Conch. 111., no. 8, f. 38.

= N. Turtoni, Recluz 38

Lurida (Neritina), Jan. OataL' Conch. Sect. 2, 1832, p. 8, . . 54
Lutea (Navicella), Martens, in Conch. Cab., p. 30, t. 6, f. 1-4, 80
Luteofasciata (Neritina picta, Sowb., var.) Miller. Mai. Blatt,

1879, p. 168, . .41

Lutesta (Neritina), Morelet, ms. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 137.

— - N. elongatula, Morelet. . . ... 48

Lutescens (Neritina), Miihlf. Sowb. Conch. 111., no. 46, f. 56.

= N. varia, Ziegler. . . . . . . . . 48

Lutetianus (Theodoxus), Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 1810, p.

351. = Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. . . . . .47

Luzonica (Navicella), Souleyet. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 375, . 79
Lyosoma, White, 1882. = Otostoma, d'Arch. ... 5

Macgillivrayi (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, Neritina,

pi. 4, f. 16, 62

Maclurea, Lesueur. Jour. Philad. Acad., i, pt. 2, 312, 1818, . 11
Maculata (Nerita), Pease. Am. Jourii. Conch., iii, p. 24, pi.

24, f. 6, 23

Maculata (NeritinaX Villa. In collections.

= N. fluviatilis, Linn. .......

Macrii (Neritina), Recluz, ms. Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p. 531,

pi. 116, f. 222 .52

Macrocephala (Navicella), (Le Guillou), Sowb. Thes., p. 547,

f. 4, 5. = N. Bougainvillei, Reel 80

Macrocephala (Navicella), Guillou. Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841,

p. 374, 79

Maculifera (Navicella), Mousson. Land und Siiss-wasser, Moll.

Java, p. 85, t. 12, f. 13. = N. tessellata, Lam. ... 82
Madecassina (Neritina), Morelet. Series Conch., ii, 1860, p. 122,

pl.6,f.2, . . . . . . . . . 64

Malacensis (Nerita), Lamarck. Anim. sans Vert., xi, ii, 193.

= N. exuvia, Linn. . 19

Manoeli (Neritina), Dohrn. Mai. Blatt, xiii, p. 135, . . 54
Mantuana (Neritina), Porro. Betta, Mai. Veneta, 1870, p. 102.

= N. Danubialis, Miihlf., var. serratilinea, Ziegl. . . 46
Marchei (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume. Rev. Zool., 1872, p. 391,

pl- xix, f. 3, ... 88

Marchionata (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, pi. 3, f. 12, 62
Maresi (Neritina), Bourg. Mai. de 1'Algerie, ii, 1864, p. 271, pi.

16, f. 293. = N. meridionals, Phil/ 48

Marginata (Nerita), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3678.

?== N. albicilla, Linn. ". 19

Marginata (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. an Pole Sud.

Zool., y, 1854, p. 67, pi. 17, f. 22, 23.

= N. Tahitensis, Less. . 73

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 137

PACK.

Marisrubne (Nerita), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab., v. 304.

= N. quadricolor, Gmelin. . . . . . . .29

Marmorata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 67, 1855.

= N. albicilla, Linn. . . , 19

Marmorata (Neritina), Brazier. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., ii, p. 22, 74
Marmorata (Nerita), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud. Moll, t.
16, f. 14-17. = N. undata, Linn. . ... 28

Maroccana (Neritina), Paladilhe. Rev. Zool., (iii) 3, 1875, p.
95, pi. 6, f. 26-28, .... . .54

Marsigliana (Nerita), Hartman. Sturm Deutschl. Fauna, vi,
pt. 5. 8, 57. = Neritina Danubialis, Mu'hlf. . . .45

Matoni (Vitta), (Reel.) Morch. Cat. Yoldi., p. 167.

= Neritina virginea, Linn. ....... 40

Matonia (Neritina), Risso. Hist. Nat. Europ. Mer.,iv, p. 271, 56
Maura (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 179.

= semirugosa, Recluz. ....... 21

Mauritii (Neritina), Lesson. Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., ii, p.

384, 1830, . . , 75

Mauritiana (Neritina), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 1867, p. 440,. 63
Maxima (Nerita), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3683, ... 31

Megaetoma (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Monog. Vit., 7, 1850, . 103
Melaleuca (Nerita), Martens. Mai. Blatt, vii, 1860, p. 52.

= N. pica, Gould 34

Melanotragus (Nerita), E. A. Smith. Zool. Alert, p. 69, 1884.

= N. atrata. Reeve. ........ 26

Melanolenca (Neritina), Kiist, Conch. Cab., t. 3, f. 13-15, 1863.

= N. Peloponnesia. RecLiz. ...... 50

Melanostoma (Neritina), Troschel, Archiv. f. Naturg., 1837,
p. 179. = N. crepidularia, Lam. . . . . .77

Meleagris (Neritina), Lam. An. s. Vert. ed. I, vi, 2, p. 187.

= N. virginea. Linn. ........ 40

Menkeana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 183, . 72
Meridionalis (Neritina), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, 1836, p.

159, t. 9, f. 13, 48

•Meridionalis (Neritina), (Phil.) Martens. Mai. Blatt, xxi,

1857, p. 136, 158. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. ... 47, 52
Mertoniana (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1843, p. 71.

= Neritina Ualanensis, Less. ...... 41

Mesopotamia (Neritina), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., xxii, 1874,
Mesopotamia (Neritina Anatolica, var.), Martens. Vorder-
asiat, Conch., 1873, p. 33, t. 5, f. 42.

= N. Mesopotamica, Mousson. ...... 52

Magnifica (Navicella), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 16, 1856.

= N. macrocephala, Guillou ^9

Micans (Cyclostrerna), A. Adams. P. Z. S., 1850, p. 44, . 88, 95
Michaudi (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 315.

= Neritina retifera, Bens. ....... 71

138 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Michonii (Neritina), Bourg. Test. Noviss. 1852, p. 25.

N. Macrii, Recluz. ........ 52

Micra (Cyclostrema), Petterd. Journ. de Conch., iv, p. 139, . 95
Micra (Cyclostrema), Tenison- Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasma-
nia, 1876, p. 147, . .95

Micronesica (Nerita undata, var.), Martens. Kiister's Conch.

Cab.. 35, . . . ' . ' . . . . .28

Microstoma (Neritina), Orb. Sagra, Hist. Cuba, v, p. 177, pi.

17, f. 32. = N. reclivata, Say. 39

Microtheca, A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xi, 264,

1863, 16, 106

Miliacea (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 316.

= Neritina Matonia, Risso. ...... 56

Militaris (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume. Guerin's Mag. de Zool.,

1872, p. 394, pi. 19, f. 6, 90

Minima (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 346, . . 77
Minor (Neritina gagates, Lam. var.), Martens. Rust., Conch.

Cab., p. 94, t. 10, f. 18, 19 . .35

Minuta (Vitrinella), C: B. Ad. Panam. Cat., No. 261, . .103
Miiuitum (Cyclostrema), Jeffreys. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,

5 ser. xi, p. 395, pi. 16, f. 1, 96

Mittreana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 181.

= N. fluviatilis, Linn., var. ...... 46

Mitrula (Neritina), Menke. Syn. Moll., 48, 1830.

= N. crepidularia, Lam. 77

Modesta (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat,, No. 262, . . 103
Modesta (Nerita), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud., 1. 16, f. 5.

(5. = N. chameleon, Linn. 20

Modesta (Neritina), Raster. Conch. Cab., t. 4, f. 23-26, 1863.

= N. Danubialis, Mu'hlf. var. chrvsostoma. . . .46

Modestum (Cyclostrema), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc., vii, p. 148, 95
Modicella (Neritina), Desh, in Maillard Notes sur 1'ile Reunion

Moll., p. 70, pi. 10, f. 3, 4, 42

Moluccensis (Neritina subpunctata, Recluz, var.), Martens,

Rust., Conch. Cab., p. 180, .69

Monile (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 240, . . . .102
Monilifera (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 240, . . . 103
Monilifera (Neritina rugata, Reel., var.), Martens. Kiist., Conch.

Cab., p. 11)4, t. 16, f. 27-29, 65

Montacuti (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 174.

N. breyispina, Lam 65

Montrouzieri (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 1875, p. 228.

= N. crepidularia, Lam 77

Moauiniana (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850. p. 156^

P1- 7> f- 9> ' . .35

Morchia, A. Adams. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, v, 301, 1860, 16, 106
Morchiana (Neritina), Dunker. Verb. Zool.-Bot. Gessell,

Wien, 1866, p. 913, . 43

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 139

I'AGK.

Morchiana (Neritina), Frauenfeld. Reise Navara, Moll., t. 2,

f. 54. = N. retifera, Bens. . . . . . . .71

Moreleti (Morchia), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 1877, p. 202, pi.

10, f. 1, . . . : .106

Moreletiana (Navicella), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., xiv, 1<S<><>,

p. 52 ; Nouv. Caled., t. 8, f. 3, 82

Morlieri (Teinostoma), Jouss. Guerin's Mag., 335, 1872, t. 18,

f.4, 104

Morio (Neritina), Deshayes, in Lam., An. s. vert. ed. 2, viii,

p. 585. = N. cornea, Linn. ....'• 45

Morio (Neritina), Sowb. P. Z. S., 1832, p. 201, . . 26, 33
Morosa (Neritina), Gassies. Journ. Conch., 1870, p. 149, . 43
Multijugis (Nerita), Menke. Zeit. Malak., 179, 1847.

= N. scabricosta, Lam. ....... 30

Multipicta (Neritina), Mousson in coll. — N. Ualanensis, Less. 41
Muricata (Delphinula), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Delphinula, sp.

18,1843, . 112

Musiva (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud. ZooL, ii,

p. 70, pi. 17, f. 42-4-4. .= N. brevispina, Lam. . . 65

Musiva (Nerita), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc., p. 238.

N. pat.ula, Recluz ... 22

Mutabilis (Heliciella), Costa. Microdoride Mediterranea, p.

62, t. x, f. 4, 5. = Cyclostrema Cutlerianum, Clark. . . 96
Mutica (Neritina brevispina, Lam., var.), Sowb. Conch. 111.,

f. 80, .65

Nana (Navicella), Montrouzier. Jour, de Condi., xxvii, 1879,

]>. 135. = N. Bougainville!, Reel, (juv.) . . . .80
Nanula (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., 245, 1861, . 84

Natalensis (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 75, . . .35
Natere, Gray. Zool. Proc., 92, 1858.

= Nerita, Adanson. . . . . . . . .4

Naticoides(Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat, Cat., 246, . . .103
Naticopsis, M'Coy. Carb. Foss. Ireland, 1844, . . .12
Navicella, Lam. Phil. Zool., 1809, . . . . 9, 77

Navicellina (Neritina), Guillou. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 346. ,-

= N. dilatata, Brod . .76

Navicula (Septaria), De Ferussac. Bull. Sc. Nat., x, 413, 1827.
— Navicella lineata, Lam. ....... 82

Navicularis (Neritina), Morch. Catal. Coll., 1852, p. 164.

= N. aciculata, Morch. ....... 74

Navigatoria (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 102.

= N. Roissyana, Reel. ....... 38

Nebulata (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1844, p. 71.

= Neritina Ualanensis, Less. ...... 41

Neglecta (Neritina), Pease. P. Z. S., 1860, p. 435, . 77

Neridomus, Morris and Lycett. 1850, ..... 9

Neripteron, Lesson. Voy. Coquille, ii, 384, 1830, . . 8, 73

140 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Nerita, Adanson. Hist. Senegal, 188, 1757, . . . 4, 18
Neritrea, Roth. Martens, Raster's Conchylien Cab. Neritina

16, 1879, 6

Xcritella (Humphrey 1797), Gray. 1847.

= Neritina, Lain. ........ f>

Xcritilia. Martens. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 1879, . . 7, 54
Xoritina, Swains. Malacol., 347, 1840, . . . 6, 35-

Xeritina, Lam. Phil. Zool., 1809. . . . . 5, 6, 35

Xcritinoides (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 21, 1855.

N.morio, Sowb 33

Neritoconus, Kobelt. Cat. Eur. Binnenconch., 66, 1871, . 7
Neritodonta, Brusina. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell,, 1884, ... 7
Neritodryas, Martens. Sitzb. Berlin, 1869, . . . 6,44
Neritoglobus, Kobelt. Cat. Europ. Binnenconch., 67, 1871.

= Theodoxus, Montf. 7

Neritoides (Lithoglyphus), Smith. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vi,

426, 1880; Zool. Proc., 287, 1881; (Tanganyica) Crosse,

Jour, de Conch., 126, 288, 1881. ±= Stanleya. . ' . 7, 56
Neritoma, Morris. Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc., v, 332, 1849, . 9
Neritomopsis, Waagen. Pal. Indica, series xiii, p. 106, . . 12
Neritona, Martens. Sitzb. Berlin, 1869, . . . 7,62

Neritopsis, Grateloup. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., v, 129, 1832, 12, 82
Neritopsoides (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 67, 1855.

N. undata, Linn., var. ....... 29

Nevilli (Cyclostrema). H. Ad. P. Z. S., 1868, p. 293, pi. 28, f.

17, 90

Nigerrima (Nerita), Cheinn. Conch. Cab., v, p. 309, pi. 192,

f. 1985, 1986, . ... . . - . -2:1, 20, 33

Nigra (Nerita), (Q.uoy and Gaimard), Gray. Dieffenbach's '

New Zealand, vol. ii, p. 240, 26-

Nigra (Nerita), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab.

N. polita, Linn 26, 30

Nigrescens (Neriiina), Kutschig, ms.

X. Danubialis, Miihlf., var 46

Nigrispinis (Clithon), Less. Voy. de la Coquille, p. 382.

X'. Souleyetana, Recluz. ... .64

Xi-rita (Neritina), Ziegler. Recluz, Journ. Conch., i, p. 149,'

1851. i N. meridionalis, Phil., var 48

Nigrita (Neritina), Ziegler in coll. Jan. Catal., 1830, p. 7.

N. anatolica, Recluz 52

Nigrobifasciata (Neritina Ualanensis, Lesson, var.) Martens

Kiist., p. 193, t. 20, f. 13-15, . . . 41

Nigrocserulea (Neritina), Parreyss. In Anton, Verzeich. d.

Conch., 1839, p. 30. = N. meridionalis, Phil., var. . . 48
Nigrofasciata ( Xeritina picta, Sowb. var.), Miller. Mai. Bliitt

1879, p. 168, .....
Nilotica (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., t. 34, fig. 157,' ! 41

IM>i:\ AM) SYNONYMY. 141

PACK.

Nitens (Cyelostrema), Philippi. Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, p. ]46,

pi. 25, f. 4 97

Nitida (Nerita Jordani var.), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1845, p. 121.

= Neritina Anatolica, Recluz, . . . . . .52

Nitida (Neritina), Parreyss. Villa, Dysp. syst., 1841.

= N. Anatolica, Recluz, ....... 52

Nitida (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 43, 1350, . . .85
Nitidiuscula (Ganesa), Jeffreys. P. Z. S., 1883, p. 94, pi. 19,

f. 9, .... 100

Nivea (Cyclostrema), A. Ad. Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 255, f.

35, 36, . . .96

Nivea (Delphinula), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Delphinula, sp. 26,

1843. = Cyclostrema Isevis, Kiener. . . . .92

Nivosa (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 66, 1855.

? = N. tessellata, Gmel 24

Nobilis (Neritina), Chenu. Man. Conch., 1859, i, p. 336, f.

2452. X. turrita, Chemn 37

Nodosa (Vitrinella), Garrett. P. A. N. S. Phila., 1873, p. 214,

pi. 21, f. 17, . . . 101

Nodosa (Vitrinella perparva, var.), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 243, . 103
Nolani (Neritina cornea, var.), Tryon, . . . . .45
Nordquisti (Neritina), Westerl. Vega. Exped., iii, 21J,t. 5,

f. 24, 1887,

Nouletiana (Neritina), Gassies. Fauna Conch. Terr, and Fluv.

Nouv. Caledon., p. 104, pi. 8, f. 5, . ... 41

Nova>Caledonise (Nerita), Baird. Cruise of Curacoa, p. 439,

pi. 38, f. 12-13. = N. stricta, Baird, ' . . . .35

Novre-Caledonica (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix? f. 107.
= N. Leeontei, Recluz, ....... 74

Novae-Guinea? (Nerita), Lesson. Petit. Journ. Conch., i, p.

283. = N. undata, Linn. .28

Novse-Hibernise (Nerita), Lesson. Voy. Coquille, v, pt. i, p.

371, 35

Nubila (Neritina), Busch. Phil. Abbild., i, s. 30, t. 1, f. 13.

= N. Ualanensis, Less. . . ... . .41

Nubila (Neritina), Martens. Mai. Bliitt., x, 1860,

= N. retropicta, Martens, 67

Nucleolus (Neritina), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 1869, p. 180,

Test. Nov. Austral., 1857, p. 6. = N, interrupta, Recluz, . 68
Numidica (Neritina), Recluz. Rve. Zool., 1841, p. 343, . 50
Nuttalli (Neritina), Recluz. Rve. Zool., 1841, p. 276,

= N. cariosa, Gray. ........ 75

Nux (Neritina) Brod. Zool. Proc., 201, 1832,

? = N. Turtoni, Reel 38

Obatra (Nerita), Recluz, Jour, de Conch., ii, p. 203, pi. v, f.
4, 5. = N. maxima, Gmel. 31

142 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Oblono-a (Xavicella tessellata, Lam. var.), Martens. Kiist. p.

38, t. 8, f. 1-3, . 82

Oblonga i Neritina virginea, L. var.), Martens. Mai. Blatt.,

xii, p. (>3. N. virginea, Linn. 40

ObscLira (Xeritina), Dunker. Gatal. von Godeffrov coll.

= X. retropicta, Martens, ....... 67

Obscura (Xerita), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrolabe et Ze-

lee, v, p. 65, pi. 17, f. 1-2. -.-: X. picea, Recluz. . . 33

( )bs<-urata < Neritina), Reel. Rev. Zool., p. 183, 1842.

N. brevispina, Lain. ....... 65

Obtusa (Neritina), (Bens.) Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 116.

X. retropirta, Martens. ....... (>7

( )btusa ( Nfritimi), Benson. Jour. As. Soc., x, 1836, p. 749, . 43
Obvoluta (Cvclostrema), A. Adams. Ann. and Mag. Xat.
Hist., 1860, .... ..... 106

Octolyrata (Cyclostrema), Carpenter. P. Z. S., 1856, p. 169, . 99
Odontostoma (Klein, 175:]), Morch. Cat, Yolcli, 167, 1852, 5, 30
Olea.irina ( Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 47.

= X. Spengleriuna, Recluz. . . . . . . . 29

Olivacea (Xeritina), Wieginann. Mns. Berlin.

= X. reclivata, Say. ........ 39

Olivacea (Xeritina), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 172, . . 69
Olivieri (Xeritina), Martens. Conch. Cab., 86.

=; X. anatolica, Reel., var. ....... 52

Omalos (Discopsis), Folin. Fonds de la Mer., i, 190, 205,

1869 105

Omatum (Cyclostrema Dalli, Verrill, var.), Verrill. Trans.

Conn. Acad., iii, p. 255, pi. 32, f. 17, . . . . .97
Onalaniensis (Neritina), Less. Voy. de la Coquille, ii, pt. I, p.

379, . . . ' . 41

Oncochilus, Petho. 1882 9

Orbella (Adeorbis), A, Ad. Ann. and Mag. Xat, Hist,, 245,

1861, 83

Orbicularis (Xavicella), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 5, 1856.

X. suborbicularis, Sowb. ....... 81

Orbignyana (Xerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 108.

N. polita, Linn. ........ 30

Orbignyi (Adeorbis), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., vi, 286, 1857, 86
Orientalis (Xavicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 33.

N. eserulescens, Reel. . . . . . . .82

( )rbis (Vitriuella), Carp. Mazat. Cat.. 247, . . . .103

Ornatus (Catillus), Adams and Angas. P. Z. S., 1864, p. 36.

Navicella Bougainvillei, Reel. 80

Ornata (Xerita), Sowb. Gen. Shells, no. 10.

N . scabricosta, Lam 30

Ornata (Xeritina), C. B. Adams. Contr. to Conch!, vii, 1850,

P- 112> • 56

Ornata (Vitrinella), Carp. Zool. Proc., 270, 1865. . 103

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 143

Ornatella (Xeritina), Mousson in coll.

= N. Ualauerisie, Less 41

Orsinii (Xeritina), Pecchioli in coll.

= N. fluviatilis, Linn., var. . . . . .47

Orthopoma, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867 10

Ory/arum (Xerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 178, . . 20
Ossea (Neritina), Garrett. ms. = X. rubida, Pease. . . 54
Otaitensis (Xerita), Less. Voy. Coquille, ii, pt. 1, p. 370.

= X. plicata, Linn. . '. 27

( )tostoma, d'Archiac. Bull. Soc. Geolr Fr., xvi, 871, 1859, . f>
Ovalis (Neritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p. 507, pi. 113, f.

121,122. N. pulligera, Linn r>7

Oweuiana (Neritina), Gray. In Wood, Ind. Test, snppl., n. f.
*, . ... 76

Pacifica (Xeritina cornuta, Eve., var.), Mousson. Jour, de

Conch., 1870, p. 219, 58

Pala (Navicella), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., xii, 1865, p, 189,

201. N. Freycineti, Reel 80

Pallida (Xeritina), Bunker. Mai. Blatt, viii, p. 40, . . 50
Pallidula ( Nerita), Da Costa. Hisso. Hist. Xat. Eur. Merid.,

iv, p. 131, 271. - Xeritina viridis, Linn. . . . .55
Paulucciana (Xeritina), Gassies. Jonr. Conch., xviii, 1870, p.

149, . 55

Paludosa (Xeritina), Garrett. ms.

- X. chlorostoma, Brod. . . . . . . .66

Palnue (Neritina reclivata, var.), Dall. Proc. Xat. Mus., 259,

1885, . . 39

Panamcnsis (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat., 238, . . 103
Panayana (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 70, . . 51
Papillosa (Xeritina), Jay. Cat. of Shells, 1839, pi. 4, f. 11.

= X. granosa, Sowb 63

Papuana (Xerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 105, 1841.

X. undata, Linn. ........ 28

Parcepicta (Xeritina Ualanensis, Less., var.), Martens. Kiist.,

p. 193, t. 20, f. 20-24, 41

Paria, Gray. P. Z. S., 1867, p. 997, . . . . 10, 80
Parkeria, Gabb. Jour. Philad. Acad., 1880.

= Pseudorotella, Fischer. . .
Parreyssi (Xeritina), Villa. Dispos. Syst. Conch., 1841, p. 38

and 60. - X. fluviatilis, Linn., var 46

Parva (Xavicella), Mousson. Land und Siiss-wasser, Moll.

Java, p. 119, t. 22. = X. macrocephala, Guillou. . . 79
Parva (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat., 187, 316, . . 101
Parvula (Xeritina), (Guillou.) Recluz. Jour. Conch., i, p. 148.

^= X. chlorostoma, Brod. ....... 66

Patruelis (Adeorbis). A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., 245, 1861, . 84
Patula (Xerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 148, . .22

144 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Paulla (Liotia), Phil. Krister's Conch. Cab. Delphin., 24, .112
Paya (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., vii, 1858, p. 71.

= N. iriterrupta, Kecluz. . . .68

Peo-uensite (Neritina), Blanf. Jour. Asiat. Soc., ii, p. 68, pi. 1,

f. 1-16 -71

Pellis-serpentis (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 83, 1855.

N. helicinoides, Reeve. ..... .25

Peloponnesia (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1851, p.

49, 50

Peloronta, Oken. Zool., 36ft, 1815, . . 4, 18, 24

Peloronta (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 778. . 24

Pe.ltarion, Deslongchamps. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm., iii, 153,

1858. = Neritopsis, Grat. 12

Penicillata (Neritella), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,

vii, p.43, ... .73

Pennata (Neritina), Born. Index rerum Nat. Mus. Caes. Vin-

dob., 1778, p. 42, . . .59

Pentegoniostoma (Cyclostrema), Carpenter. P. Z. S., 1856, p.

169, ..'..... ... 95

Peronii (Liotia), Kiener. Coq. Viv. Monog. Delphinula, t. 3,

f. 5, . . 17, 108

Perparva (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat., 187, 316; Carp.

.Ma/at. Cat., 243, ' 103

Perottetiana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 337, . 53
Perstriata (Neritina), Mousson, ms. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 276.
- N. cariosa, Gray. . . . . . . . .75

Peruviana (Nerita), Phil. Abbild. p. 2, pi. 1, f. 4,

N. Yoldii, Recluz 27

Peterseni (Cyclostrema), Friele. Yid. Forh., 1872.

= C. trochoides, Jeffr. var. ...... 97

Petholata (Neritina avellana, Reel, var.), Martens. Kiist., p.

174, f. 7-11, 68

Petichialis (Nerita), Morch. Yoldi Cat., 167, 1852.

N. reticulata, Karsten, 22

Petiti (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 373.

= N. pulligera, Linn. var. ...... 57

Petrettinia, Bourg. Foss. Dalmat. Lettres Mai., 50.

= Neritodonta, Brusina. ....... 7

Petteri (Neritina), Stentz. Porro. Cat. Conch, terr and fluv.

Europ., 1839, p. 4. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. ... 47

Pfeifferiana (Neritina), Reel. P. Z. S., 1843, p. 72, . . 72
Phariana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 75, . . 41
Philippij (Cyclostrema), Issel. Mar. Rosso., p. 189, . . 91
Philippii (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 341.

= Neritina meridionals, Phil 48

Philippinarum (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. 111. no. 54, f. 53.

N. dubia, Chemn. 44

Pica (Nerita), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. 'Hist., vii, p. 43, 34

NERITIDyE.

PLATE 13

NERITIDyE.

PLATE 14

100

NERITID^E.

PLATE 15

•10

f^

^J^

11

NERITIDyE.

PLATE 16

28

31 32

33

35

37

38 39

4-1

43

45

48

47 49

50

51

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r

57

58 59

I A\

5G

84 55

61

,3 63

64- 65

67

66

70

71

69

ai 82

73

68

72

75 76

62

77 78

83

79

80

PLATE 18

88 89

- !

90 67

94-

35

96

97

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100

11

NERITIDyE.

PLATE 19

NERITIDyE.

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PLATE 21

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PLATE 22

NERITID^E.

PLATE 23

NERITID^E.

PLATE 24

13

20

25

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31

32

36

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35

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PLATE 27

NERITID^E.

PLATE 28

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100

9913

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 1 \~,

PAGE.

Picea (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 15], . . .33
Pictus (Adeorbis), Tenison- Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1876,

p. 146, 86

Picta (Neritina), Sowb. P. Z. S., 1832, p. 201, ... 41
Pictum (Sandalium), Schumacher. Essai d'un nouv. Syst.,

1817, p. 183. = Navicella suborbicularis, Bowl). . . 81
Picturata (Navicella), Garrett. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, p. 224,

pi. 19, f. 13. = N. lineata, Lam 82

Picturata (Neritina), Jan. Rossmass. Icon., h. ii, 1835.

= N. varia, Ziegler. ........ 48

Pila, Klein. 1753, 4, 18, 27

Pileolus (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 65, pi.

8, f. 3. = N. crepidularia, Lam. 77

Pileolus (Cookson), Sowerby. Genera of Shells, 1823, . . 11
Pilula (Liotia), Bunker. Mai. Blatt, vi, p. 226, . . 107, 112
Piperina (Neritina), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab. bd. ix, 1795, p.

173, t. 197, f. 1905, 1906. = Neritina pennata, Born. . 59
Pisiformis (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 181.
, = Neritina chlorostoma, Brod. ...... 66

Plana (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 43, 1850, ... 83
Planissima (Neritina), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., 1869, p. 378,

pi. 15, f. 9, 62

Planorbula (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 43, 1850, . . 85
Planospira (Nerita), Anton Verzeich., p. 30, 1839, . . .21
Planospirata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 246, . . 103
Plexa (Nerita), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab., vol. v, p. 190, f. 1944,

1945 . 19

Plicata (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., vii, 1858, p. 372.
= N. interrupta, Recluz. ....... 68

Plicata (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 779, . . .27
Plumata (Neritina), Menke. Syn. Moll., 1830, p. 39.

= N. crepidularia, Lam. ....... 77

Plumbea (Navicella), Sowb. In coll.

= N. caerulescens, Reel . 82

Plumbea (Neritina), Reel. ms. Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p.

538, pi. 112, f. 119, 120, 37

Polita (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 778, . . 30

Politum (Teinostoma), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 1854, . . 103

Polydelta (Neritina Ualanensis, Lesson, var.), Martens. Kiist.,

p. 193, f. 1-4, 7, ... .41

Ponceliana (Vitrinella), Folin. Meleagrinicoles, p. 51, t. 5, f.

7, .•/'.' -101

Porcata (Neritina), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii,

1847, p. 225, -60

Porcellana (Navicella), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 372, 1841.

= N. Borbonica, Bory. . . . . . 78, 79

Porcellana (Patella), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758, p. 781.
= Navicella suborbicularis, Sowb.
10

146 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Porcellna (Navicella), (L.) Gould. LT. S. Expl. Exped. Moll.,

p. 156, f. 178. = N. depressa, Less. . . 81

Porroi (Neritina), Stabille. Fauna Helv., p. 46.

= X. fluviatilis, Linn. ....... 47

Poucheti (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud.

Moll., p. 66, pi. 17, f. 11-13, 40

Powisiana (Neritina), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 71, 1843. . .59
Prrecognita (Nerita), C. B. Adams, Ms. in Mus. Cuming.

= N. fulgurans, Grnel. var. . . . . . . 24

Prevostiana (Neritina), Bupuy. Moll. France, 549,

= N. fluviatilis, Linn. ....... 46

Prevostiana (Neritina), Partsch. Terver, Cat. Moll, du Nord.

de 1' Afrique, p. 38. = N. Numidica, Reel. . . .50
Prevostiana (Neritina), Partsch, Pfr., Land und "VVasser-

Sdmecken, iii, 49, 1828, 49

Prevostiana (Neritina) (Partsch), Benoit. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital.,

1875, p. 162. = N. meridionalis, Phil 48

Prevostianus (Theodoxus), Partch. Issel. Moll, della Pur.

Pisa., 1866. = Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. .... 46
Pritchardi (Neritina), Dohrn. P. Z. S., 1861, p. 206, pi. 26,

f.2, , . . . 65

Profunda (Navicella pala, Mousson, var.), Mousson, Cat. Mus.

Godeffroy, p. 97.

- N. Freyciueti, Reel. var. compressa, Martens. . . 80

Profimdum (Cyclostrema), Friele. Jeffreys, Zool. Proc., 91,

1883. = C. basistriatum, Brugnone, . . . .96

Prominula (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., 245, 1861, . 84
Propinquus (Clithon), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., xvii, p.

373, pi. 15, f. 8. = Neritina castauea, Hombr. et Jacq. 61, 67
Proxima (Cyclostrema), Tryon, . . . . . .98

Pruinosa (Ganesa), Jeffreys. P. Z. S., 1884, p. 94, pi. 19, f. 8, 100
Pseudorbis, Monterosato. Nom. Gen. e Spec. Conch. Med. p.

109, 1884, 13, 87

Pseudorotella, Fischer. Jour, de Conch., vi, 52, 1857, . 15, 105
Psittacea (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, f. 33.

= N. Freycineti, Reel. . . . . . . .80

Puella (Neritella), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat, Hist., vii, p.

43. ? = N. Rangiana, Recluz, ...... 55

Pulchella (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 175.

= Neritina Sowerbiana, Reel 67

Pulchella (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 25.

= N. tessellata, Lam 82

Pulchella (Cyclostrema), Bunker. Mai. Blatt., vi, p. 225, 1860.
= C. micans, A. Adams. ....... 88

Pulchella (Neritina), Gray. Wood's Index Test. SuppL, t. 8,

f. 18. N. virginea, Linn. ...... 40

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 147

PAGE.

Pulchella (Neritina), Morch. VTidensk. Meddelels Naturh. for

Kjobenhavn, 1872, p. 27. = N. Ualanensis, Less. . . 41
Pulcherrima (Septaria), Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Gcn-
ova, 1883, p. 85, . 81

Pulcherrima (Neritina), Mousson, Journ. de Conch., vi, 1857,

p. 164. = N. ziczac, Sowb. var. 36

Pulchi'rrinm (Vitta), Angas. P. Z. S., 1871, p. 19, 96, pi. i, f.

2o. - Neritina Sowerbiana, Montrouzier, . . .55

Pulchra (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. 111., no. 57, f. 59.

= N. variegata, Lesson, 36

Pulligera (Neritina), Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, ZooL,

iii, p. 198, pi. 65, f. 6. = N. sqnamipicta, Recluz*. . . 58
Pulligera (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1253, 56, 57
Ptinctata (Nerita), Quoy et Gaim. Yoy. Astrolabe, iii, p. 185, pi.

<;.">, f. 41-42. ? = N. undata, Linn., var. funiculata. . . 29
Punctatum (Teinostoma), Jouss. Guerin's Mag. 337, t. 18, f.

5, 1872, 104

Punctifera (Neritina), Mousson. In coll.

N. subpunctata, Recluz 69

Punctulata (Neritina), Lam. Encyc. Meth. ii, pi. 455, f. 2, . 60
Pupa (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 378, . . .42
Pupa (Nerita), Pallas. Reisen d. verschied. Prov. d. Buss

Keiches, vol. i, p. 345. = N. liturata, Eichwald. . . .47
Puperita, Gray. Guide Moll. Brit. Mus., 137, 1857, . 6, 42
Pura (Vitrinella), Garrett. P. A. N. S., Phila., 1873, p. 213,

pi. 2, f. 13, 101

Purpurata (Neritina), Parreyss, in coll. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. 47
Purpurea (Nerita), Budginr. Mss. in Sowb., Cat. Tankerv.

Coll., 1828, p. 45. = Neritina crepidularia, Lam. . . 77
Pusilla (Neritina), C. B. Adams, Cont. to Conch., p. 112 .77
Pusilla (Natica), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, 141, t. 24, f. 13,

1844. = Adeorbis subcarinatus, Montagu. . . .85

Pusilla (Margarita), Jeffreys, Zool. Proc., 91, 1883.

=' Cyclostrema nitens, Phil. ...... 97

Pusilla (Neritina), C. B. Ad., Contrib. Conch., 112.

= Calceolina. . . . . . . . . . 105

Pustulata ( Xeritina), Parreyss, in coll.

N. fluviatilis, Linn., var. ...... 47

Pvirnuea (Neritina), C. B. Adams, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,

iK p. 7, .77

Pyrenaica (Neritina fluviatilis, L. var.) Moq.-Tand., p. 549, . 46

Quadricolor (Nerita), Gmel. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, p. 3684.

N. undata, Linn. ........ 29

Quoyi (Navicella Urvillei, var.), Reel., Rev. Zool., 2841, p.
378. = N. suborbicularis, Sowb 81

148 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Radiata (Liotia), Kiener. Coq. Yiv., Monog. Deiphinula, 7, t.

4, f. 9, Ill

Radiata (Xavicella), Reeve. Conch. Syst., pi. 199, f. 7.

= X. tessellata, Lam 81

Radiata (Xeritina), Lang. Jan. Conspect. Meth. Test., 10, p.

7. = X. transversalis, Ziegler. . . . . . .47

Racliatum (Teinostoma), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. X. Hist., 267,

1860, . . 103

Radula (Xeritopsis), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. xii, 1252, . . 82
Radula, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840. = Neritopsis, Grat. 12
Ramosa (Xeritina), Meusch. Morch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 166, 1852.

= X. ziczac, Sowb. ........ 36

Rangiana (Xeritina), Reel. Rev, Zool., 1841, p. 339, . . 55
Rara (Xeritina), Dufo. Ann. d. Sci. Xat. (2) xiv, 1840, p.

195, . . . .62

Rarispina (Xeritina), Mousson. Land und Siiss-wasser, Moll.

von Java, p. 83, t. 12, f. 5-6 ; t. 12, f. 12, . . . 69

Rarispina (Xeritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 311,
Rarispina (Xeritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool.,

v, p. 69, pi. 17, f. 36, 38. = X. Souleyetana, Recluz. . 64

Reclivata (Xeritina), Say. Journ. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila., iii,

2, July 1822, p. 257, 36, 37, 39, 60

Recluzii (Xavicella), Reeve. Conch. Syst., ii, pi. 199, f. 6.

= X. tessellata, Lain. ........ 81

Recluziana (Xeritina), Guillou. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 345.

= X. Souleyetana, Reel. ....... 64

Reeveiana (Cyclostrema), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur., p. 52, pi.

16, f. 17, ... 88

Regularis (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat., Xo. 266, . 103
Reticularis (Xeritina), Sowb. Conch. 111., no. 51, f. 44.

= X. retifera, Bens 71

Reticulata (Xavicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, 1856, pi. 5, f.

20. = X. tessellata, Lam 82

Reticulata (Xerita), Karsten. Mus. Lesk., 296, 1789, . . 21
Reticulata (Xeritina), De Cristofori et Jan. Cat. Rev. Xat.,

1832, p. 7. - X. reclivata, Say., var. reticulata. . . 39

Reticulata (Xeritina), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 201, . 42
Reticulata (Xerita), Quoy et Gaimard. Voy. de FAstrolabe,

Zool., iii, p. 193, pi. 65, f. 3, 4. = Xeritina dubia, Chemn. 44
Retifera (Xeritina), Benson. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, ii,

1836, p. 749 .71

Retropicta (Xeritina), Martens. Kiist. Conch. Cab., p. 169, t.

17, f. 18-20, . .67

Retusa (Xeritina), Morelet. Journ. de Conch., iv, 1853, p. 372,

pi. ii, f. 9, 10, . . .67

Reynesiana (Xeritina fluviatilis, L. var.) Paladilhe. Dubreuil,
Cat. Moll. Terr, et fluv. de 1'Herault, 1869, p. 73.
= X. fluviatilis, Linn. ....... 46

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 149

PAGE.

Rhinoceras (Teinostoma), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool. France,

1881, p. 184, . .105

Rhodocolpos (Neritina), Jan. Conspect. Meth. Test., 1830, p.

7. = N. fluviatilis, Linn., var. ...... 46

Rhytidophora (Neritina), Tap-Cauefri. Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva,

xix, p. 76, t. 1, f. 5, 6, 7, 66

Ringicula (Nerita), Philip. Zeitsch. f. Mai., 1851, p. 86, . 35
Ringens (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon.j f. 7-").

= N. plicata, Linn 27

Ritena, Gray. Zool. Proc., 92, 1858. = Pila, Klein. . . 4
Rivula (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole. Sud. Moll.,

p. 17, pi. 18, f. 27-29. = N. Roissyana, Recluz.. . 38

Rivalis (Neritina), Ziegler. Jan. Conspect. Meth. Test., 1830,

p. 7. = N. varia, Ziegler. . . . . . . . 48

Rometteusis (Tharsis), Seguenza. Graells, Desc. Esp. Nouv. etc.,

7, 1877 ; Jeffreys, Zool., Proc., 93, t. 19, f. 7, 1883, . . 100
Roseotincta (Cyclostrema), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., p. 737,

pi. 75, f. 27, 1871, 93

Rossmiissleriana (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z. 8., 1845, p. 119, . 62
Roissyana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 338, . 38

Roissyi (Neritina), Recluz. Jour, de Conch. 1850, p. 151.

= N. Roissyana, Reel 38

Rostrata (Neritina), Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 151.

= N. auriculata, Lam. . . . . . . .73

Rotundata (Neritina reclivata, Say. var.), Martens. Mai. Bliitt,

xii, 1865, S. 61. =N. reclivata, Say 39

Rubella (Nerita), O. F. Miiller. Hist. Vermium, ii, p. 195.
= Neritina pulligera, Linn. ...... 57

Rubricata (Neritina), Morelet. Series Conch., i, 1858, p. 30,

pi. 3,f.2, 61

Rubicunda (Neritina), Martens. Ku'ster Conch. Cab., p. 32, t.

6, f. 20-23 .73

Rubida (Neritina), Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 1867, p.

285, pi. 24, f. 5 54

Rudis (Nerita), Wood. Index Test. SuppL, t. 8, f. 13, 1828.
= N. reticulata, Karsten. .....

Rudis (Nerita), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 285, t. 24, f. 4,

1867. = N. pica, Gould 34

Rugata (Nerita), (Reel.) Souleyet. Voy. de la Bonite, Zool.,

ii, p. 566, pi. 34, f. 24-27. = Neritina subpunctata, Recluz. 69
Rugata (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool,, 1842, p. 75.

N. brevispina, Lam. .... .65

Ruginosa (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 310.

= N. brevispina, Lam., var. . .65

Rugosa (Nerita), Busch in Phil. Abbild., i, t, i, f. 4.

= Neritina subpunctata, Reel.

150 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Rugulosum (Cyciostrema), (Jeffrey's Mss.), Sars, Moll. Reg.

Arct. Xorv., p. 129, pi. 21, f. 1, 96

Ruicla (Neritina), Mousson. Journ. Conch., vi, 1857, p. 162.

= X. squarrosa, Recluz. ....... 65

Rumphii (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 147.

= N. polita, var. ........ 31

Sagittata (Neritina faba., Sowb. var.), Martens. Kiist., p. 176,

t. 18, f. 14, 17, 68

Saint-Simonia, Bourg. Foss. Dalmat. Lettres, Mai., 50.

= Neritodonta, Brusina. ....... 7

Salatana (Neritina), Zelebor. In litt.

= X. varia, Ziegler 48

Salmacida (Neritina), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 1879, p. 312,

pi. xii, f. 5, .43

Salonitana (Xeritina), Lanza. In collections.

— X". fluviatilis, Linn. . . . . . . . 46

Samoeusis (Xerita), Dunker. Mai. Bliitt, xviii, p. 167.

= N. affinis, Reeve. ........ 34

Sandalina (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 76, . . 61
Sandwichensis (Neritina), Deshayes. Conch. 1'isle Reunion,

p. 81, = N. Mauritii, Less. ...... 75

Sandwichensis (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 82.

= N. vespertina, Nuttall. ....... 7o

Sandwichensis (Xeritina), Deshayes. An. s. Vert., 2nd, ed.,

1838, p. 519. N. cariosa, Gray 75

Sangara (Neritina), Morelet. Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 355.

= N. Adansoniana, Recluz. ....... 40

Sanguinea (Neritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p. 513, pi. 114,

f. 162, , 5S

Sanguinolenta (Nerita), Menke. Verzeichn., 15, 1829.

— N. albicilla, Linn. . . . . . . . .19

Sangnisuga (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, pi. iv, f. 17.

= N. macrocephala, Guillou. ...... 79

Sardoa (Neritina), Menfce. Syu. Moll., ed. ii, 1830, p. 49,

140, . ... . 49

Saturata (Nerita), Hutton. Proc. Linn. Soc., N. S. Wales, ix,

p. 354. = X'. atrata, Reeve. ...... 26

Sauleyi (Xeritina), Bourg. Test. Xov., p. 25, . . .54

Savesi (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de. Conch., 1878, f. 345.

= N. cornea, Linn 45

Savieana (Nerita), Recluz, Ms. Mus. Chiming, Conch. Icon.,

f. 37, 1855. = N. undata, Linn

Sayana (Xeritina), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 199, . 41
Scaber (Adeorbis), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 129, 1848, ... 86
Scabrella (Nerita), Phil. Zeitsch. f. Mai., 1848, p. 14, . . 35
Scabrella (Nerita), Phil. Zeit. f. Mai., 14, 1849.

= N. chameleon, Linn. ....... 20

INDKX AM) SYNONYMY. l.~)l

PAG E

Scabricosta (Xerita), Lam. An. s. Vert., vi, 2, p. 1JU

\**2, 29, 30

Scabricosta (Xerita), Delessert. Rec. de Coq., t. 32, f. 6.

X. costata, Chemn. ....... -_>7

Sra-vola, Gemmellaro. Bull. Soc. Sc. Palermo, xiii, 2, 1878, . 17
Sruhiroides (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. Icon., Sp. 11, 184o, . 108
Scalpta (Xerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 31, l<sr,r,.

= X. tessellata, Gmel. -24

Scnphaiiidea, Rolle, 1862. = Xeritopsis, Grat. . .12

Scarabreus (Xavicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, pi. 3, f. 12.

= N. macrocephala, Guillou. ...... 7!)

Schlaflii (Xeritina), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., 1874, p. 49.

= X. crepidularia, Lam. . . . . . . .77

Schiragensis (XTeritina), Parreyss in coll.

X. pallida, Dunker. 50

Schiragensis (Xeritina), Bourg. Issel, Moll. Miss. Ital. Pers.,

p. 24. = X. Anatolica, Recluz., var. . . . .52

Schmeltziana (Xerita), Dunker. = N. maculata, Pse. . . '2-\
Schmelziana (Xavicella), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., xviii,

1870, p. 227. - X. variabilis, Reel. . . . . .81

Schraumii (Cyclostrema), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., pi. 10, f.

10, 1857, ... 89

Schulzii (Xeritina), Grimm. Kaspinskoe more fauna, ii, 1877,

p. 77, t. 8, f. 16, ...... . 50

Sculpta (Xavicella), Martens. Kiist., Conch. Cab. p. 15, t. 2,

f. 5-8, 79

Sculptilis (Vitrinella), Garrett. P. A. X". S. Phila., p. 213, pi.

2, f. 15, 1873. Cyclostrema Marchei, Jouss. . . 88

Seguenzianus (Adeorbis), Tryon. ...... 84

Semen (Xeritina), Tap-Canefri. Ann. Mus. Geneva vii, p.

1031. = Souverbiana, Montr 55

Semi-clathratula (Liotia), Schrenck. Amur-land Moll., p. 370, 109
Semi-conica (Xeritina), Lam. An. s. Vert., ed. I, vi, 2, p.

' 187, 37, 38

Seminuda (Vitrinella), 0. B. Ad. Panam. Cat., Xo. 267, . 103
Semirugosa (Xerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 102. .
Semistriata (Pseudorotella), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, 111., t. 18, f.

20-22, 105

Semisulcata (Cyclostrema), Issel, Mar. Rosso, 287, t. 5, f. 6, .
Senegalensis (Xerita), Gmel., Syst. Xat,, p. 3686, . . 22,33
Septaria, Fer., Essai d'une meth. etc. 1807.

= Navicella, Lam. ....-••
Serpuloides (Helix), Montagu, Test. Brit., suppl., p. 147, t. 21,

f. 3. = Cyclostrema divisa, Ad.
Serratilinea (Xeritina), Hohenacker., Bt:Il. Soc. imp. Mosrou,

, p. 147. = X. litnrata, Eichwali, . . 47

152 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PACK.

Serratilinea (Neritina Danubialis, var.), Ziegler, Jan, Conspec-

Meth. Test. 1830, p. 7, 4»>

Serrulata (Nerita), Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 76.

— N. ziczac, Sowb., var 36

Shandi (Liotia), Hutton, Cat. N. Z. Moll., p. 35.

= ? juv. Turbo creniferus, Kiener. 112

Showalteri (Neritina), Lea, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1861, p. 55, . 53
Siderea (Liotia), Rve., Conch. Icon. sp. 23, . 110

Sideria (Neritina) Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist ii, 1847, p.

228. = N. chlorostoma, Brod 66

Signata (Nerita) Macleay, Lam., An. s. Vert., vi, Pt. 2, p. 175.

= N. reticulata, Karsten. ....... 22

Simile (Cyclostrema) Jeffreys. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 92, pi. 19, f. 4, 98
Sinensis (Adeorbis) A. Adams, Ann. Muff. Nat. Hist., 1861, p.

305, 85

Siquijorensis (Neritina) Recluz, P. Z. S., 1843, p. 198.

= N. crepidularia, Lam. . . . . . . .77

Smaragdia, Issel, Mai. Mar Rosso, p. 212. 1869, . 7, 54

Smithiana (Stanleya), Bourg., Node Lac Tanganyika, p. 88,

1885, ... * 56

Smith! (Neritina) Sowb., Conch. 111., fig. 36, . . . .37
Sobrina (Nerita) Recluz., P. Z. S., 1845, p. 119.

= Neritina zebra, Brug. ....... 37

Solida (Teinostoma), E. A. Smith, P. Z. S., p. 737, t. 75, f, 25,

1871, . . 105

Solidissima (Neritina) Sowb., P. Z. S., 1849.

= N. cariosa, Gray 75

Solidula (Liotia) Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc., vii, p. 141, . . 112
Solium (Neritina) Recluz, P. Z. S., 1845, p. 120.

= N. olivacea, Reel. ........ 70

Solomonensis (Neritina) Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 106.

= N. porcata. Gould 60

Souleyetaua (Neritina), Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1842, . . .64
Souverbiana (Neritina) Montrouzier, Jour, de Conch, 1863. p.

75, 175, pi. 5, fig. 5, . . . . ' . . . . 55
Sowerbiana (Neritina) Recluz, P. Z. S., 1842, p. 174, . . 67
Sowerbii (Neritina) Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 89.

— N. Sowerbiana, Reel. ....... 67

Speciosa (Liotia), Angas. P. Z. S., p. 19, t. 1, f. 26, 1871. . 110
Spengleriana (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1843, p. 201.

= N. undata, Linn., var. . . . . . . .2!)

Sphseroides (Cyclostrema), S. Wood, Ann. Mag. p. 533, t. 5,

f. 3, 1842 ; Jeffreys, P. Z. S., p. 93, 1883, . 98
Spinifera (Neritina), Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 183.

? == N. Diadema, Recluz .64

Spinifera (Neritina), (Recluz), Sowb., Thes., ii, p. 526, pi. 110,

fig. 53, 54. = N. diadema, Reel. . . . . .64

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. lo.0,

PAGK.

Spinifera (Neritina nucleolus, Morelet, var.) Martens. Kiist.

Conch. Cab., p. 177, t. 16, fig. 4-6, . . . .68

Spinipercla (Neritina), Morelet. Series Conch., ii, p. 121, pi. 6.

fig. 3, 70

Spinosa (Nerita), Wood. Suppl. Ind. Test. p. 25, pi. 8, fig. VI.

= Neritina brevispina, Lam. ...... 65

Spinosa (Neritina rarispina Mouss., var.) Mousson., Moll.

Java, p. 84, 69

Spinosa (Cyclostrema) Tenison- Woods, Roy. Soc. Tasmania,

1876, p. 147. . 95

Spinosa (Neritina) (Budgin) Sowb., Cat. Coll. Tankerville, p.

45, 1845, r,:i

Spiralis (Neritina) Reeve, Conch. Icon., ix, t. 23, fig. 99.

= N. obtusa, Benson. . ...... 4-S

Spiralis (Neritina) Martens (not Reeve), Kust. Conch. Cab., p.

69. = N. sulculosa, Mart <>o

Spirula (Cyclostrema) A. Ad. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 44, . . 100
Spiruloides (Vitrinella) Carp., P. Z. S., p. 169, 1856,
Spuria (Monilea) Gould. = Liotia granulosa, Dunker. . 109

Squama (Navicella) Mousson, Cat. Mus. Godetfroy iv, 1869, p.

28. = N. Bourgainvillei, Reel. . . .'•'.. . .30
Squamsespina (Neritina) Mousson, in coll.

= N. aculeata, Grnel. . . . . . . . .71

Squamata (Navicella) Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 135.

= N. suborbicularis, Sowb. .... .81

Squamipicta (Neritina) (Recluz in mus. Cuming) Sowb., Thes.,

p. 513, .58

Squamosa (Neritina) (Reel.) Sowb. Thes. ii, p. 527, pi. 119,

fig. 26, 27. = N. squarrosa, Recluz. . . . . .65

Squamulata (Nerita) Le Guillou, Rev. Zool. p. 344, 1841.

= N, chameleon, Linn 20

Squarrosa (Neritina) Recluz, P. Z. S., 1842, p. 173, 65

Stanleya, Bourguignat, Notice Lac Tanganyika, p. 86, 1885, 7, 56
Stella (Nerita) Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., xi, pi. 197, fig. 1907,

1908. = N. chamaeleon, Linn. . . . 20

Stellaris (Delphinula) Ads. and Reeve, Voy. Samarang, t. 11,

f. 7, 112

Stenopoma Gray, P. Z. S., 1867, p. 998. .... 10, 82
Stragulata (Neritina Danubialis, Muhlf. var.) Muhlf.. Land und

Wasser Schnecken, pt. 3, 1828, t. 8, f. 19 45

Striata (Rotella) d'Orb., Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 63, t. 18, f. 29-31, . lni>
Striata (Nerita) Chemn., Conch. Cab., v, p. 311, 1. 192, f. 1992-

1995. — N. versicolor, Gm. ... - -•>

Striata (Nerita) Chemn., Conch. Cab., v, p. 298, t. 191, f.

1962-3. = N. tessellata, Gmel.
Striata (Nerita) Burrow, Elem. Conch., p. 172, 1815.
= N. undata, Linn, var

154 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Striatella (Adeorbis) Montrouzier, Jour, de Conch., 1869, p.

419, . . 83

Striatus (Adeorbis) Chemu, Manuel de Conch., i. p. 352. f.

2589,2590. = Circulus striatus, Phil. . . . .86
Stricta (Xerita) Baird, Cruise of Curacoa, p. 438, pi. 38, fig.

10, 11, .' . . .' . . . . . .34

Strigillata (Xeritina) Sowb., Conch. 111., Xo. 18, fig. 4.

= X. com munis, Quoy et Gaim. . . . . .39

Strigillata (Neritina) Lain., An. s. Vert., ed. i, vi, p. 187.

= X. turrita, Chemn. ....... 37

Strigillata (Xeritina) (Lam.) Recluz, Jour, de Conch., i, p. 151.

= X. ziczac. (Lam.) Sowb. ....... 36

Strigillatus (Clithon) Tapparone-Canefri, Zool. R. Freg. Mag-
enta, Mai., p. 54, t. 1, fig. 6. = N. Donovana, Recluz. . 65
Strigosa (Xeritina faba, Sowb. var.) Martens, Ku'st. Conch. Cab.,

p. 176, 68

Striolata (Xerita) Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 337.

= Xeritina reclivata, Say, var striolata 39

Striolatum (Cyclostrema) Bars, Mss.

= C. basistriatum, Jeffr. ....... 96

Striulata (? Liotia) Carp., Mazat. Cat., p. 248, . . . . 112

Studeriana (^Xeritina Souleyetana, Reel, var.) Martens, Mon-
^ atsb. Berlin, p. 284, 1877. = X. Souleyetana, Recluz. . 64
Suavis (Xeritina) Gassies, Jour, de Conch., xxvii, 1879, p. 134, 56
Subalata (Xeritina) Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1862, p. 269.

= X. auriculata, Lam. . . . . . . .73

Subangulata (Adeorbis) A. Adams, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 76, . 85

Subauriculata (Xeritina) Recluz in Sowb., Thes. Conch., ii, p.

510, fig. 138. = X. auriculata, Lam. . . . .73

Subcanalis (Xeritina pulligera, Linn, var) Mousson, Jour, de

Conch, xiii, 1865, p. 205, . . . . . . .57

Subcarinatus (Adeorbis), Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 438, t. 7, f. 9, 85
Subdisjuncta (Cyclostrema) H. Adams, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 293,

pi. 28, f. 18, . . 100

Subexcavata (Cyclostrema) Try on. . . . . . .99

Subgranosa (Xeritina) Sowb., Conch. 111., fig. 14.

— X..brevispina, Lam. . . . . . . .65

Subocellata (Xeritina) Martens, Schepmann, Xotes Ley den

Mus., vii, 49, t. 4, f. 3, 1885. = X. olivacea, Reel. . .70
Suborbicularis (Xavicella) Sowerby, Cat. Tankerville Coll.

1825, appendix x. ........ 81

Subplanospira (Xeritina gagates, Lam. var.), Martens, Ku'ster.

Conch. Cab., t. 13, fig. 8, . . . . . . 35, 82

Subpunctata (Xeritina) Recluz, P. Z. S., 1843, p. 199, . . 69
Subquadrata (Vitrinella) Carp., Mazat. Cat., 241, . . 102

Subrostrata (Xavicella tessellata, Lam. var.) Martens, Kiist.

Conch. Cab., p. 37, t. 7, figs. 16, 17, . . . .81

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. I'M

PAGE.

Subrugata (Neritina) Baird, Cruise of Curacoa, p. 488, pi. 38,

figs. 7-9. — N. brevispina, Lam. var. .... <5o
Suhsinuata (Neritina) (Sowb.) Mousson, Jour, de Conch., xviii,

j). 222. - N. subsulcata, Sowb. . . . . ,46

Substriatum (Teinostoma) Carp., Ma/at. Cat., 254, . . . 104
Subsulcata (Neritina) Sowb., Conch. Conch. 111., fig. 50.

- N. cornea, Linn. var. . . . . . . ,46

Subthermalis (Neritina fluviatilis, Linn, var.) Bourg., Issel,

Moll. Miss. Ital. Persia, p. 23, . . 47

Sumnea (Neritina) Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 343, . . 54
Suffreni (Navicella), Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 374, 375.

= N. Freycineti, Reel. var. compressa, Martens. . . 80

Sulcata (Neritina) Nyst, Recluz, Journ de Conch., i, p. 149.

= N. aculeata, Gmel. ........ 71

Sulcata (Cyclostrema) A. Adams, P. Z. S., 1850, p. 44, - . 94
Sulcata (Neritina pulligera, Lam. var.) Tenison-Woods, Proc.

Lin. Soc. N. S. W., 1878, p. 3, . . 57

Sulcata (Nerita), Anton, Verzeichniss, 1839, p. 29.

= Neritina cornea. Linn. ..... .45

Sulcatum (Cvclostrema) Watson, Challenger Rept. p. 121, t. 8,

f. 11, ."...-... .94

Sulculosa (Neritina) Martens, Kiister's Conch. Cab., 277, t. 8,

f. 23-26, .... 60

Sumatrensis (Neritina), Sowb., Conch. 111., fig. 54.

= N. variegata. Lesson. . . ' . . . . .36
Susonis (Cyclostrema) Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasma-
nia, 1876, p. 147, 95

Suturalis (Adeorbis), A. Ad., Ann. and Mag., p. 245, 1861, ^ . 87
Syriaca (Neritina) Bourg., Cat. Raisonne Moll., Recueillies,
" 1853, p. 71, . . oO

Tabernaculatus (Cimber) Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, 1810, p. 82.

;= Navicella Borbonica, Bory St. V. ... .78

Tahitensis (Neritina) Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., ii, p. 385, . 7-°>
Tamsiana (Liotia), (Dunker) Phil., Kiister's Conch. Cab., Del-

phin. 16, t. 5, f. 9, •

Tantilla (Liotia) A. Adams, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 72, .
Tasmanica (Liotia) Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania,

1875, p. 153, -.

Tatei (Cyclostrema) Angas, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 862, pi. 54, f. 10, 93
Teuare, Gray. P. Z. S., 1858, p. 92. = Peloronta, Oken. . 4
Tenebricosa (Neritina) C. B. Adams, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.

Y., 1852, p. 99. = N. virginea, Linn.

Tenebrosa (Nerita) Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 180, . , ^>->
Tenerum (Cyclostrema) Jeffreys, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 91, pi. 19,

fiir. 2, . . . . . . . . . . .98

156 INDEX AND SYNONOMY.

PAGE.

Teiuostoma, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., 1, p. 122,

1853, . . . _ . . ^ . . . . . _15, 103
Tenuiliratus (Adeorbis) E. A. Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc., xii, 557,

t. 30, f. 18, 1876, 86

Tenuisculpta (Vitrinella) Carp, P. Z. S., p. 270, 1865, . . 103
Tessellata (Navicella) Lam., Encyc. Meth., pi. 456, fig. 4, 77, 81, 82
Tessellata (Nerita) Gmel., Syst. Nat,, p. 36, 85, ... 24
Tessellata (Neritina) Ziegler. Villa. Disp. Syst,, 1841, p. 33.

= N. meridionalis, Phil. ....... 48

Testudinea (Neritina) Homb. et Jacq., Voy au Pole Sud, p. 67,

pi. 17, fig 14-16. = N. Iris, Mousson 58

Textilis (Nerita) Gmel., Syst. Nat,, p. 3683.

= N. plexa, Chemn .19

Tharsis, Jeffreys, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 93, . . . . 14,100
Theliostyla, Morch,. Cat. Yoldi, 167, 1852.

= Nerita, Adanson 18

Theodoxus, Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, 351, 1810, . . .6
Thermalis (Neritina) Boubee, Bull. d'Hist. Nat. France, 1833,

p. 11, 12. - N. fluviatilis, Linn. var. . . . . 4H
Thermophila (Neritina) Martens, Monatsb. Berlin Akad., 284,

t. 1, f. 12, 1877, . .66

Ticinensis (Neritina) Villa, Dispos. Syst. Conch., p. 38, 60.

= N. fluviatilis, Linn. ....... 47

Tincta (Vitrinella) C. B. Ad., Monog. Vit., 8, 1850, . . 103
Tigrina (Neritina) Benson, Jour. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, v, 1836,

p. 749. N. Smithi, Sowb 37

Tornata (Cvclostreina) A. Adams, Sowb., Thes., f. 13, . . 94
Tomostoma, Desh., Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, Dec. 19, 1823, . . 9
Tougaensis (Nerita) Homb. et Jacq., Voy. Pole Sud., t. 16, f.

15-20. = N. striata, Burrow 28

Tourannensis (Nerita) Souleyet, Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 269.

= Neritina crepidularia, Lam. . . . . . .77

Trabalis (Vitta), (Lam.) Morch, Cat. Yoldi. p. 167.

= Neritina virginea, Linn. . . . . . . 40

Trachydomia, Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., ii, 1866, . 13
Trachysma, Jeffreys, Sars, Moll. A ret. Norveg, 211, 1878.

= Architsea, Costa 13

Transversalis (Neritina) (Ziegler) Porro, Mai. Comasca, p. 107,
. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. ....... 46

Transversalis (Neritina) (Ziegler). Pfr., Deutsche Land und

Wasser Schnecken, pt. iii, 1828, t. 8, figs. 13, 14, .47

Triangularis (Neritina), Meusch. Morch., Cat. Yoldi, 1852, p.

166. — N. ziczac, Sowb., var. ...... 36

Tricarinata (Cyclostrema) E. A. Smith, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 737,

pi. 75, f. 26, 93

Tricarinata (Vitrinella) C. B. Ad., Panama. Cat., No. 268, . 103

INDEX AND SYNONOMY. 157

PAGE.

Tricolor (Nerita) Gmel., Syst. Nat., ed. xiii.

— N. versicolor, Gm. . . . . . . 25

Tricolor (Neritina subpunctata, Reel, var.) Martens, Kiist.

Conch. Cab., p. 180, fig. 19, 69

Trifasciata (Neritina) Menke, Syn. Moll. p. 84,

= N. fluviatilis, Linn. ....... 47

Trifasciata (Neritina) (Menke) Villa, Dispos. Syst. Conch., p. 38.
= N. fluviatilis, Linn. ....... 47

Trifasciata (Neritina) (Menke), Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 147.
== N. transversalis, Ziegler. . . . . ... 47

Trifasciata (Nerita obatra, Reel, var.) Montrouzier, Jour de

Conch., 2d ser. iv, 113. = N. maxima, Gmel. var. . . :>1
Trigonata (Vitrinella), Carp., Mazat. Cat., 244.

= V. exigua, C. B. Ad 103

Triloba (Navicella Borbonica, var.) Martens, Kiister's Conch.

Cab., 11, . . 78

Tripaloia, Letourn. Bourg., Foss. Dalmat. Lettres Mai., 50.

= Neritodonta, Brusina. ....... 7

Triserialis (Neritina) Sowb., Conch. 111., fig. 60, ... 40
Tristis (Nerita) Phil. Expl. pi. 1st part of Ku'ster Conch. Cab.

— Neritina Perottetiana, Recluz. . . . . .53

Tristis (Neritina) Phil., Abbild., Nerita. I, Register.

= N. cariosa, Gray. ........ 75

Tristis (Neritina pupa, L., var.), d'Orb., Moll Cuba, p. 176, . 42
Tristis (Neritina) (Orb.) Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 144.

= N. chlorostoma, Brod 66

Tritonensis (Neritina) Guillou, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 345, . 69
Trizona (Neritina) Ziegler, Kreglinger, Binnen-Conch., 321.

- N. transversalis, Ziegler. . . . . . .47

Troscheli (Neritina) Recluz, Jour, de Conch., i, 1850, p. 155, . 73

Trochoides (Cyclostrema), Jeff., Friele 97

Trochoides (Cyclostrema) Verrill, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880,

p. 378. = C. Dalli, Verrill. 97

Trochula (Adeorbis) A. Adams, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 75, . . 84
Trojana (Neritina) Charpentier in coll.

=• N. Anatolica, Recluz, var. ...... 52

Truncata (Navicella magnifica, Rve. var.) Mousson, Jour de

Conch., xvii, 1869, p. 385. = N. macrocephala, Guillou. . 79
Truncata (Neritina) Sganzin Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Strasbourgh,

iii, 2, 1843, p. 20, 62

Tuberculosa (Liotia ?) d'Orb., Moll. Cuba, ii. 69, 1. 19, f. 28, 30, 99

Tubiola, A. Ad. P. Z. S. p. 71, 1864, . . 14, 95
Turbida (Neritina) Morelet, Test. Novissima, Paris, 1849, p. 27,

? = N. pimctulata, Lam. ....... 60

Turriculata (Neritina) Menke, Syn. Moll., ed. i, 1828, p. 27,

84. = N. virginea, Linn. ....... 40

158. INDEX AXD SYXOXOMY.

PAGE.

Turris (Neritina Jordani, Sowb. var.) Mousson, Naturf. Gesell,
Zurich, vi, 1861, p. 62, 51

Turrita (Neritina) Chemn. Conch. Cab., ix, 1786, t, 124, fig.
1085, 37, 38

Turtoni (Neritina) Recluz, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 71, ... 38

Dalanensia (Neritina) Less., Voy. -de la Coquille, Zool., ii, p.

379, ... . 41

Umlaasiana (Nerita) Krauss, Siid-Afr. Moll., p. 89, t. 5, f. 25.

= N. polita, Linn, var. . . . . . . .31

Undata (Nerita) Linn., Syst. Nat. x, p. 779, . . . .28

Undata (Nerita) Gould, Wilkes Expl. Exp. Shells, 167.

= N. striata, Burrow. ........ 28

Undatus (Clithon) Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., ii, 1830,

p. 381, pi. 13, fig. 13. = Neritina spinosa, Sowb. . . 64
Undulata (Nerita) Gmelin, Syst, Nat., 36, 78.

= N. undata. Linn 28

Undulata (Navicella Bougainville!. Reel, var.) Mousson, Jour.

de Conch., xiii, 1865, p. 206, 80

Unidentata (Neritina) Reel, Journ. de Conch., i, 1850, p. 158,

pi. 7, fig. 8 72

Unidentata (Nerita) Hombr. et Jacq., Voy. Astrolabe et Zelee,

v, p. 66, pi. 17, f. 6-7, 22

Urvillei (Navicella) Recluz, Rev. Zool. 378, 1841.

= N. suborbicularis, Sowb. . . . . . .81

Valentina (Neritina) Graells, Cat. Moll. Terr. Espana, p. 21,

fig. 31-34. = N. Guadianensis, Morelet. . . . 49

Valvatoides (Cvclostrema) Jeffreys, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 92, pi. 19,

f. 3. .:..,.... .98

Valvatoides (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad., Panama Cat., No. 269, . 103
Vanikorensis (Neritina) Hombr. et Jacq., Voy au Pole Sud.,

Moll., p. 68, pi. 17, figs, 30, 32. X. Sandalina, Reel. . 61
Varia (Neritina) Ziegler, Menke, Synops. Moll., 1828, p. 27, . 47
Varia (Nerita) Meusch, Morch, Cat. Yoldi, 168.

= N. tessellata, Gniel. ....... 24

Variabilis (Neritina.) Hecart, Mem. Soc. Agri. Valenciennes,

1833, p. 146. = N. fluviatilis, Linn 47

Variabilis (Navicella) Recluz, P. Z. S., 1842, p.^loo, . M

Variabilis (Clithon), Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., ii, p.

383, t. ix, f. 14. = Neritina brevispina, Lam. . . .65

Variabilis C Navicella) Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 8.

= N. tessellata, Lam. . . . . . . 81

Varicosa (Liotia) Reeve, Conch. Icon., Delphmula, sp. 12, 1M:>. 1 <>,s
Variegata (Nerita) Chemn., Conch. Cab.

= N. versicolor, Gmel. . . . . . . . -•>

INDEX AND SVXONOMY. |.")!)

1'AUK.

Variegata (Neritina) Lesson, Voy. de laCoquille, Zool., ii, 1<S:>0,
p. 378, 35

Varius (Adeorbis) Hutton, Cat. Moll. N. Z., p. 35.

= Fossarina, (Manual ix, 276.) 86

Yelusroi (Neritina) Graells, Cat. Moll. Terr. Espana 1846, p.

20, figs. 25-30. = N. Guadianensis, Morelet. . . .49
Velatella, Meek, Geol. 8urv. Terr., 499, 1872, ... 8, 49
Velates, Montfort, Conch. Syst, ii, 354, 1810, ... 8

Venosa (Neritina) Menke, Synops. Moll., ed. i, 1828, p. 26, 83.

= N. pupa, Linn 42

Venusta (Nerita) Dunker, Phil, Abbild. i, p. 86, t. 1, f. 11.

= N. albicilla, Linn. . . . . . . . .19

Versicolor (Nerita) Gmel., Syst. Nat., p. 3684, . . .25
Vespertina (Neritina) Nuttall, Jay's Cat. of Shells, p. 68, 73, 74
Vestita (Nerita) Souleyet, Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 269.

? = Neritina dubia, Chenin. . . . . . . 44

Verreauxii (Adeorbis) Fischer, Jour, de Conch., vi, 171, 1857 91
Vexillum (Nerita) Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 65, 1855, . . 34
Vidovichii (Neritina) Sandri, in collections.

X. fluviatilis, Linn. ....... 46

Vincentianas (Adeorbis) Angas, P. Z. 6., 1880, p. 417, pi. 40,

f. 9, . . .86

Vinosa (Neritina) Mousson, in coll.

X. virginea, Linn. ........ 40

Violacea (Neritina) Morelet, Desc. Moll. Terr, et fluv. Portugal,

p. 92, fig. 1. = N. elongatula, Morelet 48

Violacea (Nerita) Gmel., Syst. Nat., p. 3686.

? = Neritina crepidularia, Lam. . . . . . .77

Virginia) (Cyclostrema) Jouss., Guerin's Mag., 1872, t. 19, f. 2, 92
Virginea (Neritina) Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 778, . 37, 39
Viridis (Neritina) Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 778, . . 54, 56
Viridissima (Neritina) Tap.-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Genova, ix, p.

2*7. ?== N. Rangiana, Recluz 55

Vitiana (Neritina olivacea, Recluz, var.) Mousson, Jour, de

Conch., 1870, p. 223, 70

Vitiana (Neritina Pritchardi, Dohrn, var.) Mousson, Jour, de

Conch., 1870, p. 219 .. . fio

Vitiensis (Navicella pala, Mouss. var.) Mousson, Jour.de Conch.,

xviif, p. 235. = N. Freycineti, Reel. . . .80

Vitieusis (Neritina) Mousson, Jour, de Conch, xiii, 1865, p.

304; 1870, p. 218. = N. Roissyana, Recluz.
Vitiensis (Nerita) Hombr. et Jacq., Voy Astrolabe et Zelee, v,

p. 651, pi. 17, f. 3-5. = N. affinis, Reeve 34

Vitrinella, C. B. Adams, Monog. Vitrinella, 1850, . . . 15

Waigiensis (Neritina) Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, p.
.•',79. = N. commuiiis, Quoy Gaim. . . . . .39

160 INDEX AND SYNOXOMY.

PAGE.

Wallace! (Xeritina) Dohrn, P. Z. S., 1861, p. 206 ; pi. 26, fig. 1, 40

Wallisiarum (Xeritina) Recluz, Jour, de Conch, 1, p. 161, pi.
vii, figs. 11, 12, 1850. = X. variegata, Lesson. . . .36

Wallisii (Xeritina) Mousson, in coll.

= X. bicolor, Recluz. ........ 69

Webbei (Xeritina) Recluz, Jour, de Conch., t. 1850, p. 151.

= X. glabiata, Sowb. . . . . • . . . .56

Weldii (Cyclostrema) Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas-
mania, 1876, p. 147, 95

Winteri (Xerita) Phil., Abbild, i, p. 86, t. 1, f. 10, . . 25

Xanthostigma (Xeritina ziczac, Sowb. var.) Martens, Kiist.
Conch. Cab., p. 101, . . 36

Yoldii (Xerita) Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 151, ... 27

Zebra (Xeritina) Troschel, Gebiss der Schnecken, p. 177, t. 16,

fig. 11. = X. communis, Quoy et Gaim. . . . .39
Zebra (Xeritina) (Lam.) Krauss, Siid-afr. Moll. p. 88.

= X. Xatalensis, Reeve. ....... 35

Zebra • (Xeritina) Brug., Mem. de la Soc. d'Hist. Xat. Paris,

1799, p. 126, .37

Zebra (Xavicella) Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., ii, p. 386.

= X. depressa, Lesson. . . . . . . . 1 78

Zebrina (Xeritina), Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 341.

= X. fluviatilis, Linn. var. .... .46

Zebroides (Xerita), Lesson, in coll. = Xeritina dubia, Chemn. 44
Zelandica (Nerita) Recluz, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 120.

= Xeritina Turtoni, Reel 38

Ziczac (Xeritina) Sowb. (et Auct.) Thes. Conch., f. 105, 106, . 36
Zigzag (Xeritina) Lam, (not of authors), An. s. vert, viii, p.

570. ? = X. reclivata, Say 39

Zigzag (Xeritina) Morelet, Series Obnch., ii, p. 120,

— X. gagates, Lam. ........ 35

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

VOL. X, PART SECOND.

MONOGRAPHS OF THE TURBINIDJE AND
TROCHIDJE,

BY H. A. PILSBRY,

Conservator of the Conchological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia.

FAMILY TURBINID^E.

Animal with an oval, broad or narrow foot, truncated anteriorly ;
rostrum rather short, truncate; tentacles long, slender, cylindrical,
the eyes on peduncles at their exterior bases. Across the front of the
head, between the tentacles extends the more or less developed
"veil" ; and from a point below the tentacles, a fleshy ridge, the
"epipodial line" extends backward parallel with the margins of the
foot, and bearing usually several slender cirrhi on either side.

Radula rhipidoglossate, usually with the formula co '5'1'5'ao , but
sometimes lacking the median and one outer lateral tooth. The
lateral teeth are all of nearly the same form ; so that a transverse
row of teeth shows only three distinct forms. Jaws usually present.

Shell turbinate or trochiform, generally solid, smooth or rugulose;
aperture circular, oval or subtetragonal ; peristome simple. Oper-
culum calcareous, heavy, flat or concave with a thin corneous layer
internally, convex and calcareous externally, the nucleus multispiral
and either subcentral or at the margin.

The nervous system is chiastoneurous ; ( i. e. the viceral nervous
loop surrounding the intestine is thrown into a figure 8 form — the
right cord passing above the left — by that torsion of the viceral mass
which brings the outlet of the digestive tract to the right side of the
neck.)

The Turbinidce are mostly litoral in station, and inhabitants of
tropical and subtropical seas. They are herbivorous.
11 (161)

162 TURBINID^E.

Dr. Paul Fischer, in his excellent Manuel de Conchyliologie, divi-
des the Turbinidce into three subfamilies, denned as follows :

" I, Phasianellince — shell not nacreous ; II, Turbinince — shell na-
creous ; outer surface of operculum with few whorls ; III, Cyclonem-
atince, — shell nacreous, outer surface of operculum conical, elevated,
scalariform, with very numerous whorls."

The last group, embracing Oyclonema Hall, Oriostoma Munier-
Chalmas, and other exclusively fossil genera will not be further
considered here.

Contrary to the usual custom, the more aberrant subfamily, Phas-
ianellince, will be considered before taking up the Turbinime ; this
course being less objectionable than the unnatural sequence of groups
which would result from interpolating the Phasianellae between the
Turbines and the Trochids.

Subfamily PHASIANELLIN^:.

Shell bulimiform or subglobose, polished, without epidermis or na-
cre, variegated with bright colors; operculum heavy, calcareous, inter-
nally paucispiral, with nucleus near the basal margin, externally
convex, white; animal with long tentacles, and usually pectinated
head lobes ; epipodial line generally with cirrhi ; branchial plume
long ; foot narrowr, long, pointed posteriorly, rounded before, below
divided longitudinally by a median groove; jaws rhomboidal, cov-
ered with imbricating scales. Radula rather short ; formula of teeth
typically QC '5-1-51 oc, but sometimes lacking the median and outer lat-
eral teeth.

The considerable diversity which has been observed in the denti-
tion of the Phasianellince renders a brief review of our knowledge of
that organ in the various groups desirable. Unfortunately the soft
parts of Eucosmia, Chromotis and Alcyna have not been observed;
and I have been unable to obtain specimens of them containing the
animal.

Phasianella (typical). The radula of P. australis has been figured
by Eberhard. A transverse row of teeth forms a WT- shaped line.
The median tooth is wide, oval, a simple plate, without cusp, over-
lying the bases of the inner laterals ; the lateral teeth (" Zwischen-
platten " of Troschel) are of a rhomboidal form, and bear well de-
veloped cusps with a long and several small denticles ; the outer
(fifth) one is narrow ; marginals (" Seitenplatfcen ") with long
simple cusps, except the inner, which bears accessory small denticles

TURBINID^E. 163

at the base of the cusp. (PI. 61, fig. 1.) It is desirable that ad-
ditional specimens be examined.

Tricolia, The type species, P. speciosa, has a broad simple median
tooth, overlying the bases of the inner laterals ; these are sub-rhom-
boidal, produced at their outer angles into wings which overlie the
bases of the adjacent tooth outward, and have denticulate cusps.
The outer lateral is narrow, not produced on the outer angle. The
marginal teeth have long simple cusps, (pi. 60, fig. 72.) Troschel
has figured the radulse of P. pulla, (pi. 61, fig. 2.) P. Kochu and
P. capensis, all agreeing with P. speciosa.. The following also I have
found to be of the same type; P. tennis, P.umbilicata, P. compta,
P. affinis, P. fordiana. The jaws of the latter species are figured
(pi. 60, fig. 69). Several of these species lack the outer lateral tooth,
the formula being oo* 4' 1. '4' oo .

Orthomesiis. In this group the median tooth is reduced to a lin-
ear rudiment or wholly absent. The lateral teeth are of a squareish
form, their outer angles scarcely or not at all " winged," and but
slightly or not at all projecting over the adjacent tooth. They form
straight rows across the middle of the membrane, not V-shaped, as
in the preceding groups. In the typical species, P. variegata, the
laterals bear long cusps, with minute spurs at their bases ; the inner
marginals are very large, with enormous cusps, the outer ones with
long denticulate or laciniate cusps (pi. 61, figs. 3, 4.) Troschel fig-
ures this type of dentition for P. variegata, P. flammulata, Phil, and
P. lineolata. I have found the same in P. nivosa Rve., (=P. varie-
gata Lam.). In P. virgo Angas (pi. 60, fig. 70) I have found an ex-
tremely peculiar and interesting modification of the Orthomesm type
of dentition. The two inner lateral teeth are united by their inner
edges, forming a pseudo-median tooth ; the free laterals remaining
are three in number on either side, and are of the same form as the
one shown in the figure. As in the smaller species of Tricolia, the
narrow outer (fifth) lateral has evidently been lost. The marginals
all have long laciniate cusps. The lateral teeth have the basal plate
projecting at the upper outer angle, forming a sort of hood, which
reminds one. of a similar structure in the median teeth of Littorina.
This " hood," marked a in the figures, is probably homologous with
the similarly marked basal plate which projects above the cusps in
P. variegata, etc. The reduction in number of the teeth in this form
is probably due to the same cause which has, I believe, acted in the
mure minute members of the Pulmonata and other groups which

164 PHASIANELLA.

have numerous teeth ; if the individual teeth were reduced in size in
the proportion that the shell is, they would be too minute to fulfil
their function as efficient rasps.

The Phasianellince have been monographed by

Philippi, in Kiister's Conchy lien Cabinet, 1853.

Reeve, in the Conchologia Iconica, 1862.

Fischer, in Kiener's Coquilles Vivants, 1873.

Sowerby, in the Thesaurus Conchyliorum, 1884.

Philippi's work is perhaps the best; but he describes many species
characterized only by the color-pattern. Reeve unites all the
smaller and more difficult species, and redescribes most of the larger
several times. Fischer's work includes only a few species, but these
are well described and beautifully figured.
Key to subgenera.
Columella smooth, arcuate, not dentate, shell ovate, elongated, im-

perforate ; radula with median teeth.

Large species; head with frontal Jobes. . . Phasianella,
Small species; head without frontal lobes. . . * Tricolia.
Shell as in Phasianella ; radula without median teeth. Orthomesus.
Shell subglobular, small, imperforate ; aperture large. Chromatis.
Shell minute, globose, umbilicate. .... Emosmia.
Columella with a strong curved denticle. . . . Alcyna.

Genus PHASIANELLA Lam., 1804.

Shell bulimiform or oval; columella smooth, concave. Type,
P. australis Gmel.

Eutropia (Leach) Gray is a synonym.

Subgenus PHASIANELLA s. str.

Shell rather large, bulimiform, imperforate ; epipodial line bearing
cirrhi; head with pectinated frontal lobes.

S. African and Australian Provinces.

P. AUSTRALIS Gmelin, 1788. PL 37, figs. 22-28. PI. 38, fig. 46.

Shell large, elongated, rather thin, pointed-ovate ; spire conical,
elevated ; whorls 7-8, somewhat convex, slightly flattened below the
sutures ; aperture long-ovate, somewhat pyriform, usually less than
half the total length of shell ; outer lip thin ; columella with more
or less white shining callus ; surface " variously longitudinally cloud-

PHASIAXELLA. 1 Go

ed and transversely articulated with red and purple olive" OH a
polished flesh-colored, cream or white ground. Alt. 50-100 mill.

Tn« mania; South Australia.

The synonyms are Buccinum tritonis, etc., Chemnitz, P. tritonis,
Auct., P. bulimoides and P. varia Lam., P. picta DeBlain, P. leli-
manni and P. preissi Mke., P. decorata Chenu.

Specimens are frequently found exceeding the dimensions given
above. The color pattern is extremely variable, as is shown by the
figures. There is one form which is omitted in my illustrations ; it
is of a pinkish-cream color, with rather distant, narrow, spiral white
and deep red articulations. The form is either very elongated, or
rather short ; it is always, however, longer and with much less convex
whorls than P. ventricosa.

Var. VENUSTA Reeve, 1862. PI. 37, fig. 24.

Entire surface tessellated by revolving series of squarish red
blotches.

A variety is figured (PI. 37, fig. 26) which reverses the arrange-
ment of colors in venusta.

Var. SUBSANGUINEA Pilsbry, 1888. PL 38, fig. 52.

Shell turreted, elongated ; painted with broad longitudinal irreg-
ular deep red stripes ; aperture small.

P. VENTRICOSA Quoy et Gaim., 1833. PI. 38, figs. 39-43.

Shell large, solid, ovate ; spire conic, short ; whorls 6, very con-
vex, except immediately below the deeply impressed sutures ; aper-
ture ovate, acutely angular above, broadly rounded below, usually
exceeding half the entire length of shell; surface polished, light
colored, variously marked with revolving series of arrow-shaped,
square or oblong blotches, or longitudinally striped with white-
edged pinkish-purple festoons, or broad crimson flammules.

Alt. 40 mill.

S. Australia; Tasmania.

A deep water form. As noted under the last species, size and color
are very variable.

The synonyms are : P. sanguinea (figs. 40, 45) P. venosa (fig. 39)
of Reeve ; P. perdix (Gray) Phil., P. turgida Phil., = P. brevis
Mke. ; P. solida Desh., of Kiener, P. delessertii Chenu, and prob-
ablv P. ventricosa and P. inflata Swainson, and P. articulata Anton.

166 PHASIANELLA.

Var. ZEBRA Reeve, 1862. PL 38, fig. 43.

" Obliquely, longitudinally, conspicuously, broadly banded with
chestnut red and yellow, lineated with flesh-color."

Swan River, Australia.

Var. RETICULATA, Reeve 1862. PL 38, fig. 42.

" Closely undulately painted throughout with brown lines and
with flesh-colored flames beneath the sutures." Shorter than the
type.

Swan River and St. Vincent's Gulf, Australia.

P. ^THIOPICA Phil., 1853. PL 38, figs. 53, 54 ; PL 39, fig. 94.

Pointed-ovate, thick, solid ; whorls 5-6, moderately convex, slop-
ing below the sutures ; aperture about half the length of shell, ob-
lique, ovate ; columella with heavy white or rosy callus, thickened
and subdentate near posterior angle of aperture ; color, light brown
or rose, with revolving series of arrow-shaped or irregular flecks of
lighter shade, or with longitudinal oblique light stripes extending
downward to middle of body whorl, apex and base stained with rose
color. Alt. 25-30 mill. Seychelles (Reeve) ; Australia( f) ;

E. coast of Africa ; Zanzibar (Philip]) i).

I am inclined to believe that this is the Helix solida of Born,
(1780). The latter has been ignored by modern authors. On my
plate 39a, fig. 8, one of the original figures given by Born is copied.
Compare also P. unifascialis Kiener, which has somewhat the same
color pattern as P. solida, and may be the same.

P. HISTRIO Reeve, 1862. PL 37, figs. 34, 35.

"Shell conically turbinated, amber, flaked with white, spotted at
the sutures with deep crimson-rose ; spire rather exserted, whorls
rounded ; aperture small." Alt. 10 mill.

Philirjpines ( ( 'am ///;/. )

" A very peculiarly marked species, the colors being of a delicate
transparent kind, edged with brilliant crimson-rose."

Reeve's description and figure are above copied.

P. COTURNIX (Koch) Philippi, 1853. PL 39a, fig. 17.

This is a species of about 15 mill, alt., rather solid, very smooth
and shining ; aperture ovate, with rather heavy columella and inner-
lip ; the color consists of a whitish ground with yellow flames, which
behind are bordered with dark and brown, and in front are diffused
in the clear ground-color, which here and there shows undulating

PHASIANELLA. 167

yellowish longitudinal lines. There is no trace whatever of spiral
lines; and in this respect T. cotiirnix differs wholly from T.flamnut-
lata, a species otherwise very similar.

Habitat unknown.

All the information given by Philippi may be obtained from the
above paragraph, and from the figure, which is a copy of the original

Subgenus TRICOLIA Kisso, 1826.

Shell small ; head without frontal lobes. Type, P. speciosa Miihlf.

All tropical and subtropical seas.

I have included in this group most of the smaller species, although
the characters of the animal have not been described in the larger
number of them. The dentition in the type species, P. speciosa, is
not very different from that of the typical species of Phasianella.
The synonymy includes Tricoliella Monts., 1884, type, P. pulla
L., (not intermedia Sc. as stated by some authors), and Eudora
Leach, 1852, type P. pulla L. Troschel wholly mistook the char-
acters and limits of this group ; a fact which should be born in mind
when studying his figures and descriptions.

P. SPECIOSA Miihlf., 1824. PL 37, figs. 29-33.

Shell ovate-elongate, thin, shining, white, with alternate red and
white short flammules below the sutures, and several revolving series
of white spots, the interstices covered with fine pink or yellowish
obliquely descending lines; whorls 5, convex, separated by deeply
constricting sutures ; aperture long-oval, rather produced below, the
posterior angle occupied by a heavy callus. Alt. 13, diam 6 mill.

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas.

The following are synonyms : P. nicceensis Risso, P. vienxii Payr.,
P. ferussaci Guer-Men., and P. lymnceoides Anton.

Var. RUBRA, Risso, 1826. PL 37, fig. 32.

Uniform carmine, with a series of subsutural white flammules.

Var. ^m guinea Monts. and var. purpurea Dautz., are synonyms.

Var. MAJOR Monts., alt. 18 mill. ; LACTEA Monts., a white form ;
ATRA Monts., brown in color; MARMORATA Monts., with large zig-
za.u: white flammules ; MACULATA Monts., an irregularly white macu-
lated variety ; SPIRO-LINEATA Monts., fig. 30, are the principal color
varieties.

This species is found fossil in the Italian pliocene.

168 PHASIANELLA.

P. TEXUIS Michaud,.1829. PI. 39, figs. 77-*0.

Rather thin, shining, oval, elongated ; spire elevated, conic, com-
posed of 4-5 somewhat convex whorls, separated by slightly im-
pressed sutures ; aperture rounded oval ; columella arcuate ; color
yellowish or rose, with red and white flammules and decurrent lines,
sometimes punctate with red. Alt. 10 mill.

Mediterranean and Adriatic; rarely on the Atlantic coast of France.

P. intermedia Scacchi is a synonym.

Intermediate in form between speciosa and pulla. The suturo
are not so deeply impressed as in the first, and it is more elongated
than the latter. It exhibits the same color varieties as P. speci<>s«.

P. PULLA Linn., 1758. PL 38, figs. 56-60.

Shell ovate-pointed, solid, subtranslucent, more or less elongate ;
spire short, conic ; whorls about 4, more or less convex, with deep
sutures; aperture large, short oval; color crimson, yellowish or
white, above generally longitudinally flammulate with red, white or
deep brown, below with one or more revolving serrate bands of the
same colors, and all over minutely punctate with red or with fine
oblique reddish lines. Alt. 9 mill.

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; English coast; Canaries <m<1
Azores.

The following are synonyms : P. pulchella Recluz (PI. 39a, fig.
20), P. punctata Risso, P. tenius Phil., P. flammeus Von Salis, /'.
exigua (?) P. Hoberti and P. striata Brus., P. varians Leach, P.
crassa Brus., Turbo pictus DaCosta, and P. pullulus Anton. There
are many color varieties ; but these are founded on such slight char-
acters that they are scarcely worth naming.

Var. ELONGATA Krauss, 1848. PI. 39a, figs. 23-25.

More elongated, last whorl more drawn out longitudinally, the
penultimate one rather large and very convex ; coloration as in I\
pulla, with bold subsutural flammules, and revolving bands below.

Cape Region, S. Africa.

Var. STRIGATA Phil., 1853. PI. 39a, fig. 13.

Shell elongated, with yellowish-white ground-color marked with
narrow red lines, a subsutural series of brown flammules, and a sul>-
median girdle of diamond-shaped red blotches ; umbilicus marked
by a slight fissure. Alt. 12 mill.

Habitat unknown.

PHASIANKLLA. Hi!)

Yur. DUBIA Pilsbry. PL 38, fig. 61.

"Rather transparent, conspicuously distantly striped with <!<•<•]>
purple-red ; whorls contracted round the upper part, then rounded ;
aperture small."

Mouth of Gaboon River, W. Africa.

This is P. strigata Reeve, 1862. I have seen neither this form
nor the preceding ; but they seem to me scarcely distinct from P.
pulla.

P. PETITI Craven, 1882. PI. 39, figs. 84, 85.

Shell very small, subrimate, shining, microscopically spirally stri-
ate ; color corneous with irregular spots of reddish brown, except
immediately below sutures, where they are replaced by a band of
alternate oblique white, cream and reddish flammules ; whorls 4i,
very rapidly increasing ; apex obtuse ; aperture subcircular, colored
inside, the same as outside ; columella a little thickened, white ; sut-
ure deep. There is sometimes a band of large blotches on periphery.

Alt. 3, diam. H mill.

Mouth of Congo River, W. Africa.

P. DEANIANA Pilsbry, 1888. PL 64, figs. 40-43.

Shell rather thin, ovate-conic, subtranslucent, corneous or orange-
colored, marked with very distinct round or oval dots of deep crini-
Bon, ><-;ittered over the surface or gathered around the base and
suture, sometimes with large maculations of opaque white ; spire
conic, apex acute ; whorls 5, moderately convex, often obtusely an-
gular and with a light or translucent girdle around the base ; aper-
ture ovate, slightly less than half the total length of shell, showing
the coloration inside ; columella thin ; generally imperforate, some-
times lacunate in large specimens. Alt. 5-6, diam. 3? mill.

Corisco, W. Africa.

This lovely little species is allied to the preceding, but differs in
the longer, conic, acute spire, larger size, and the pattern of colora-
tion.

I am indebted to Rev. A. Dean, of Muncy, Pa., for numerous
specimens.

P. VITREA Desh., 1863. PL 39, fig. 83.

" Shell ovate-turbinate ; apex rather obtuse ; very smooth, shining,
polished, diaphanous- white ; whorls 6, convex, the last large ; base
obtuse, imperforate; aperture ovate; operculum white, solid, con-
vex." Alt. 7, diam. 4 mill.

Ins. Reunion.

170 PHASIANELLA.

P. CAPENSIS Dunker, 1846. PI. 39, figs. 86-88.

Shell small, ovate-oblong, subacute, solid, usually brown or rosy
with white flecks or zigzag lines, sometimes unicolored, or encircled
by red spiral bands; whorls 5, somewhat convex, sutures distinct,
last whorl tumid ; aperture rounded, half the length of shell ; colu-
mella white or tinted, flattened. Alt. 6, diam. 4 mill.

Cape of Good Hope-, Mauritius.

P. KOCHI Phil., 1847. PI. 37, figs. 37, 38.

Shell short-ovate, solid, with short conic spire; whorls 5, rapidly
increasing, convex, the last large ; aperture large, roundly ovate ;
columella flattened; color deep rose, sometimes yellow, above with
light flammules radiating from the sutures, below with a revolving
serrate light band, the entire surface minutely mottled with white
and rose. Alt. 9 mill.

South Africa; Mauritius; Port Jackson, Australia (Anyi*.}

The markings above described are occasionally obsolete. There
are several flesh colored specimens before me. Fresh shells some-
times show ill defined revolving striae. It is extremely similar to
P. pulla in coloration, but is more globose. Probably this species
and P. capensis will prove to be identical, the latter name having
priority. Both are, I believe, quite distinct from P. pulla L.

P. AFFINIS C. B. Adams, 1850. PL 39, figs. 1, 2.

Shell pointed ovate, elongate, rather thin, smooth, shining; spire
conic, of about 5 rather convex whorls, separated by well impressed
sutures ; apex acute, rose colored ; aperture oblique, oval, outer
lip thin, translucent; columella with a white callus which is some-
what distended at the slightly impressed and grooved sub-perforate
or imperforate umbilical region ; color white, yellow or pale rose,
more or less clouded longitudinally with rose, orange or brown,
sometimes only with subsutural and peripheral series of short
flammules, the entire surface closely and regularly punctate with pink
or wanye, and white. Alt. 8, diam 4 mill.

West Indies ; Florida (>S7w/;.-o// -,.

The synonyms are P. breris C. B. Ad., and its synonym P. ad<nnsi
Phil., and P. concinna, C. B. Ad.

P. TESSELLATA Potiez et Michaud, 1838. PL 39, figs. 99, 100.

Short solid, smooth, oval or ovate, spire conic, apex obtuse ; whorls
4 to 5, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last large and obtusely

PH ASIAN ELLA. 171

angulate at periphery; sutures lightly impressed; aperture oblique,
ovate, outer and inner margins equally curved ; columella with a
white callus; umbilical region excavated, and usually obviously
perforated ; color white, yellow or reddish, longitudinally clouded
with white, red or brown, sometimes broken into subsutural and
peripheral series of flammules, encircled with close continuous narrow
revolving obliquely descending, regularly spaced orange or red lines.

Alt. 5 2 diam. 85 mill.

West Indies.

P. minuta Anton (?), P. zebrina d'Orb. (figs. 99, 100.), and P.
tesselata C. B. Ad. are synonyms.

This species and the P. affinis are very abundant in many West
Indian localities. They are usually associated together. Fresh
specimens of both exhibit microscopic revolving impressed striae.
Reeve, who has subdivided the larger species of this genus so minute-
ly, "lumps" these forms, with most of the other small species, under
P. pulld L. I have never seen a specimen among hundreds I have
examined from the West Indies which could not be most readily
separated from the Mediterranean shell. Indeed both affinis and
tessellata exhibit a surprising uniformity in color-pattern and form.
The dentition of affinis differs from that of pulla. P. perforata Phil.
I should be inclined to unite with tessellata were it not from the
AVest Coast.

The P. concolor of Adams I have identified with a rather rare
color-variety which generally occurs with P. tessellata. It is extremely
dark, almost unicolored ; but Avith a glass one can perceive sfcill
darker diagonal lines upon the surface. This form is figured on PI-
45, fig. 1. The following description is from the original one of
Adams :

P. concolor C. B. Adams, 1850.

Shell rather long ovate-conic; uniform glossy brown, rarely with
a sutural band of a deeper shade of the same; surface polished,
apex rather obtuse; sutures impressed; spire with nearly rectilinear
outlines; whorls 5, convex, the last subangular; aperture ovate;
columella with a thick deposit, and with an umbilical indentation.

Alt. 21 mill. Jamaica.

P. UMBILICATA d'Orb., 1853. PI. 39, figs. 95, 3, 4.

Shell ovate-conic, composed of 5 very convex whorls, separated
by deeply impressed sutures, and encircled by rather coarse revolv-

172 PHASIANELLA.

ing impressed lines; spire conic, the upper whorls sometimes cariuate
or biangulate from the prominence of one or more of the revolving
stride; last whorl obscurely angular around the lower part, some-
times rather acutely carinate above the periphery; aperture less
than half the length of shell, rounded ovate, columella arched,
scarcely thickened ; umbilical region deeply grooved and narrowly
umbilicate ; color white, -sparsely punctate with red, more or less
flammulate longitudinally with red and white. Alt. 5 mill.

Cuba; Florida.

The revolving striae are entirely wanting on some individuals.
There is great variation in the degree of exsertion of spire, some
shells attaining a length nearly double that given above.

The more stable characters of the shell are its narrow but decided
umbilicus, and the very convex whorls.

D'Orbigny described the smooth form of this species, as will be
seen by his diagnosis translated below:

"Shell elongate, thin, smooth, umbilicate, punctate with red,
maculate with red and white; spire elevated, apex acute, whorls ~>,
convex, separated, the last anteriorly subangulate ; aperture oval."

P. PEKFORATA Phil., 1848. PI. 38, fig. 62; PL 39a, % 12.

"Oblong-conoid, perforate, white, subtessellated with oblique pur-
ple lines; suture and periphery ornamented with large maculationa
of white and purple ; whorls deeply convex, last subangulate ; aper-
ture oblong ovate, equal to spire."

Payta, Panama; Mazatlan.

"This beautiful shell closely resembles the West Indian species-
Like many of its congeners, it has parallel diagonal lines of red and
brown. The first whorl of the five is discoidal. It is characterized
by extremely minute wrinkling over the whole surface, only dis-
cernable under the microscope when quite fresh. The umbilicus is
very large when young, and sharply keeled ; when adult it is often
nearly filled up by the callous labium. Operculum radiately
wrinkled over a large part of the outer surface; within spire pro-
duced, sharply keeled. The largest specimen measures: Alt. '!•>,
diarn. '12 in." (Carpenter.*)

My figure on plate 38 is a copy of that given by Reeve. On pi.
39o, Philippi's figure is reproduced.

PHASIAXELLA. 1 , -S

P. COMPTA Gould, 1857. PI. 39, figs. 69-72.

Small, pointed-oblong, somewhat solid, yellowish, pinkish or whit-
ish, more or less clouded longitudinally with purple, dull pink or
irray. marked with numerous narrow close revolving descending
lines of purple, pink or drab, sometimes conspicuously flammulate
below the sutures, and broadly transversely fasciate on base ; whorls
5-6, closely coiled above, with shallow sutures, the last more rapidly
descending, separated by a deep suture ; aperture usually less than
half the length of shell, very oblique, short ovate, inner margin
arcuate, umbilical region excavated and generally minutely perfo-
rate. Alt. 8-12 mill.

California.

Raclula similar to that of P. put la, but with only 4 lateral teeth
on either side, by atrophy of the narrow outer one. Opereulum
white, inside stained with blue above.

Var. PULLOIDES Cpr.

Somewhat similar to P. pulla; solid, compact, with shorter spire ;
suture distinct.

Sta. Barbara ; Monterey; Ca ta Una Id.

Var. KLATIOR Cpr.

Very small, spire elongate, painted as in P. pulla ; whorls snb-
planulate, suture scarcely impressed, columella lacunate.

Sta. Barbara, Cat.

Var. ITNCTATA Cpr.

Similar to P. oowipto ; more elevated; sutures impressed ; whorls
tumid, minutely punctate with brown; columella lacunate.

San Diego, Cal.

P. FORDIANA Pilsbry, 1888. PI. 40, fig. 5.

Shell minute, long-ovate or conoid, composed of 5 convex whorls
separated by deep sutures; aperture scarcely more than one-third
the length of shell, rotund oval, angled above ; outer lip thin ; col-
umella scarcely callous ; umbilical region indented and in adult
shells perforated; color white, minutely dotted with pink or brown-
ish, usually with a subsutural series of short alternate white and red
or brown flammules, sometimes repeated on periphery.

Alt. 3, diam. 2 mill.

Xinyapore (Archer').

This species has something the aspect of a Hissoa.

1 74 PHASIAXELLA.

In old specimens the color pattern is very faint. The radula is
that of Tricolia. Central teeth broad-oval, submembranous ; later-
als 5-5, with very broad, expanded peduncles ; cusps short, armed
with several large acute subequal denticles ; outer two laterals nar-
row. Specimens are in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy,
the IT. S. National Museum, and the collection of Mr. John Ford of
Philadelphia.

P. HUTTONI Pilsbry, 1888. Un figured.

Shell smooth, polished ; aperture rounded ; color bright glossy
rose, generally with oblique white rays ; whorls 6 i. Alt. 6 mill.

Auckland.

Described by Hutton as Rissoa flammulata. This specific name
is several times preoccupied in Phasianella.

P. ROSEA Angas, 1867. PI. 39, fig. 92.

" Shell minute thin, shining, ovate, of a uniform deep rosy color
throughout ; whorls 4, somewhat flattened at the upper part, then
convex ; columella white ; edge and outer lip stained with a line of
dark rose." (Angas.) Alt. 3, diam. 2 mill.

Coodgee Bay, ^Y. S. Wales ; Tasmania.

One of the specimens before me has a subsutural series of short
white flammules.

P. DELICATULA Tenison-Woods. Unfigured.

" Minute, tumidly ovate, aperture longer than spire, smooth, shin-
ing, polished, intense olive, with girdles of fine regular distant spotted
white lines, and ornamented with broad flames of clouded chestnut
proceeding from sutures; aperture broadly ovate, columella white,
conspicuously margined with a spotted olive line ; base convex,
with punctate lines ; operculum bluish white."

Alt. 3i, diam. 2 mill.

Long Bay, Tasmania.

First named P. pvlchella Tenison-Woods, but changed on account
of the preoccupation of that name. The author suggests that it
may be a variety of P. rosea Angas.

P. PYGM^A Phil., 1848. PL 39a, fig. 15.

"The shell is solid for its minute size, loug-conoidal, perforate,
smooth, shining, white, decorated with a few pale yellow flecks and
numerous red points. The whorls, of which I count 5*, are almost
cylindrical, and more deeply separated than in any other species ;

PHASIANELLA. 175

the upper ones are somewhat ungulate, and the last scarcely exceeds
one-third of the entire altitude. The aperture is nearly circular."

Alt. 4 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Philippics description is translated above.

P. (iiTTTATA Phil., 1853. PI. 39«, fig. 16.

Shell ovate-conoid, imperforate, very smooth and shining, whorls
very convex, rapidly increasing; the last over three-fifths the entire
altitude ; aperture broad-ovate, nearly circular. One example is
brown with green spots [" Tropfen "] which are sometimes bordered
on one side with dark brown ; in the other specimen the ground-
color is brownish rose-red, and the "drops" have united into yellow-
ish-white longitudinal flammules; the spire is brownish purple in
both. Alt. 4 mill. Habitat unknown.

Description and figure are from Philippi.

P. INCONSPICUA Phil, 1853. PI. 39«, fig. 19.

Shell ovate-conoid, perforate, very smooth and shining; whorls
5j, very convex, and rapidly increasing, the last three-fifths of the
total length ; spire conic, but apical whorl blunt, white ; the following
whorls reddish brown, with oblique white brown-bordered flammules
above, apparently unicolored brown below, excepting a series of
white flecks around the umbilicus, but upon close inspection showing
very oblique brown lines as in P. minuta [== tessellata P. et M.] and
P. perforate. Alt. 5 mill. Habitat unknown.

From P. minuta and P. perforata it is distinguished by the more
rapidly increasing whorls, etc ; from P. guttata it is separated by the
umbilical perforation. My description and figure are from Philippi.

P. FULGENS (Koch) Phil, 1853. PL 39a, fig. 18.

"The shell is thin, imperforate, steeple-shaped, acute, smooth and
very shining, unicolored olive brown. Only a narrow border on the
columella is white. The 7 whorls of which it is composed are but
slightly convex, especially above ; the last attains almost half the
altitude of the shell; the aperture is ovate, acute above." (Philippi.)

Alt. 8, diam. 5 mill. West Coast of Australia.

Very distinct, says Philippi, by the turreted form, the nearly
plane whorls and the uniform coloration. ,1 have not seen the
species.

176 PHASIANELLA.

P. VARIABILIS Pease, 1860. PI. 39o, figs. 21, 22.

"Shell small, thin, ovate, shining ; whorls 3-4, convexly rounded,
marked with very fine oblique longitudinal stride; inner lip callous,
slightly expanded at the base, indented at the umbilical region and
with a groove behind the inner lip; aperture ovate; color white,
variously painted with pink lines and 'blotches, the lines fine, oblique,
extending over a portion of the whorls, sometimes flexuous and
covering the whole surface; blotches of a longitudinal shape;
periphery of last whorl usually ornamented with a row of pink
spots." (Pease) Alt. 3, diam. 2 mill.

Sandwich Is.

This is Collonia variabilis Pse. My figures are drawn from speci-
mens received from Mr. Pease.

P. BICARINATA Dunker, 1846. PL 39a, fig. 10.

Shell small, somewhat solid, ovate-conic, rose colored, variegated
with white, transversely lightly striate; whorls somewhat convex,
the last obsoletely bicarinate. Alt. 4 mill.

Cape of Good Hope.

P. MUNIERI Velain, 1877. PL 39, figs. 89-91.

Rather thick, white or slightly greenish, turbinate, short, spire
slightly exserted ; whorls 4 very rapidly increasing, the upper ones
narrow, rounded and convex, the last very large, rather flattened
above, surface smooth or slightly irregularly striate above ; aperture
oblique, oval, sub-circular, columellar margin somewhat thickened
and strongly concave ; operculum as usual in the genus.

Alt. 3 mill. Ins. St. Paul.

P. brevis Velain (fig. 91) seems to me to be identical; the name
is preoccupied. This species seems to form a passage to Chromotis.

Subgenus CHROMOTIS A. Adams, 1863.

Shell subglobose, auriform ; spire very short ; whorls few, rapidly
increasing; aperture large, oval; operculum as in Phasianella.

S. African Province.
P. NERITINA Dunker, 1846. PL 40, figs. 10, 11.

Small, subglobose, smooth, rather solid, composed of about 3
convex rapidly increasing volutions, the last descending toward
aperture, arid rather flat on the superior portion; aperture very
oblique, large, two thirds the entire length of shell, roundly oval,
<.»uter lip thin, columella arched, flattened, with a rather heavy

PHASIANELLA. 177

white callus ; umbilical region excavated ; color white, with numerous
narrow red revolving, obliquely descending lines.

Alt. 5, diam. 5 mill. Cape of Good Hope.

Subgenus EUCOSMIA Carpenter, 1864.

"Shell solid, shining, variegated, not nacreous; aperture and
whorls rounded ; conspicuously umbilicated; peritreme scarcely con-
tinuous, not callous." type, E. variegata Carp.

Calif ornian- Province.

No species of Eucosmia have been figured, and I have no speci-
mens. My descriptions are taken from the original ones of
Carpenter.

P. VARIEGATA Carpenter, 1864. Unfigured.

Shell small, smooth, turbinate, bright, outlines of spire convex,
variously maculated with rose color and reddish brown; whorls
normally 4, very convex, rapidly increasing, the last one produced
anteriorly, separated by well impressed sutures; nuclear whorls
regular, apex mammillated; base rounded; umbilicus carinated;
aperture scarcely indented by parietal margin, peristome nearly
continuous, acute. Alt. -1, diam. '07 inch.

Cape St. Lucas, L. Cal.

Var. SUBSTRIATA Carpenter.

Form as in E. variegata; but whorls, except the nuclear, very
delicately striate, the last with about ten strife.

As the name variegata is preoccupied in Phasianella, it would be
better to use the varietal name, substriata, for this species.

P. PUNCTATA Carpenter, 1864. Unfigured.

Much larger, more elongated and narrower than E. variegata,
and more like a Phasianella, the greater part densely punctate with
brown; umbilicus small; Alt. '22, diam. -15 inch.

Cape St. Lucas.

P. CYCLOSTOMA Carpenter, 1864. Unfigured.

Shell small, very obtuse, wide, regular, valvatoid, outlines of spire
scarcely convex; pale cinereous, densely punctate or maculate with
brownish olive ; apex pale, mammillated ; whorls normally. 3, very
convex, with deep sutures; aperture scarcely indented parietally ;
umbilicus large, subspiral. Alt. '05, diam. '05 inch.

12 Cape St. Lucas.

178 THASIANELLA.

P. PHASIANELLA C. B. Ad., 1852. Unfigured.

"Shell ovate-conoid ; color various, mostly red or brown, some-
times uniform, frequently in dark flammules on a light ground,
sometimes with spiral darker stripes or series of spots; surface covered
with spiral striae; apex subacute; spire conoid, with the outlines
moderately curvelinear; whorls 5, convex, with a distinct suture;
aperture broad ovate, subeffuse; labrum thin; umbilicus very small.
-Mean divergence about 64°; Alt. '16, diam. "11 in. Operculum
•calcareous, very thick and solid." (Adams'). Panama.

"In the calcareous sand we collected about 112 specimens in
various stages of growth'' (Adams).

This species, the Turbo (?) phasianella of Adams, is said by
Carpenter to be the same as his P. (P. perforata var. ?) striulata.
I have seen neither. The description of the latter here follows:

P. STRIULATA Carpenter, 1857. Unfigured.

Shell similar to P. perforata, but lacking colored lines ; punctate
and spotted with rufous ; spiral stria? below, and in the umbilicus,
occasionally upon the spire. Alt. *09, diam. '07 in.

Massatlan.

Only two specimens found. One is very slejider, the other of the
ordinary form. There is no trace of the minutely wrinkled surface
[of P. perforata']. ( Carpenter).

***

P. MINIMA Phil. Vol. ix, PL 46, fig. 24.

Ovate globose, thin, bluish black, smooth, slightly striate on last
portion, umbilicate; spire short, very obtuse; whorls 3, not convex,
last large; aperture oval, lip thin. Alt. 1*5 mill.

Coast of Peru.

Littorina umbilicata d'Orb., preoc. in Phasianella, is a synonym.

Has been considered a Littorina, but the operculum is that of
Phasianella.

I do not know that this and the following species belong to
Eucosmia. They resemble that group in the minute size, umbilicate
base and depressed form.

P. BREVIS d'Orb., 1853. PI. 40, figs. 8, 9.

Shell short, umbilicate, thin, smooth, white, variously flammulate
or irregularly maculate with blackish or red; spire very short,
obtuse; whorls 4, convex; aperture nearly round. Alt. I] mill.

Cuba.

1MIASIAXKLLA. 179

The name brevis is several times preoccupied in Phasianella. but
not, I believe, for well established species. However if it be deemed
desirable to avoid this duplication, the present species may be call-
ed P. brevissima.

Subgenus ORTHOMESUS Pilsbry, 1888.

Shell and operculum similar to Phasianella ; radula with the cen-
tral tooth reduced to a minute rudiment or absent.

Indo- Pacific Province.
Type, P. variegata Lam.

P. VARIEGATA Lam., 1822. PL 39, figs. 97, 98.

Shell rather large, ovate-conic, solid; whorls 5, somewhat convex,
separated by well marked sutures, somewhat flattened above; spire
pointed, conic; aperture rather small, short ovate, less than half the
length of shell, widely rounded below, angular above; columella
with a flattened callus ; parietal wall more or less white callus, and
decidedly thickened near the posterior angle ; color variable, usually
flesh tinted, ashen or brown, more or less clouded with darker and
lighter shades, and flammulate with dark and light below the
sutures, spirally traversed by narrow hair-like lines of brown or red
interrupted by white dots and intervals, the white sometimes pre-
dominating. Alt. 20-25 mill.

Zanzibar ; Red Sea ; New Caledonia ; Mauritius, etc.

Rather variable in coloration, but the narrow lines, — too narrow
to be plainly shown in the figures, and difficult to make out without
a glass — are constant.

The synonymy is extensive ; including P. nivosa (pi. 38, figs. 49,
50) P.jaspidea, (fig. 44, 36.) P. lentiginosa (fig. 51.) and P. fulgnrata
(fig. 55) of Reeve, P. grata (pi. 39a, fig. 14), P. splendida (pi. 39«,
fig. 5,) of Philippi, P. lineolata Wood, P. viridis Anton, and P. rubens
Lam. The latter I cannot identify; but judging from Philippi's
description and figure (pi. 39a, figs. 6, 7) of what he supposes to be
Lamarck's species, and from Kiener's, (pi. 38, figs. 47, 48) I would
place it in the synonymy of P. variegata. Philippi gives Australia
as the locality of P. rubens. P. broungniarti Audouin, (PI. 39, figs.
63-66) is said to belong here. It is from the Red Sea.

P. UXIFASCIALIS Kiener. PL 39, fig. 96.

Shell, oval, conic, moderately thick, spire moderately elevated,
formed of 5 whorls, not very convex, the last large ; aperture large,
<>val, somewhat angulate above; color orange-red, with a subsutural

180 PHASIANELLA.

sharply defined fascia of white and brown flammules, and a similar
one encircling umbilical region. AH. 16 mill.

Australia.

No narrow revolving lines are noticed in the description of this
species, nor are they visible in the figure. There are however before
me specimens which have all the characters of this species, plus
the capillary lines, and I am inclined to believe it a variety of the
P. variegata.

P. FLAMMULATA Phil., 1848. PL 39rt, fig. 9.

"The shell is pretty solid, long conoidal, very smooth and very
shining, and consists of 6 whorls, which are strongly convex and of
which the last is about three-sevenths the entire length. The aper-
ture is ovate, [eiformig] angular and with a little canal above,
caused by a thickening upon the inner wall, which stops just short
of the insertion of the outer lip; the coloration, in the numerous
examples which I have seen, is very constant; it consists of a yellow-
ish ground-color, merging into olive, with wavy milk-white flames
which are anteriorly bounded with dark, posteriorly becoming lost
in the ground-color, and still finer undulating parallel lines showing
upon the ground color, as well as spiral rows of milk-white points,
which are not connected by brown lined as in P. lineolata and P.
splendida. Alt. 12 mill. Red Sea.

Philippi's somewhat circumstantial description is above translated.
The italics are my own. I have seen no specimens of this species,
and it is noticed in neither of the three monographies.

P. AMCENULA Phil., 1853. PL 39a, fig. 11.

Shell long-ovate, somewhat conic, acute, imperforate, rather thin,
translucent, smooth, shining; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last not
perceptibly rounded, but with an indication of a carina, somewhat
over half the total length; upon a pale flesh-colored ground are
numerous spiral bright red lines, punctate with white, and longi-
tudinal wavy flames, which are dark-bordered toward the suture.

Alt. 8 mill. Australia.

This species, like the last, has not been seen by me, nor noticed
by authors. My description and figure are taken from the original
ones.
P. ANGASI Crosse, 1864. PL 39, figs, 67, 68.

kShell imperforate, elevated-conic, somewhat solid, smooth, orna-
mented with minute regular subdistant spiral lines of reddish purple

PHASIANELLA — ALCYNA. 181

articulated with white, at sutures brownish, variegated and nanmiu-
late with white; spire subacuminate, apex obtuse, rose colored; whorls
6, slightly , convex, the last large, convex ; aperture ovate, white,
columellar and parietal margins callous. Ah. 24, diam. 12 mill.

Tasmania; Port Elliott, S.

P. GRAEFFEI Dunker, 1875. PL 39, figs. 81, 82.

Small, ovate-pointed, rather thin, smooth, glabrous below sutures,
with 6 convex whorls, the apex usually pink, balance of shell light
brown or yellowish, with distant narrow revolving lines of red or
brown articulated or interrupted with white, encircling the whorls,
over a variable clouding of rich or blackish brown, generally with
short flammules below the sutures of alternate light and dark; aper-
ture shorter than spire, ovate; margins nearly equally curved.

Alt. 10, diam 6 mill. Samoan and Viti Is.

P. WISEMANNI Baird, 1873. PI. 39, figs. 73, 74.

" Shell small, polished ; whorls 5?, apex rather obtuse and black-
ish ; the remaining whorls yellowish with transverse pink bands,
the body whorl having seven or eight of these, also marked through-
out with brown spiral hair-like lines. Beneath the sutural line there
are alternately blackish and white blotches, the latter being produced
zigzagly over the whorls ; aperture subcircular, equalling the spire
in length." Alt. 7 mill.

New Hebrides.

A variety is described with shell of lighter color, only slight indi-
cations of pink bands, but with the same subsutural dark and light
blotches.

P. VIRGO Angas, 1867. PL 39, fig. 93.

" Minute, rather thin, globosely conical, white ; whorls 4, the last
ventricose, and painted with fine undulating pink lines, darker at
sutures, where they are separated by several broad descending white
flammules, the lower portion of the last whorl encircled by a row of
white spots ; columella slightly excavated, white." Alt. 2 mill.

Coodgee Bay, N. S. Wales, Australia,

Sometimes subperforate. The peculiar dentition is figured on PL
60, fig. 70.

Genus ALCYNA A. Adams, 1860.

Shell minute, similar in form to Phasianella; aperture ovate;
columella with a heavy callus, bearing near the base a strong curved

182 ALCYNA.

denticle projecting into the aperture; outer lip simple. Operculum
and animal unknown. Type, A. ocellata A. Ad.

Japonic and Pacific Provinces.

A. OCELLATA A. Ad., 1860. PI. 40, fig. 12.

Shell smooth, imperforate, whorls slightly convex, pale crimson,
the last encircled by occellated spots; columella terminating in a
prominent acute denticle.

Sea of Japan, off Talen-Sima. Dredged in 25 fms.

A. LEPIDA A. Ad., 1860. Unfigured.

Shell smooth, shining, imperforate, pale reddish brown, apex
blackish, and encircled with pale blackish lines ; whorls 5, rather
flat ; parietal callus terminating below in a small acute tooth.

Sea of Japan, off Talen-Sima, in

A. RUBRA Pease, 1860. PL 40, figs. 6, 7.

"Shell small, ovate, smooth, polished ; whorls 4, convexly rounded;
aperture ovate ; indented at the umbilical region, and grooved ;
columella with a prominent tooth near the base ; color red, of differ-
ent shades, or painted in a variety of patterns with blotches and
spots of red and white, or marked with oblique longitudinal red
lines." (Pease.) Hawaiian /*.

A. LINEATA Pease, 1869. Unfigured.

"Shell somewhat elevately turbinate, solid, thick ; narrowly per-
forate, transversely ridged ; whorls 4, convex ; aperture ovate ; lip
thickened within ; ridges red, interstices whitish ; columella and
apex white. Alt. 2}-, diam. IT mill." (Pease.)

Ins.

A. STRIATA Pease, 1869. Unfignred.

"Shell elevately turbinate, rather solid, narrowly perforate, trans-
versely impressly striate; whorls 4, angulate beneath the suture;
aperture ovate; outer lip slightly thickened within; speckled and
mottled with black and gray of different shades, whitish beneath
the sutures. Alt. 2, diam. 1J mill." (Pease.)

Hawaiian I*.

A. SUBANGULATA Pease, 1860. Unfigured.

"Shell minute, rather .solid, turbinate, ovate, ornamented with
raised spiral stride; whorls 4, depressed somewhat in the center;

PHASIANELLA. 183

outer lip thickened externally; aperture circular; coluniella ending
in a prominent tooth ; color deep red, wtth oblique light red lines."
(Pease.) Hawaiian Is.

Unfigured and unidentified species of Phaeianellinas.

It is scarcely worth while to attempt to identify species of this
group without figures or very good descriptions. Nevertheless, in
order that my readers may have before them all the information
that is accessible to me, I here reprint verbatim the descriptions of
Phasianellince not noticed in the preceding pages.

EUTROPIA MODESTA Gould, 1862.

"T. parva ovato-conica, glabra, lutescens, fasciis obscuris articula-
tis et maculis fuscis ad suturas et ad basim ornata ; anfr. 6, ventri-
cosis ; apertura rotund ato-ovata ; columella pallida, vix incrassata.

Alt. 10, diam. 6 mill." (Gould.)

Loo Choo.
P. MELEAGRIS (Beck) Pot. et Mich., 1838.

"Coquille petite, ovale-conique, ventrue, lisse, luisante, brune, mar-
quee de petits points ronds allignes dans tous les sens; ceux de la
partie superieure des. tours de la spire sout peu distincts, ce qui fait
paraitre la coquille plus blanche ; spire composee de quatre tours
convexes, les trois premiers simple ; columella droite et anguleuse a
sou insertion au bord columellaire ; rime on fente ombilicale mar-
quee, mais peu profonde." Alt. 9-10, diam. 6-7 mill. (Potiez et
Michaud.) Habitat unknown.

P. MARMORATA Dllfo, 1840.

" Tet de petite dimension, ovale, lisse et couvert d'une pellicule
tres mince et transparente ; le dernier tour de spire beaucoup plus
grand que le reste ; 1'ouverture ovale presque circulaire, le bord droit
tranchant, la columelle arrondie, lisse et blanche. Les couleurs ex-
terieures sout tonjours marbrees et tres variees, ay ant a chaque su-
ture des points allonges d'une nuance differente de celles du fond."

(Dufo.) Seychelles and Admiralty Is.

Operculum as usual in the genus.

P. PULCHRA Gray.

" Testa minuta, oblique conica, tenui, pellucida, linea albida opaca
et fasciis coccineis ornata ; anfractibus valde convexis."

" Alt. 2, diam. 1 \ lines."

184 TURBINIXJE.

The above I have copied from Philippi, who quotes from Gray.
I cannot find the original description.

P. FLAVA Anton, 1839.

'* Lang conoidisch oval, 6 flache Winduugen, die letzte f des
Gauzen, glatte, glanzend, blass isabellgelb, mit dunkelisabellgelben
vier-eckigen Flecken ; Spindel etwas abgestutzt, weiss ; ungenabelt ;
Mundung lang-oval." Alt. 5, diam. 2? lines. (Anton.)

Habitat unknown.

Subfamily TUKBININ^E.

Shell turbinate or trochiform, solid, nacreous within, smooth or
sculptured outside ; operculum circular or elongated, smooth or rug-
ulose outside. Foot rather short and broad ; epipodial line with
or without cirrhi. Dentition always according to the formula
oo*5'l'5' QO.

In this subfamily there are three well-marked groups, here con-
sidered to rank as genera, of perhaps nearly equal systematic value.
The principal characters upon which this division is based are the
operculum and the radula. The latter is discussed as fully as my
material permits below. The operculum, in the entire group, com-
mences as a multispiral disc, like that of a trochus, upon the outer
side of which is deposited a thin calcareous layer by a lobe of the
foot which projects partly over it. This arrangement produces an
operculum which exhibits all the whorls beneath, but which is only
feebly, or not obviously spiral above, from the more or less general
distribution of the calcareous matter.

In the genus Leptotkyra the development does not go beyond the
primitive stage. The operculum is multispiral, with a thin, calca-
reous stratum, slightly more prominent around the outer whorl. In
Turbo the nucleus is the same ; but several more rapidly increasing
whorls are added, upon which a much heavier layer of calcareous
material, covering the whole surface, is deposited. In Astralium a
very rapidly enlarging whorl starts from the multispiral nucleus,
forming far the greater portion of the operculum, and usually leaving
a pit at the starting point.

The radula is broad and generally rather short. Median, lateral
and marginal teeth are always present, and the formula is invariably
QO -5'1 '5- oo. The central teeth are always more developed than in
the Phasianellince, (in which the central tooth represents the part
here called the body.) but never have the long serrate cusps so

TURBO. 185

frequent in the Trochidce. They are made up of three parts, which
are lettered on my plate 61, fig. 12; the body of the tooth d, which
bears the cusp, e, when any is present ; this is usually expanded at
the lateral margins into supporting ivings, c, (the "Stutzlamelle" of
Troschel.) Under it lies the basal plate, a. ("Basalplatte" of
Troschel.)

Between the body and the basal plate there is frequently an
accessory plate, marked b in the figure, the function of which is
unknown to me.

Genus Turbo.
A. Central teeth without cusps.

Turbo, including Senectus and Batillus. Troschel has figured
the raduhe of ten species of this group including, however, only one
of typical Turbo, T.petholatus ; and I have examined those of several
additional forms. There is but slight variation in the several species,
and for detailed descriptions of each the student is referred to
Troschel's work. The median tooth consists of a .narrow oblong
quadrate basal plate, frequently with accessory plates of various
forms, to the lower end of which is attached the oval body of the
tooth, — a simple plate without cusp, bearing supporting wings at
the sides. (pi. 61, fig. 6, T. radiatus Gmel.). Frequently the
central teeth are asymmetrical in this group. The laterals bear
supporting wings at their outer angles, and are various in form, with
or without cusps; the inner marginals are very large, with large
cusps, (pi. 61, fig. 5, T. argyrostomus.)

Callopoma. Median teeth like those of Turbo; laterals with
simple cusps, and, except the outer one, supporting wings, giving
the body of the tooth a trigonal form. Marginals as in Senectus.

Xmella. Very similar to Callopoma in character. (See Troschel)

Modelia, Ocana. Radula unknown.

B. Central teeth ivith cusps.

Marmorostoma. In this and the following subgenera the central
teeth have decidedly reflected simple cusps. The lateral margins
bear supporting wings. Lateral teeth similar, but asymmetrical,
the outer one without supporting wing; marginals as in Senectus.
(T. porphyrites, pi. 61, fig. 10.) Additional species are figured by
Troschel. T. smaragdus, which I include in this group, has similar
teeth, except that the basal plate projects above the cusps of median
and lateral teeth.

186 TURBO ASTRALIUM.

Sarmaticus. (T. sarmaticus, pi. 61, fig. 7.) This form is peculiar
in the central teeth, which are composed of three lamellae overlying
each other; the cusp is wide and simple. Laterals with cusps, and
basal plates projecting beyond the cusps. Marginals as in Senectus.

Prisogaster. (T. niger, pi. 61, fig. 9.) Median tooth with a very
wide body, and supporting wings, cusp narrowly reflected along
the whole upper margin of the tooth; laterals with prominent
cusps, their bases denticulate; inner marginals not enlarged as in
the preceding groups, but rather narrow, with long simple cusps;
outer marginals with long serrate cusps. In the denticulate cusps
of the lateral teeth, and the narrow inner marginals this form ap-
proaches more closely than any other to Leptothyra.

Genus Astralium.
A. Central teeth with cusps.

Astralium, s. sir. (A. spinulosum, pi. 61, fig. 12.) The median
tooth has a long basal plate, a, upon which an accessory obovate
plate, b rests; upon this is placed the body, d, with ''stu'tzlamelle,"
c, and cusp, e. The laterals are provided with cusps, and, except
the outer two, with supporting wings.

Lithopoma. (A. tuber, pi. 61, fig. 8.) Median teeth as in A.
americanum, but with the basal plate projecting below. Laterals
similar, asymmetrical. In A. ccelatum the central teeth are nearly
as wide at the apex as at the base; cusp equally wide; otherwise
similar in essential characters. In A. americanum (pi. 60, fig. 71,)
the basal plate does not project above the cusp; the tooth is sub-
triangular, w7ith supporting wings on the sides.

Imperator. The radula is known only by a figure published by
Hogg many years ago. The central and lateral teeth bear cusps.
The marginals are not especially large toward the inside. Xo
further characters can be made out from the figure.

Guildfordia. Radula unknown.

B. Central teeth without cusps.

Bolma. Troschel has figured the radula of A. rugosa. My own
preparations show a decidedly different form from his figures ; the
centrals (pi. 61, fig. 13) have a narrow long basal plate, wrhich is
produced above the body of the tooth ; the latter is wide, oval, not
reflected above ; its lower margin is not well-defined in my specimens
which are, however, not stained ; the laterals are of the usual form
and bear cusps. This group does not seem to be 'more related to

ASTRALITM. 187

Turbo than the other subgenera of Astralium ; I have no hesitation
in placing it in the division of Astral i am containing species without
cusps to the central teeth. Compare Troschel, Das Gebiss der
Schnecken, t. xxi, f. 1.

Cyclocantha. Troschel has examined the dentition of "A. rhodo-
xtnina" His figures show very nearly the same form that I have
figured for .4. Americanum, and especially in the central teeth. I
have examined the radula of only one species, A. plicatospinosum,
and find it of a wholly different form. (PI. 61, fig. 14.) The median
teeth do not have a basal plate projecting above ; the body is quad-
rangular, somewhat the shape of a maltese cross, without cusp. The
laterals have long cusps with spurs at their bases. I am inclined to
believe that Troschel's figure was drawn from a species of the West
Indian group of Astralium, not the real Cyclocantha. In view of
the great discrepancy between his results and my own, it is very de-
sirable that additional species of Cyclocantha be examined.
I 'I'dtiilla. Radula unknown.

Cookia. My knowledge of the radula of this form is derived from
a figure and description given by Hutton. Median tooth with a
long basal plate and short body, of the general form shown on pi. 61,
fig. 11 for Pomaulax. It bears no cusp, and has small supporting
wings. The first lateral also is much like that shown in Pomaulax;
the others bear cusps, and, except the outer, have "stutzlamelle"
Inner marginal very broad, with wide cusp. Cusps of outer mar-
ginals simple.

Pomaulax. (pi. 61, fig. 11.) In A. uudosum I find much the same
type of dentition as Hutton has figured for Cookia. The median
teeth have long basal plates, and a cuspless body, with its lateral
margins produced into supporting wings. The inner lateral is quite
complex in structure ; its upper edge is not reflected, but seems
turned upward somewhat ; its outer upper angle, a, lies under, and
its supporting wing ("Stutzlamelle "), b, over the succeeding lateral
tooth. The three following laterals have the same form of body,
but their apices bear broad simple cusps ; the outer lateral is narrow,
with a bidentate cusp. The marginals offer no unusual characters ;
the inner ones are large, with long cusps denticulate at their bases ;
the outer ones have serrate margins.

Pachypoma. Median tooth with a narrow basal plate, projecting
above a rectangular simple accessory plate, which bears about the
middle the oval body, without cusp, but with the sides produced into

188 LEPTOTHYRA.

supporting wings. Laterals narrow, with simple cusps and supporting
wings, the outer narrower and with bidentate cusp. Inner marginals
with very large cusps. (See Troschel.)

Genus Leptothyra.

I have examined the dentition of the following species : L. car-
penteri, (pi. 60, fig. 73,) L. baeitla, L. fceta, L. amussittata, L. sangaren-
*i$, (pi. 61, fig. 15) L. granulosa. In all of these species the median
teeth are oval, wide, with a narrow projection above, and more or
less narrowed toward the base ; the upper margin*is in no case re-
flected, so that cusp, cutting point or edge, in any usual sense, there is
none. In L. carpenteri and L. bacula, however, there is a ledge or
thickening, more or less irregular on its lower margin, extending
across the body near its upper margin ; but this is not formed by a re-
flection of that margin, and so cannot be considered as a cusp ; in the
other species this structure is absent. The lateral margins are pro-
duced into supporting wings. The laterals are long, excavated on
the inner side for the reception of the supporting wings of the cen-
trals, and with a process, b, underlying these "supporting wings.
Their outer margins are produced into supporting wings like those
of the centrals. The cusps are provided with several minute denti-
cles at th^ir outer bases. All of the laterals are of this form, except
the outer ones which have no supporting wings. The marginals are
armed with long blunt narrow cusps, which are longest on the teeth
about the sixth from the inside, and decrease in size in either direc-
tion from that point ; about the twelfth from the inside their margins
begin to become serrate. It will be seen that my results are very
different from those obtained by Troschel, who has figured the rad-
ula of L. carpenteri (under the name of "L. coccineus Desh."). I am
constrained to believe that, owing probably to some imperfection in
his preparation or other cause, he misinterpreted certain structures
of these minute radulse. The characters of the radula lend no sup-
port to the opinion expressed by some authors as to the position of
this genus in the Trochidce ; but it is not very closely allied to any
group of the Tarbinidce. I am undecided about the nature of the
projection from the upper margin of the central tooth of Leptothyra ;
it may be homologous with the basal plate of the preceding groups ;
but if so it seems to be united with the body as far as the upper
margin of the latter, — a condition which is not found in Turbo, etc.

In concluding this review, I wish to direct the attention of con-
chologists to the desirability of procuring and examining the radube

TURBININ^E. 189

of those subgenera in which this organ is unknown, in order that
their correct systematic position may be confirmed. More especially
is it necessary that in the cases of Cyclocantha and other groups
where the testimony of different observers is considerably at variance,
additional species be investigated.

In the following account of the various species, subgenera and
genera of this family, I have taken every care to adopt a nomencla-
ture that will prove stable ; deviating in many instances from the
usage of previous authors upon this family in order to attain this
end. Notably is this the case in certain subgenera of Astralium, in
which the pernicious practice followed by many systematists of select-
ing what they believe to be a " natural" type for a group, instead of
restricting the group to species with the organization of the " histor-
ical " type, has led in some instances to the exclusion from a subgenus
of the very species designated by the describer of that group as its
type ! I have quoted polynomial or "historical" synonymy only in
cases in which such names have been adopted into general use. •

In describing sculpture, I have usually avoided the use of the term
" transverse," because there seems to be considerable confusion in the
minds of many as to whether such sculpture is transverse to the
whorls or to the axis of the shell. The term " longitudinal " is here
used to designate markings parallel to the axis, and " spiral " to de-
note such as follow the direction of the whorls ; in flattened species
the former is frequently designated as " radiating," and the latter as
" concentric."

The Turbines have an old and extensive literature. Most of the
more prominent species were figured by Chemnitz, and before him
by Lister, Rumphius, Knorr, and many another quaint old author,
whose tomes now stand undisturbed on our library shelves, as per-
haps our own will rest a century hence. From these store-houses
Linnaeus drew freely in his mammoth task of cataloguing all animate
nature, fitting the species defined by previous authors into his Systema
with no other addition than a binomial appellation.

In modern times each of the four principal monographic works
have considered this group :

Conchy lien Cabinet, monograph by Philippi, 1846-8, 18 — .

Conchologia Iconica, Reeve, 1848, 1861.

Coquilles Vivants (Kiener), text by Dr. Fischer, 1873, 1880.

Thesaurus Conchyliorum, Sowerby Jr., 1886.

190 TURBISINjE.

In the preparation of the following pages the characteristically
careful and reliable work of Dr. Paul Fischer has been of constant
assistance to me.

Key to genera and sub genera.

I. Shell turbinate or depressed, convex below, young not spinose ;
operculum convex outside, usually smooth or granulose, sometimes
with concentric ribs, nucleus near the centre.

a. operculum simply convex, smooth or granulose

shell turbinate, spire exserted .... Turbo, s. s.
shell depressed above, produced at base . Marmorostoma.

b. operculum with spiral ribs outside

shell imperforate, turbinate, elevated, solid . Callopoma.

shell imperforate, thin, depressed, granulose . Modelia.

shell imperforate, thin, depressed, smooth . . . Ocana.

shell widely umbilicate, depressed . . . Ninella.

c. operculum formed of club-shaped processes . Sarmaticw.

II. Shell turbinate, oval, solid ; operculum with submarginal nu-
cleus. ......... Prisogaster.

III. Shell trochiform, flattened above or below, young carinated
and spinose ; operculum with submarginal or terminal nucleus,
generally with ribs outside.

a. shell conic, flat or concave below

imperforate, periphery rounded, base concave . . Cookia.
imperforate, periphery carinate

operculum oblong, very convex . . . Pachypoma.
operculum oval, 2-ribbed outside

base flat or concave Unntllfa.

base somewhat convex, spire plicate . . Lithopoma.

operculum 3-ribbed outside ..... Pomaulax.

umbilicate, base concave . . . . . . Imperator.

b. shell depressed, carinated, conic above, convex below
polished, granulate, spines not projecting at sutures Guildfordni.
not polished, spines projecting at sutures

West Indian species Astralium s. s.

Oriental species Cycloccuitha.

c. shell turbinate, not flat below, periphery not carinate
operculum with subcentral nucleus .... JSolma.
operculum with submarginal nucleus . . . Lithopoma.

IV. Shell turbinate or globose, small, solid ; operculum multispiral,
with subcentral nucleus, concave in the centre outside. Leptothi/m.

TURBO. 1(.»1

Genus TURBO Linn., 1758.

Shell turbinate or depressed, imperforate or umhilieate; yoimu
not carinated nor spinose; base convex; operculum flat or concave
inside, with three or four whorls and subcentral (multispiral)
nucleus; outside convex, smooth, tuberculate, or with concentric
ribs.

The diversity of forms of both shell and operculum in this genus
is very great, and has caused the formation of numerous subgeuera.
The affinities of the minor groups I have attempted to express in
the following table :

Turbo,

Central teeth without cusps,

Callopoma,
NineUa,

Mode 1 1 a,
Ocana.
Central teeth with cusps, operculum f M(mnorostoma.

convex, granular, (

Central teeth with cusps, operculum j Sarmaticus

tuberculose, (

Central teeth with cusps, operculum f prisogaster^
with submarginal nucleus, (

Subgenus TURBO s. sir.

Shell large or moderate in size, turbinate ; whorls rounded, smooth'
or ribbed, spinose or carinated, umbilicate or imperforate; aperture
subcircular, more or less produced at base. Operculum circular,
with subcentral nucleus; outside convex, granulate or smooth, not
spiral nor ribbed.

Indo-Pacific Province.

Synonyms: Olearia Klein, Senectus Swainson.

Three subdivisions may be distinguished, differing in unimportant
characters : Turbo, (restricted), shell large, dilated at base, imperfor-
ate; whorls smooth or nodulous. Senectus (Humph.) Swainson,
shell generally perforate; whorls spirally lirate. Batillus Schum.,
shell inflated, imperforate ; whorls spinose ; operculum with a convex
spiral rib outside. The dentition is essentially the same in all.

T. M ARMOR ATUS Linn., 1758. PL 41, fig. 23.

Shell large, imperforate, solid, ventricose, as broad as long, green,
marbled with white and rich brown; whorls 6-7 flattened or con-
cave above, rounded and bearing two nodose keels below, and a

] 92 TURBO.

stronger nodose carina above; aperture large, pearly within, base
produced, columellar region more or less excavated. Alt. 100-200
mill. Indian Ocean; Philippines ; Seychelles', Japan, etc.

T. regenfud8iPhi\., not Desh., and T. olearius Gmel. are synonyms.

Operculum (PI. 59, fig, 21) stibcircular, somewhat concave within,
exterior closely tuberculate, whitish.

T. IMPERIALS Gmel., 1788. PL 43, fig. 53; PL 62, fig. 8.

Shell large, globose-conic, ventricose, imperforate, solid, green,
irregularly mottled and spirally striped with chestnut, closely
irregularly striate with the same color; whorls 6-7 convex, with
well marked sutures, and numerous more or less conspicuous revolv-
ing furrows; last whorl large, somewhat flattened above; aperture
subcircular, pearly white within; outer lip rather thin; columella
arched, with a pearly callus, which reappears at the posterior angle;
parietal wall nearly devoid of callus, green; base slightly dilated,
scarcely produced. Alt. 75-100, diam. 70-90 mill.

Indian Ocean ; China Seas.

Most specimens have less prominent revolving wrinkles than the
figure, and some occur almost smooth. Perhaps Reeve's figure,
copied in my fig. 53, is a form of T. marmoratus.

Operculum circular, flat inside, with four whorls and subcentral
nucleus; outside convex, partly granulose, pale brownish olive.

T. JOURDANI Kiener, 1839. PL 49, fig. 53.

Shell large, ovate-conic, solid, imperforate; epidermis castaneous
or olive ; spire acute ; whorls 8, rounded, regularly increasing, the
upper ones 1-3-carinate, the lower transversely obsoletely lirate,
the last large, ventricose, descending, nearly smooth, or with wide
spiral costse; aperture circular, white within, outer lip thin, colu-
mella arcuate, not expanded at base. Alt. 140-210, diam. 110-170
mill. Australia.

T. MAGNIFICUS Jonas, 1844. PL 40, fig. 13.

Shell ovate-conic, turgid, imperforate, brownish, maculated and
marbled with violaceous; whorls 6, rounded, finely transversely
striate, the upper ones obscurely angulate in the middle, the last
obtuse; spire a little exserted, suture distinct, linear; aperture large,
circular, pearly within, opaque at margin ; columella cylindrical,
callous above. Alt. 63, diam. 60 mill.

Bay of Sechura, Pern, in fourteen fms.

I have not seen this species.

TURBO. 193

T. CEPOIDES E. A. Smith, 1880. PI. 44, fig. 7-s.

Shell ovate-conic, narrowly but profoundly perforate, pale brown,
strigate with green variegated with white ; whorls 7, very convex,
slightly compressed or sub-excavated above, with conspicuous irreg-
ular sub-lamellose incremental striae and inconspicuous spiral lines
and sulci above; aperture almost circular, slightly shorter than the
spire, inside pale salmon, pearly. Alt. 80, diam. 70 mill.

Habitat unknown.

This species seems to be most nearly allied to T. imperialis and
T. jourdani. Smith compares it to T. magnificus Jonas, and says
that it is distinguished from that form by the presence of a deep
perforation, the narrow sulcations revolving around the upper part
of the whorls, and by the coloration.

T. REGENFUSSI Desh., 1843. PI. 48, fig. 40.

Shell ovate-conic, thick, imperforate, whorls 5-6, smooth, convex,
the last large, dilated, ventricose, angulate above, with a revolving-
series of more or less prominent tubercles, below rounded ; aperture
circular, inside pearly; peristome simple, posterior angle with a
thick callus, columella arcuate, not produced at base ; color vivid
green, variegated with spiral series of square alternating white and
deep chestnut maculations. Alt. 84, diam. 80 mill.

Indian Ocean.

Operculum as in T. imperialis, reddish and granulose without.

I am not at all certain that the figures cited by Deshayes do not
represent a form of T. marmoratus ; they are more produced at the
base than the figure given by Fischer (and which I have copied)
indicates. It may prove to be a variety of T. marmoratus.

T. PETHOLATUS Linn., 1758. PI. 40, ng. 14.

Shell imperforate, solid, polished, shining, rich brown, variously
ornamented with dark bands interrupted with white blotches and
narrow stripes; whorls 5, flattened beneath the suture, sometimes
carinated above ; aperture about half the length of the shell, circular,
pearly within ; peristorne and columella tinged with greenish-yellow,
Air. 50-70 mill.

Red Sea; Indian Ocean; New Caledonia; Philippines, etc.

Operculum (PI. 60, fig. 41.) circular, with four whorls and nucle-
us placed one-third the distance across the face; outside convex,
shining, bright green on the center, margins brown on one side,
white upon the other, slightly granulose about the edges.

T. inilitaris Reeve, ife a synonym.
13

194 TURBO.

Var. REEVEI Phil. PL 40, figs. 15, 16.

Deep or reddish brown, clouded and minutely flecked with white;
peristome white; columella with a heavy callus. Differs from the
type in the more obscure, marbled color pattern.

Red Sea; Philippines.

It is T. variabilis Rve. (preoc.)

Var. CALEDONICUS Fischer. PL 45, fig. 99.

Rufous-orange, spotted with white, variegated with numerous
angular maculations; spiral zones obsolete; form slender, elongated:
columella white New Caledonia.

(Senectus.)

T. CRASSUS Wood, 1856. PL 47, fig. 20.

Shell large, ovate-conic, heavy ,-solid, imperforate; dirty white, or
greenish, maculated with angular, alternating blackish or brown and
light patches on the broad flat spiral ribs, the interstices narrow,
superficial, whitish ; whorls 6, convex, more or less prominently
shouldered above ; ribs obsolete around the axis ; aperture white
within, over half the length of shell, ovate, angled posteriorly and
at position of carina; its margin more or less green tinged, not
fluted ; columella thickened and effuse at base, callous posteriorly.

Alt. 80, diam. 65 mill. N. Australia; New Caledonia, etc.

T. canaliculatus of Kiener, (PL 47, fig. 21) and of Reeve (PL 42,
fig. 45), and T. psittacinus Phil. ? are synonyms.

Operculum (pi. 59, fig. 32) subcircular, concave internally, with
nucleus one-third the distance across face; outside very convex,
centre dark-brown, coarsely granulose, lighter toward outer margin
and more minutely granulate; margin of increment white.

T. SPARVERIUS Gmelin, 1788. PL 47, fig. 26.

Shell ovate- conic, solid, imperforate ; dirty white or greenish, mac-
ulate or tessellate with dark ; whorls 6, convex, rounded, more or
less angular around the upper part, with inconspicuous incremental
striae and revolving lirse, which on last whorl are wide and flattened
with narrow interstices and are obsolete around the axis ; aperture
over half the length of shell ; white within, oval, angular above and
below; peristome scarcely crenulated, frequently greenish; columella
with a heavy white callus, dilated and effuse at base. Alt. 80 mill

East Indies.

Operculum (as figured by Gould) green outside.

T. canalicnlatm Gmel. is probably this species. It cannot be de-
termined with certainty. It is T. margaritaceus of Kiener.

TURBO. 195

I am inclined to believe that T. sparverius is a variety of T. cr<i»-
6U8. Both are separated from T. setosus and its allies by the obso-
lescence of the spiral line around the axis.

T. SETOSUS Gmel., 1788. PI. 63, fig. 32.

Shell solid, ovate-pointed, imperforate, whitish, or greenish, macu-
lated with brown and olive ; spire conic, acute ; whorls 6, convex,
striute and spirally lirate, the ridges unequal, wider than the inter-
spaces, frequently with interstitial lirula? ; aperture large, oval, white
within ; outer lip frequently green-tinged, fluted ; columella arcuate,
deflexed and dilated at base. Alt. 70-80, diam. 60-70 mill.

South-western Pacific; Poumotus Is., N. Caledonia; Marquesas;
Kingsmill Is., Seychelles] Isle of France.

Operculum circular, flat or slightly concave within, with four
whorls and subcentral apex ; outside convex, brown, coarsely gran-
ulose in the middle, paler and more finely granular at margins.

T. granosm Phil, is probably this species. It cannot be positively
determined.

Var. PATULUS Phil. PL 63, fig. 33.

Shell shorter, thicker with larger mouth, shorter spire and canal-
iculate sutures. Alt. 84, diam. 75 mill.

T. JOBIENSIS Tapparone-Canefri, 1878. Unfigured.

Shell ovate-conic, narrowly umbilicate, solid ; spire acute; whorls
6, with irregular incremental stride, spirally lirate, the lirse unequal ;
last whorl carinate above, planulate between carina and suture, in-
flated around the middle ; revolving lirse fine, close, minutely gran-
ulose ; base with larger and irregular lir&3 ; aperture round, smooth,
silvery within ; peristome crenulated, subangulate above, narrowly
margined with lemon yellow and orange ; columella arcuate, mar-
gined without with reddish orange, effuse at base ; color rufous- whitish
with vivid wide irregular reddish-chestnut maculations.

Alt, 58. diam. 46 mill.

Ins. Jobi, Bay of Geelvink, N. Guinea.

Operculum flat within, castaneous, with 4 whorls and nucleus
one-third the distance across the face ; outside very convex, polished
and greeenish at centre, minutely granulose and variegated with
brown and white at margins.

196 TURBO.

T. ARTENSIS Montrouzier, 1860. PI. 45, figs. 96, 97.

Shell oval or subrhomboidal in outline, ventricose, solid, imperfor-
ate, covered with a strong olivaceous epidermis; spire short, acute;
sutures subcanaliculate ; whorls 5-6, convex, with spiral line which
are narrower than their interstices, and number 11-12 on the body-
whorl, grooves closely radiately lamellar striate, with a central
riblet; aperture ovate, angulate above and below, white within;
columella flattened, wide, effuse at base. Alt. 65, diam. 60 mill.

Ins Art, New Caledonian Archipelago,

Operculum slightly concave within, castaneous, with 3 whorls,
the nucleus situated at one-third the distance across the face; outside
white, convex, center obsoletely granulose, outer part obliquely
striate.

T, FUNICULOSUS Kiener. PI. 48, fig. 33.

Shell ovate-ventricose, solid, imperforate ; spire short, acute, whorls
5, convex ; sutures canaliculate; spirally lirate; body-whorl large with
unequal line and one or two intermediate liruhe in the interstices;
aperture ovate, silvery within, peristome greenish, somewhat fluted ;
columella dilated and produced at the base; color chestnut-olive,
maculated and tessellated with white. Alt. 48, diam. 49 mill.

Habitat unknown.

I have not seen this form, which Fischer compares with setosus
and artensis. In coloration it is similar to T. fluctuosus ', and Car-
penter has identified it with doubt with that species.

T. JAPONICUS Reeve, 1848. PI. 44, fig. 81 ; PI. 48, fig. 41.

"Shell ovate, imperforated, rather thin, somewhat inflated ; whorls
smooth, spirally ribbed, ribs sometimes prominent and regular, some-
times rather flattened and very irregular; fawn-yellow, variously
stained and blotched with red, interior silvered." (Reeve.}

Reeve confounded two forms in his illustrations and diagnosis of
this species: One of his figures, (pi. ix, fig. 336. of the Conchologia
Iconica) is the young of T. cornutus Gmel.; the other, (pi. viii, fig.
33, of the Iconica) precedes this on his plates, and has been recogni-
zed by Kiener and by Fischer as the real T. japonicus. Under these
circumstances I am compelled to place in the synonymy Sowerhy's
T. cernicus, which he founds upon shells which are (teste Sowerby,
Thes. Conch., p. 197.) identical with Reeve's first figure of T. japoni-
cus. According to Sowerby the species is from Mauritius, not Japan.
The following is Sowerby's description.

TURBO. 197

T. cernicus Sowerby, 1886, (pi. 44, fig. 81,) "Shell ovate conic,
solid, subventricose, imperforate, yellowish, longitudinally flammulate
with reddish-brown ; spire acute, elevated; whorls convex sloping
above, minutely obliquely striate, encircled by wide flattened ribs,
alternating with smaller ; last whorl obtusely angulated above,
lightly depressed above the angle, scarcely canaliculate ; aperture
circular, lip acute, scalloped ; columella thick, convex, slightly
arcuate and slightly produced at base, longitudinally plicated."

"Operculum very convex outside, green, suffused with bright
reddish-brown, conspicuously granulose." Sowerby's figure, copied
on my plate, is two-thirds natural size.

Specimens before me from Mauritius, of this species, are rather
smaller than Reeve's figure ; the broad flat ribs, and brown opercu-
Itim, conspicuously granulose in the middle, are the more prominent
characters.

T. SPLEXDIDULUS Sowerby, 1886. PL 44, fig. 72.

"Shell large, ventricose-conoid, imperforate, orange-brown, white
and brown punctate and variegate ; spire small, acute, gradate ;
suture scarcely impressed ; whorls about 61, above concavo-planate,
then convex, longitudinally obliquely striate, spirally lirate, the
lino numerous, unequal, about 15 on penultimate whorl, the first
(subsutural) prominent, subnodulose, brown and white articulated ;
base convex, smooth, subobsoletely sulcate, overspread by white
and dark brown maculations ; umbilical region with a -white and
orange callus ; aperture subamplp, circular, throat silvery." (Sower-
by.} Habitat unknown.

Described from a single specimen of unknown origin.

T. L2ETUS Philippi, 1848. PI. 44, fig. 75.

Shell conoid, imperforate, spirally lirate, smooth, pale flesh
colored, painted with large radiating ferrugineous maculations; lira?
about nine in number on the body-whorl, alternately smaller,
the third much elevated forming an angle; Iira3 of base slightly
elevated, white and black maculated; columella surrounded by an
orange colored area; aperture sub-circular, silvery within. Alt. 63
mill. Habitat unknown.

T. AKCYKOSTOMUS Linn-, 1758. PL 40, fig. 18; PL 42, fig. 41;

PL 46, fig. 8.

Shell large, ovate-pointed, solid, whitish, irregularly maculated
with greenish and brown; whorls 6, convex, separated by subcan
aliculate sutures, the upper two smooth, the lower spirally lirate an-
radiately more or less squamose striate, body-whorl with ab.
thirteen lira?, which are generally wider than their interstices,
of which the subcoronal and one or two median ones are moi<

198 TURBO.

prominent ; penultimate and last whorl bearing numerous elevated
vaulted scales upon the line; aperture white or brownish tinted
within, about half the length of the shell, round-ovate, angled above,
dilated and sub-channelled below; columella thickened, somewhat
flattened and grooved below the narrow deeply perforating umbili-
cus. Alt. 90, diam. 70 mill.

Seychelles; Ins. Reunion; Ins. Amiaa, Pacific 0.

Operculum (pi. 59, figs. 1,2,7,) flat inside with 5 whorls, nucleus
situated one-third the distance across the face ; outside convex, with
coarse obtuse granules, which are largest upon the higher part, nearly
surrounded by a marginal series of fine oblique wrinkles ; color
white, more or less tinged with flesh color upon the outer half, and
with a narrow marginal orange line.

The synonymy includes T. princeps Phil., T. lamarckii Phil., =
Delphinula turbinopsis Lam. ? (see next species) T. argenteus, Anton.

A very variable species. I have seen many imperforate and sub-
perforate specimens otherwise typical in character. The line are
sometimes subequal and nearly smooth ; this form is the T. margarlta-
ceus of Reeve, Fischer, and other authors. The margaritaceus of
Linnaeus seems to have been intermediate in character between the
smooth and spiuose forms.

Var. MARGARITACEUS (Linn.) Auct. PL 45, fig. 100.

Similar in form to T. argyrostomus; lira? nearly or entirely smooth,
usually with riblets in the interstices except on the base.

Var. CARDUUS Fischer. PI. 47, fig. 25.

Differs from T. argyrostomus in the more conical form, less dilated
body-whorl, and imperforate umbilicus. Alt. 51 mill.

Var. AURANTIUS Kiener. PL 48, fig. 30.

Shell imperforate, yellowish fulvous, whorls 6, convex, subcarinate,
longitudinally striate and spirally lirate, with unequal line, larger on
the median portion, and numbering about seven on the penultimate,
fifteen on the last whorl ; body-whorl with a sub-coronal distantly
nodose liration. Alt. 43, diam. 38 mill.

Habitat nnl-noir/i.

Var. BICOLOR Sowerby, 1886. PL 44, fig. 71.

This form seems to me to be a synonym of T. margarUaeeus.
Sowerby says of it : " In the only specimen I have met with of this
species, the broad brown oblique rays are very clearly defined upon

TURBO. 199

a whitish ground ; the longitudinal striae form minute laminar

the suture is narrowly impressed, not broadly channelled as in T.

foliaceus."

Habitat unknown.

Var. FERRUGINEUS (Anton) Phil., (1849 ?). PJ. 44, fig. 77.

Shell ovate-conoid, perforate, yellowish, painted with wide ferru-
ginous flammules ; last whorl with about fourteen line, penultimate
with about six, the fourth subnodose, forming a distinct angle.

Alt. 25, diam. 20 mill.

Habitat unknown.

T. TURBINOPSIS Lam., 1819. PI. 62, fig. 9.

"Shell elongato-ovate, umbilicate, pale flesh-colored, maculate
with ferrugineous ; whorls rounded, traversed by elevated spiral
cinguli, the interstices crispate with lamellar incremental stria?;
larger cinguli squamose ; aperture subcircular ; umbilicus narrow."

Philippine Is. (Philippi.)

It is the Delpliinula turbinopsis of Lamarck ; T. lamarckii Phil.
is a synonymy.

With the exception of Philippi whose identification is doubtful,
no one, in recent times, has seen this form.

T. LAJONKAIRII Desh., 1839. PI. 49, fig. 42.

Shell large, turbinate, solid, umbilicate, white, sometimes sparsely
maculate with chestnut; whorls 6, striate, spirally lirate, bicarinate,
the last one and one-half armed with erect long stout tubular spines
on the carinae, ten to twelve in number on the last whorl, usually
tinged with green; aperture ovate, pearly white and iridescent
within; columella thickened below, deflexed, produced and some-
what channelled, excavated at the conspicuous umbilicus. Alt. 80,
diam. 80 mill. Keeling Id., Indian 0. ; E. Indies.

Operculum (pi. 59, fig. 10,) subcircular, inside dark brown, with
four whorls and subcentral nucleus ; outside convex, coarsely granose,
and dark brown in the center, lighter and minutely granulate
toward edges, margin sub-striate, with an orange line.

This species is most nearly allied to T. argyrostomus, differing in
the greater development of spines and the wider umbilicus. The
spines first appear as vaulted scales upon the upper carina ; only in
well grown specimens do they become closed in front into tubes.

200 TURBO.

T. CHRYSOSTOMUS Linn., 1758. PI. 40, fig. 19.

Shell ovate-pointed, subperforate, solid, brownish or white, mar-
bled with chestnut; whorls 6, convex, spirally lirate and longitudi-
nally regularly sublaraellose striate, the lirse unequal, numerous,
sometimes with a coronal and several median carinse, bearing vaulted
recurved spines ; a prominent funicle around the umbilical region ;
aperture about one-half the length of shell, rotund-oval, golden-
orange within, peristome white-edged, undulating, slightly produced
at base, columella arched, umbilical region indented, subperforate.
Alt. 60-70 mill.

New Caledonia; Philippines; Viti and Samoan Is.

The golden-orange color of the throat, though sometimes rather
pale, is diagnostic of this form. Operculum (pi. 59, fig. 4) flat and
brown inside with four whorls and subcentral nucleus; outside very
convex, smooth and shining, brown or yellowish (or green, teste,
Fischer) in the middle portion, lighter and obliquely striate toward
the outer margin, white and smooth on margin of increment.
T. RADIATUS Gmel., 1788. PI. 47, fig. 23 ; pi. 62, fig. 1.

Shell ovate-conic, imperforate, solid, whitish, streaked and macu-
lated with brown or green, the darker color often predominating;
spire conic, acute, whorls 5-6, convex, irregularly spirally lirate
and finely regularly lamellosely longitudinally .striate; subcarinate
above, sutures subcanaliculate; last whorl usually biaugulate, with
a coronal and one or two submedian lira? prominent and armed with
more or less numerous vaulted scales or spines; aperture about half
the length of shell, pearly white within; lip crenate, slightly pro-
duced at base ; umbilical region sometimes slightly indented. Alt.
40-50 mill.

Red 'Sea to Madagascar ; Eastward to New Caledonia, Nicobar and
Philippine Is., etc.

Operculum (pi. 60, figs. 36, 37) flat inside, with 5 whorls and sub-
central nucleus ; outside finely tuberculate, cinereous or pale olive.

Under the above specific name I unite a number of nominal spe-
cies which agree in all essential characters. The more important
are T. speciosus Kiener, (pi. 47, fig. 24) T. spinosus Gmel. et auct.,
T. tuberculatus Kiener, T. chemnitzianus Reeve — founded upon the
same figure cited by Gmelin for T. radiatus — T. nivosus Reeve, (pi.
42, figs. 44, 46) P. tuberculosus Quoy et Gaim., T. winteri Phil. (?)
This is not the T. radiatus of Reeve nor of Kiener, nor (probably)
of Anton.

TURP.o. 201

T. HISTRIO Reeve, 1848, PL 62, fig. 2.

"Shell somewhat globose, swollen, imperforated, sutures of the
spire excavately channelled, spirally ridged, ridges very finely lam-
iniferous, sqimmate, scales strong, erect ; snowy-white, broadly rayed
with orange-rust color. Interior silvered." (Reeve.)

Alt. 45, diam. 40 mill.

Habiidi HII I: n on- n.

I can add nothing to Reeve's description and figure of this species.

T. SPECIOSUS Reeve, 1848. PL 62, fig. 14.

" Shell ovate, scarcely urnbilicated ; spire somewhat raised ; whorls
rounded, encircled throughout by very beautifully closely scaled
ridges ; yellowish ; ridges here and there bright green ; interior sil-
vered." (Reeve.}

Australia.

Closely allied to T. radiatus ; and probably only a variety of that
species.

T. FOLIACEUS Philippi, 1846. PL 46, fig. 9.

Shell pointed-ovate, solid, umbilicate, greenish, longitudinally
flammulate with black ; spire conic, pointed ; whorls 6, very convex,
separated by canaliculate sutures ; last whorl with about nine rather
separated line, the whole surface covered with crowded elevated
s.ibfbliaceus radiating lamelke; aperture round, half the length of
shell or less ; peristome usually nearly free from body whorl above,
fl ited ; columella excavated at the deep and prominent umbilicus.

Alt. 40, diam, 33 mill.

Torres Straits; Port Essington; Port Darwin, Australia.

Operculum (pi. 59, figs. 11, 12.) with subcentral nucleus; outside
green, granulate, wrinkled on outer margin, with a radial sulcus
marking the limit of the margin of increment.

The synonymy includes T. foliaceus Hombr. et Jacq., T. lamhiij-
erus Reeve, T. famellostis Phil., and T. squamosus Gray.

T. IXTERCOSTALIS Menke, 1846. PL 45, fig. 98 ; PL 46, fig. 4 ; pi.

62, fiv 7.

Shell ovate-conic, solid, perforate, green or gray, radiately flam-
mulate with black, green or brown, -sometimes unicolored ; whorls
6, convex, sometimes subangulate above, writh numerous unequal re-
volving lira and obsolescent incremental striae ; aperture round, the

vo

202 TURBO.

upper angle sometimes separated from body-whorl, and projecting,
base rounded, columella excavated at umbilicus. Alt. 40-50 mill.

-iVe ? v Ca ledon ia ; Sa i 1 div ich Is .

Operculum circular, with 5 whorls ; outside granulose, green or
olivaceous at centre, yellowish at margins.

Sculpture less sharp than in the following form, and color greener.

The synonyms are T. disjunctns Anton, T. continnus Phil., and
T. articulatus Reeve, (pi. 45, fig. 98) T. elegans Phil., = T. radiatus
Rve., (pi. 46, figs. 5, 6) is a form somewhat intermediate between
typical intercostalis and ticaonicus Reeve.

T. TICAONICUS Reeve, 1848. PL 47, fig. 22 ; pi. 43, fig. 51.

Shell ovate-conic, perforate, solid, dirty white or greenish, radiate-
ly flammulate above and maculate below with black or brown ;
whorls 6, convex, slightly flattened 'below the subcanaliculate sut-
ures, sometimes subcarinate, spirally sculptured with inequal lira?,
the intervening furrows sharply squamose with stria? of increment ;
aperture round, produced into a projecting angle posteriorly and
frequently disconnected from the body-whorl, white and pearly with-
in, rounded or slightly produced below; outer lip crenulate, colu-
mellar arched, excavated at the narrow umbilicus, which is some-
times subimperforate. Alt. 50-60 mill.
Philippines; New Caledonia; Seychelles; Madagascar; Singapore^ etc.

Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 47, 49,) with four whorls and subcentral nu-
cleus ; outside very convex, deep green, olive or brownish in the
centre, lighter toward the margins, all over except side of increment
finely granulose, and with a radial sulcus marking the limit of the
margin of increment. The prominent character of the operculum
in this species, as well as in T.foliaceus etc., is the manner in which
the outer layer of calcareus matter overlies the granulose surface
below, with an obvious sulcus at their junction. PI. 60, fig. 38, is
the operculum of the form known as T. tumidulns Rve.

The following are synonyms: T. radiatus Kiener (in part), T.
tumidufus Reeve. This species is closely related to T. intercostalis
Mke., but differs in color, in the greater prominence of the ribs, and
in the operculum. My description and figure of the operculum of
ticaonicus are drawn from alcoholic specimens containing the animal.
T.foliaceus Phil, is also allied, and has similar operculum, but has
much more conspicuous incremental lamella?. The umbilicus is in-
differently perforate or closed, sometimes rather wide, and the
variation in sculpture is considerable. T. pulcher Reeve is separated
from this species principally because, according to Sowerby, its oper-
culum is different. I suspect however that he is mistaken in this,
and that it will prove to be the same; pulcher is the prior name.

TURBO. 203

T. PULCHER Reeve, 1842. PL 46, fig. 7.

Shell ovate-conic, solid, subimperforate, yellowish fawn color,
greenish toward the apex, painted with short blackish waved longi-
tudinal lines ; whorls 6-7, not very convex, lirate with numerous
irregular ribs, alternately large and small, the interstices scaly ;
aperture subrotimd, pearly white wathin, peristome crenulate; col-
umella slightly thickened and somewhat produced at base. Alt. 60
mill. N. Australia.

Operculum, according to Sowerby, like that of T. sarmaticus.
This however is highly improbable. I expect to find it like that of
T. ticaonicus and other allied species of Senectus.

T. MOLUCCENSIS Phil., 1846. PL 44, fig. 76.

Shell globose-conoid, umbilicate, green, rufous marbled ; whorls
rounded, the upper ones reddish, spirally lirate, the line unequal,
slightly elevated, separated by narrow obsoletely crenulated inter-
stices; aperture subcircular, lip within green-margined, obsoletely
crenulated. Ins. Amboina.

Philippi's description and figure are given.

T. CASTANETS Gmel., 1788. PL 45, figs. 88-90.

Shell ovate-conic, imperforate, solid, orange-colored, brown or
gray, sometimes banded, flammulate, or maculated with white; spire
conic, acute; suture subcanaliculate ; whorls 5-6, convex, ornamen-
ted with numerous unequal spiral granose, spinose or squamose lira?,
of which the subsutural and three or four submedian are more
prominent ; aperture white, subcircular, subangular above ; peristome
slightly produced below7; columella with a heavy white callus.

Alt. 30, diam. 25 mill.

West Indies; coast of the Gulf of Mexico.

Operculum (PL 59, fig. 8,) castaneous within, with four rapidly
increasing whorls, nucleus one-third the distance across the face;
outside convex, nearly smooth, white, or stained with brown and
green around the middle.

T. crenulatus GmeL, T. virens Anton, and T. hippocastanwn Lam.
are synonymous.

The typical form is very sharply sculptured, the principal line
bearing vaulted scales. In crenulatus Gmel. the ribs bear less con-
spicuous tubercles. An abundant and variable species.

204 TURBO.

T. QUADRISERIATUS Anton, 1839. PI. 44, fig. 79.

This form is known to me only by a short description and
Philippi's figure, which I have reproduced. I am inclined to believe
it a form of T. castaneus, although I have seen no specimen of that
species approaching very nearly to it. Anton says that it has "4?
bauschige Windungen, letzte mit vier Reihen stunipfer Tuberkeln
besetzt, die iibrigen bloss quergestreift," etc.

West Indies (Anton.)

T. SQUAMIGER Reeve, 1842. PI. 49, fig. 43.

Shell globosely ovate, imperforate, suture excavated ; whorls 5-6,
convex, carinate, the last ventricose, with erect tubercles at the
suture, "spirally armed throughout with scales, upper and lower
scales much larger ; pale green, dotted and variegated with reddish
brown, interior silvery." Alt. 27, diam. 26 mill.

W. coast Mexico and Central America : Galapagos.

I have not seen this species. It may perhaps belong in Callopowa,
but also resembles a very roughly sculptured T. castaneus.

T. MOLTKIAXUS Gmel., 1788. PI. 49, figs. 44. 45.

Shell ovate-conic, solid, imperforate ; wrhorls 5, convex, subcari-
nate above, striate, irregularly lirate and bearing a series of rather
elongated radiating tubercles below the suture ; shoulder tuberculate,
median portion of body-whorl with several less prominent nodose
carinse ; aperture oval ; columella callous, arched, deflected and
somewhat produced below ; color whitish with broad revolving
hands of dull red. Alt. 40, diam. 35 mill.

West Coast of Mexico.

This is undoubtedly the cochlea lunar is moltkiana etc. of Chemnitz,
Turbo moltkianus Gmelin. I have been on the point of placing this
and the next species in Callopoma. The resemblance to T. saxosus
is striking; but it differs in its less sloping shoulder and in the
absence of the columellar groove. The operculum is unknown.

T. SUBCASTANEUS Pilsbry, 1888. PL 46, figs 10, 11.

Shell ovate-pointed, imperforate, grayish ; spire conic, acute ;
whorls 5, marked with revolving series of tubercles, subangulate
and nodulose at shoulder; suture well impressed, with a series of
coarse radiating corrugations below it ; aperture rounded, slightly
exceeding half the length of shell, white within ; columella arched,
slightly dilated at base. Alt. 23, diam. 19 mill.

Habitat unknown.

TUR150. l>()f)

This is the T. pustulatus of Reeve, preoc. by Brocchi. I add to
Reeve's figure of this species, one drawn from a specimen in the
Academy's museum. I have a form of T. castaneus which ap-
proaches it; and subcastaneus may prove to be a variety of that
species; an opinion already advanced by Sowerby Jr. The oper-
culum is unknown.

T. CAILLETI Fischer et Bernard!, 1856. PL 48, fig. 37.

Shell ovate-conic, perforate, solid, shining; sutures impressed;
whorls 5-6, convex, rounded, spirally lirate; last whorl exceeding
balance of shell in length, with six prominent spiral lirse and mi-
nutely lirate around the umbilicus; aperture ovate, transversely
dilated, silvery within; peristome acute; columella white, thickened;
color intense orange-red, the lira? punctate with white.

Alt. 27, diam. 23 mill.

Guadaloupe, West Indies.

Operculum convex without, white.

T. FiLosus Kiener, (18 ?) PI. 48, fig. 36 ; pi. 62, fig. 6.

Shell ovate-conic, umbilicate, spire acute, orange colored, or with
longitudinal alternating orange and white flames ; whorls 5-6 ; de-
pressed around the upper part, rounded, spirally lirate, the lirse
about fifteen on the last whorl, finer beneath, and generally with
liruhe in the interstices about the middle portion ; suture impressed,
bordered below by a flat tract ; aperture oval, white withm ; colu-
mella thickened into an outwardly flaring lip below, and connecting
above with a parietal callus which partly covers the umbilicus and
is produced in front of the aperture. Alt. 25-26, diam. 23-25 mill.

Habitat unknown.

To Kiener's illustration (fig. 36,) I add that of a specimen with
longitudinal flames of color, (fig. 6.)

Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 53,) white outside, and showing an obsolete
spiral structure like that of T. spenglerianus. With this species it
sc:>ms to be most nearly allied,

T. STENOGYRUS Fischer, 1873. PL 50, fig. 64.

Shell ovate-conic, acute, elongate, imperforate ; whorls 6, rounded,
transversely lirate, radiate and finely striate ; last whorl scarcely
exceeding balance of shell in length ; suture margined ; Iira9 narrow.
below with flat ribs, the interstices and below the suture striate;
aperture circular, silvery within, columella regularly arcuate, not

206 TURBO.

produced at base ; color pale green, with chestnut maculations, the
line white and brown articulated. Alt. 26, diam. 21 mill.

Itis. Basilan, Philippines.

T. GEMMATUS Reeve, 1848. PI. 44, figs. 68, 69.

" Shell somewhat depressly ovate, imperforated, sutures of the
spire somewhat deeply channelled, whorls beaded throughout with
small nodules, light coral red, interior silvered." (Reeve.)

Habitat unknown.

I have added Sowerby's figure (69) to the original one of Reeve.
I do not know the species.

T. PARVULUS Phil., 1848. PI. 44, figs. 73, 74.

Shell ovate-conoid, imperforate, with strongly convex whorls, en-
circled by flat line, which are wider than the striate interstices,
smooth, the incremental striae scarcely marking them ; aperture sub-
circular; coloration variable; in one example green predominates,
marbled with black and yellowish-white flecks ; another is reddish-
brown mingled with olive-green, nearly unicolored.

Alt. 20, diam. 17 mill.

Liewkiew Is.

The description and figures are taken from those of Philippi.

T. SEMICOSTATUS Pease, 1860. PI. 63, fig. 19.

" Shell depressly ovate, finely striated, obliquely and longitudi-
nally ; spire and upper part of last whorl ridged, lower half smooth,
ridges irregular in size, somewhat angulated at the centre, aperture
circular, lip slightly effuse at base, imperforate, color light brown i.-h
red, marbled and variegated with darker, and ornamented with a
broad yellowish spiral band below the periphery of the last whorl."
(Pease.) Ins. Capul. (Cuminy.)

I copy the original description of Pease, and the figure given by
Sowerby. The species Inay be a Leptothyra.

T. S.MITHI Sowerby, 1886. PI. 44, figs. 64, 65.

Shell ovate-conic, imperforate, yellowish brown, or yellow clouded
with orange-brown ; spire elevated, acute ; whorls 5, sloping above,
convex, longitudinally irregularly striate, spirally costate, the costie
rugose, irregular, slightly elevated, about four on penultimate, twelve
on body-whorl ; aperture circular, peristome simple, columella
white.

Ins. Capul. (Cutninr/.)

TURBO. 207

This species is known to me only by Sowerby's description and
figures.
T. >ANi)\vi('i:xsis Pease, 1800. Unfigured.

Shell ovately turbinated, slightly perforated, somewhat tubulous,
spirally ridged; — ridges smooth alternately rather smaller, squa-
mose; scales most prominent on the last whorl, interstices between
the ridges finely imbricately laminated ; last whorl somewhat angula-
ted at the upper part, color green, marbled and variegated with
dark brownish red." (Pease.) Sandwich Is.

T. TROCHOIDES Reeve, 1848. PI. 39a, fig. 34.

''Shell somewhat pyramidally ovate, perforated; whorls spirally
grooved, concave round the upper part, then obsoletely nodose:
yellowish-white, radiately blotched with olive and obliquely vermicu-
lated with very minute orange-brown lines." (Reeve.)

Habitat unknown.

T. EXQUISITUS Angas, 1877. PI. 63, figs. 25, 26.

"Shell small, imperforate, solid, pale greenish buff or light pink,
painted with very broad descending flames of an orange color on
the upper portion of the whorls; whorls 4£, angulated on the
periphery, flattened above, the upper whorls encircled below the
angle with two and the last whorl with five stout scabrously nodulous
ribs; between these and the sutures are four or five smaller and
closer ribs of a similar character, and on the base ot the last whorl
about eight ribs which are less nodulous and scabrous than those
above, the interstices being crossed by fine striae ; spire somewhat
elevated ; aperture nearly circular ; columella thickened, terminat-
ing in a blunt callosity at the base ; pearly within." (Angas.) Alt.
12, diam. 9 mill.

Cape Solander, Botany Bay, Australia.

A variety .occurs of a brilliant orange-red color throughout.

T. PUSTULATUS Brocchi. PL 44, fig. 80.

"This interesting species, which was perfectly defined by Brocchi,.
is characterized by a trochiform shell extremely solid and thick,
ornamented exteriorly by nodulous transverse ribs, slightly elevated
and irregular. Its whorls are 5 in number. It is of a dirty green
color, except around the aperture where small red points appear.
The aperture is round, and has the right lip interiorly furrowed
and granulated. The operculum is very convex, and of an ashy
color. Alt. 15, diam. 12 mill." Suez.

208 TURBO.

I do not have access to Brocchi's description of this form. The
above is a translation of IssePs note in Mai. del Mar Rosso, p. 219.
My figure is a copy of that of Savigny, to which Issel refers.

I cannot learn the exact date of Brocchi's paper, "Catalogo di una
xerie di conchiglie raccolte presso la co*ta africana del yolfo arabico
dal signor G. Forni" in which this form was described. It was
published in a journal entitled Biblioteca Italiana, sometime between
1819 and 1823.

T. CUCULLATUS Tenison-Woods, 1878. Unfy tired.

Shell solidly turbinate, with large irregular scorched patches on
a dirty white ground; whorls 4i, spirally closely keeled with small
round alternating keels, on the larger of which, about twelve in
number, there are small tubercles or small raised hooded scales ;
the whole shell is obliquely closely imbricately striate ; suture im-
pressed; aperture round,* entire, and with an outer margin, within
which there is a very clearly defined line of silvery nacre which
lines the throat ; base convex, lirate. Alt. 24, diam. 18 mill.

King's Id., Bass Sts., Tasmania.

The proper position of this Senectus is unknown to me.

T. SPENGLERIANUS Gmel., 1788. PI. 42, fig. 43 ; pi. 50, fig. <>.">.

Shell imperforate, large, ovate-conic, white, irregularly maculated
and articulated with brown ; spire conic, acute ; whorls 6-7, rounded,
separated by widely channelled sutures, the last whorl ventricose, en-
circled by about seventeen smooth ribs which are as broad or broader
than their interstices ; aperture ovate, white within, outer lip thin,
base rounded ; columella with a very broad white callus which is
rerlexed over the axis from umbilical region downward; parietal
wall callous. Alt. 85, diam. 70 mill.

West Indies ; Gulj of Mexico.

Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 35) light brown inside, flat, wTith 3-4
whorls, rapidly increasing, with apex scarcely more than one-fourth
the distance across face ; outside convex, white, much elevated close
to the columellar edge, minutely acutely and sparsely granose, spiral,
the beginning of the spiral more roughly asperate, partly covered by
a rude callus ; outer edge marked by several concentric impressed
lines.

CYCLOSTREMATID^E.

PLATE 31

15 16

17 18

19 20

CYCLOSTREMATID^E

PLATE 32

50

58

51

52

67

73

74 74a.

77 78

73 80

CYCLOSTREMATID^e.

PLATE 33

19

18

CYCLOSTREMATID^E.

PLATE 34

4-8

CYCLOSTREMATID>£.

PLATE 35

&>

56 57 58 59

PLATE 36

87

90

S3

95

98

91

99

92

100

89

94-

97

PHASIANELLIN^E.

PLATE 37

PHASIANELLIN/E.

PLATE 38

4-1

PHASIANELLINyG.

PLATE 39

TURBINIDyE,

PLATE 39 <X

30 31

TURBINID^E, Etc.

PLATE 4O

, Etc.

PLATE 41

TURBINIDvE, Etc,

PLATE 42

TURBINID^E, Etc.

PLATE 43

48 ou

TURBINIDvE.

PLATE 44

TURBINID>E, Etc.

PLATE 45

38

T. HKTIJHX BEILUS -Pilsbry, 1SSS. j>l. ()«). |j

Shdl subimperforate, turbinate-conic, solid, soiled
longitudinally (lammulate with greenish and brown, I»ase irr. -.ular-
ly maculated with the same colors; sculpture consisting of spiral
lira- cut into regular close rounded beads; the interstices hetv
ihc principal line occupied by beaded liriihc, or, on: the upper
whorls by very close regular small folds, in the direction of
incremental lines, the surfaces of which show traces of microscopic
impressed spiral lines; the line number about 20 on the last whorl ;
three or four about the peripheral region are more prominent: t
of the base are subequal. and less conspicuous; the sculpture aU«.
becomes obsolescent toward the termination of the last whorl ; spire
conic, acute, small; sutures subcaiialiculate, with a beaded border;
whorls o-l —6, quite convex, rapidly increasing, the last large, con-
vex, slightly descending anteriorly; aperture about half the total
altitude of shell, oblique, oval, rounded above and below, silvery
within, the outer lip acute, rather thin, regularly arcuate, the col-
umellar callous continued upon the parietal wall, forming a ;
larly arcuate inner lip ; parietal callus dilated upon the body-whorl
in front of the aperture; columella rounded, the lip slightly ev«
partly covering the umbilical fissure, which is encircled by a spiral
ridge terminating at the base of the columella.

Alt. :;."), diam.33 mill.

ir<ibitnl mil:'

This handsome Sen-cctus is more closely allied to T. filosns than to
any other known species. The general form and proportions arc
the same, but the beautifully beaded line and especially the almost
perfectly oval aperture will separate it from that species. In color,
too, the forms are diverse. /Ihe parietal callus is not shaped like
that of T.filosus, nor is the columella below so broadly everted and
lipped as in that species. Tlie anterior outline of the callus, from
the base to the superior angle of the aperture, is wholly different in
the two species. The sculpture and columella will separate this
form from T. spen'/ferianus, which, with heterocheilu9 and fi
form a group of species, lying on the outskirts of Senectut, the more
prominent characters of which are found in the peculiar parietal
callus and the operculum which exhibits a feebly spiral structure
outside.
14

210 TURBO.

•

(Batillus.)
T. CORXUTUS Gmel., 1788. PI. 43, figs. 50, 5±

Shell large, ventricose, ovate-pointed, im perforate, brown, grayish
or greenish, with irregular incremental striae and spiral line; spire
conic, acute ; sutures deeply impressed ; whorls 6, the last one and
one-half ventricose, somewhat bicarinate, armed about the middle
with two spiral series of erect tubular spines, and frequently a small-
er accessory row above; aperture oblique, rounded, white within ;
lip thin ; columella broad, flattened and somewhat grooved, pro-
duced and channelled at base. Alt. 95, diam. 95 mill.

Japanese Seas.

Operculum (pi. 60, figs. 33, 34) within brown, concave, with four
whorls, nucleus one-third the distance across the face ; outside con-
vex, white or tinged with brown and olive, more or less sharply as-
perate with elevated points, and with a spiral rib commencing in an
axial elevation and terminating at the margin of increment.

T.japonicus Reeve, in part, (pi. 43, fig. 52) is synonymous.

The lower series of spines is sometimes absent,

Subgenus CALLOPOMA Gray, 1850.

Shell turbinate, imperforate, dark colored ; aperture round ; face
of the columella with a deep curved longitudinal groove. Opercu-
lum circular with subcentral apex ; outside convex, granulose, with
a deep central pit and a marginal cordon of granulose ribs, separa-
ted by narrow, deep concentric grooves.

Californian and Panamic Prori

The affinities of this group are with Ninella on the one hand and
Senectus on the other. In the latter group, the opercula of T. speng-
lerianus and T. cornutus show some affinity to those of Callopomu.

T. FLUCTUOSUS Wood. PL 43, figs. 48a, 49 ; PL 50, figs. 54, 55.

Shell ovate-conic, short, solid, imperforate, olivaceous, green,
browrn or grayish, longitudinally strigate or tessellate with white ;
spire conic ; whorls 5, generally angulate and nodose at shoulder,
with a varying number of coarse subnodose revolving carinse and of
intermediate lirulaB upon the median and lower portions of the body-
whorl ; aperture large, iridescent within ; columella wide, white,
slightly produced at the base, and with a longitudinal excavation
or groove upon its face. Alt. 58, diam. 65 mill.

West Coast of America, from Gulf of California northward.

TURBO.

The synonyms are 21 /ttrftwrftw Reeve, T. >,»oM-m////x Ree>
/«Mw Jonas, 71 OMtmOii ( ii-. 55) T7. t&xelfatu. \ , and in

part T. saxotux, of Kiener.

Oporculuin (pi. 59, fig. 29) rounded oval, with four whorl* and
subcentral nucleus; outside convex, central portion elevated, whit,-.
sharply granulate, bounded by a wide groove which connects with
a deep central pit by a lunate channel; outside of this is a zone
bearing about six narrow concentric beaded green liruhe, which are
not continuous over the side of increment.

Sometimes most of the sculpture is subobsolete; whorls rounded.
The largest specimen I have seen measures alt. 80, diam. 7"> mill.

Var. DEPRESSUS Carp. PI. 43, fig. 48.

Shell much more depressed than the type.

California.

Carpenter cites Reeve's pi. viii, fig. 34 as representing his variety:
but that figure is of the common form. Reeve's fig. 3c on pi. i
probably what Carpenter intended.

T. SAXOSUS Wood. PL 48, figs. 31, 32; PL 50, fig. 56; PL .17. fi-
50.

Shell ovate-conic, irnperforate, brown, olive or gray, above radi-
ately marked, below irregularly maculated with snowy white, some-
times dark, unicolored; spire conic, acute; suture canalicui
whorls 5-6, lamellosely densely striate and spirally irregularly
lirate, cariuated, usually more or less nodose at shoulder, and
bearing a subsutural series of stout erect tubercles; aperture half
the length of shell, rounded, white and iridescent within; coluinella
arched, callous, concave, with a deep semilunar longitudinal gr<-
slightly produced at base. Alt. 35-50, diam. 30-45 mill.

W. Coast Central America to G«?<IJ»

T. nitzschii Anton ("mitzchii Anton" Sby.), and T. venustus Phil.
are synonyms.

Operculum (pi. 59, figs. 30, 31) rounded oval, flat and dark
chestnut inside, with four or five whorls and subcentral nucleus:
outside convex, white, middle portion coarsely <rr:mulose, with a
deep narrow central pit, bounded by a deep concentric furrow not
continuous over the margin of increment, outside of which are ti
narrow minutely beaded concentric ridges, margin of increment
granulose.

212 TURBO.

An extremely variable species. Frequently several tuberculate
line encircle the base; and in this strongly nodose variety the in-
cremental stria) are usually inconspicuous. In another form the
spiral line are not noticably tuberculate.

T. SHANDI Hutton, 1873. Unfyured.

"Shell with three smooth spiral ribs near the periphery, .with two
or three nodulous ribs both above and below; white, spotted with
reddish or purplish brown.1'

Chatham Is.

The above description, (copied from Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. Wales
ix, p. 355) is all the information I can give regarding this species.
The copy of Button's "Catalogue of Marine Mollusea of New
Zealand" to which I have access is without the signature containing
his description. The operculum is unknown. Hutton places it with
doubt in Callopoma, probably not its correct position.

Subgenus NIXELLA Gray, 1850.

Shell depressed, widely umbilicate ; whorls lirate, sometimes car-
mate. Operculum oval, nucleus excentric ; outside concave in the
middle, with two strong spiral ribs, the outer margin thin, granulate.

A ustralo-Zealandic Pro rince.

T. STAMIXEUS Martyn, 1784. PI. 42, fig. 38 ; pi. 49, fig. 46.

Shell large, orbiculate, conic, solid, umbilicate, whitish, mottled
and strigate with dark brown ; whorls 6, with dense lamellose in-
cremental striae and coarse spiral lirre, the upper ones carinated, the
carina becoming obsolete on body-whorl ; sutures canaliculate, bor-
dered belowr by a row of nodules ; aperture round, oblique, white
within ; columella white, perforated by the wide and deep umbili-
cus, and with a spiral groove extending to the base.

Alt. 60-80, diam. 75-110, mill.

S. Australia; New Ireland; New Zealand.

Operculum (pi. 59, figs. 15, 16) oval, flat within, with four whorls,
nucleus situated one-third the distance across the face ; outside white^
excavated at the center, with two strong spiral ribs, the inner one
decidedly the stronger ; a sharply granular tract outside the outer
rib. The figure given does not well show the character of the ribs.

Synonyms: T. torquatus Gmel., "T. stramineus Wood" of authors.

This species varies much in degree of elevation and carination.
It merges by insensible degrees into the var. lamellosns. In the
typical form the sutures are frequently simple, not canaliculate, and
the subsutural tubercles are wanting.

TURBO.

Var. LAMKLT.OSUS Brod. PI. 4-°,, fig. f>4; pi. 40, fig. 47.

Shell more depressed; last whorl strongly cannate at periphery:
color light. Alt. 50, diani. 08 mill.

This is T. hetri'uc/ltu* Kiencr and var. .^u/cufn Reeve.

Subgenus MODKLIA dray, 1*40.

Shell depressed, imperfbrate, granulate all over : "operculum with
a convex subrentral granular rib and a sharp-edged suhinaririnal
keel."

Australo-Zealandic 7V<

T. cniAXosrs Martyn, 1784. PI. 48, fig. :><>.

Shell orbicnlate, deprcssed-ronie, imperforate, ])inkish yellow, uni-
colored, or clouded with purplish or brown ; whorls 7, round'-d, the
upper two smooth, the others closely minutely granulose in regular
spiral series; last whorl rounded, descending; aperture subcircular,
white and iridescent within ; columella wide, white, subexcavated
in the center, callus thin, shining, rose-tinted.

Alt. 40-(>4, diani. oCMio mill.

New Zealand; ChnfJifnn /.<.

"Operculum ovate, flat within, with 5-(5 whorls and subeentral
nucleus ; outside white, thick, subgibbous, and minutely tuberculate
at center, subcanaliculate at periphery."

"T. rubicund us Chemnitz" of authors is a synonym.

This species was first figured by Chemnitz in 17*1 under ti
criptive name of cochlea liniari* rubicwnda rjnnw^i olc. Kerve in
his Condi, tyst. figures the shell, naming it T. rnl.'n-nniln*, an,
ferring to P. Z. S.. 1842, for description. His reference has been
copied by subsequent authors, but curiously enough, the speei
not even mentioned in the "Proceedings," for 1842 or any other year.
Murtyn's figure is excellent, and being the first publication "f the
species under a binominal name, has been here adopted.

T. GI-TTATA A. Ad., isr,:j. PL 63, fig. 3D.

Shell turbinate-conic, umbilicus covered by callus, spire elevated ;
flesh-colored, gold-tinted, punctate with reddish; sutun- canalicu-
late, deep ; whorls convex, cingulate with rows of bead-lib
ted granules, interstices longitudinally obliquely striate, at t h.- suture
ornamented with a series of squamiforrn tubercles ; apcrtmv circular,
sulcate within, a thin wide callus covering the umbilicus.

214 TURBO.

Subgenus OCANA Adams, 1861.

"Shell turbinate, solid, smooth ; axis imperforate ; spire short,
conical ; aperture subcircular, wider than long, inner lip flattened,
excavated, scarcely produced anteriorly, with an extended thin cal-
lus. Operculum with a convex granular spiral rib, axis deeply per-
forated, outer lip simple."

South African Province.

T. CIDARIS Gmel., 1788. PL 50, figs, 62, 63 ; pi. 56, fig. 81.

Shell depressed, heliciform, imperforate, smooth and polished ; red-
dish, brown or yellow, usually flammulate above, variously marked
below, with white ; spire short, whorls 5-6, the upper ones bicari-
nate, the last often considerably descending, rounded ; aperture circu-
lar, oblique, white within, rounded below; columella wide, callous?
excavated at the umbilical region. Alt. 2-3-40, diam. 33-48 mill.

South African Coasts.

Operculum slightly concave inside, with six whorls and subcen-
tral apex ; outside sharply granulate, white, convex, spiral, with a
central pit.

I have not had an opportunity to examine either animal or
operculum of this species.

T. CIRCULARIS Reeve, 1848. PI. 41, fig. 24.

Shell orbicular, conoid, imperforate, pale flesh-color, maculated
with bright rufous; apex acute; whorls convex, spirally sculptured
with granulose lira?; aperture circular, columella wide, callous,
slightly dilated, bounded outside by a spiral funicle.
- Alt. 32, diam. 34 mill.

Adelaide, and St. Vincents Gulf, S. Australia.

T. gruneri Phil. (pi. 56, fig. 82) is a synonym.

There is some uncertainty about which of the above names has
priority for this species. The volume of the Conchi/lien Cabinet in
which Philippi's description occurs, bears date of 1846; but it was
not completed until after the publication of Reeve's monograph of
Turbo in the Iconica. Philippi begins to cite Reeve in his synonymy
on p. 69 of his Avork, so that from that point onward we may be
certain that his work appeared subsequent to Reeve's; but whether
his description of T. gruneri ('p. 52 of the Conch. Cnb.^ was n dually
published before Reeve's desc-ription 1 am unable to decide. ISrazier

.Trans. Roy. Sac. 8. Australia, ix, p. 125') -ives priority in
"Philippi in Ze'dsehrifl fur Mnlnk., n. (.»<s." The species \\a< u
published in tlie Zeitschrij'f.

The operculum is unknown to me; the. specie^ may p.-rhap> be
found to group elsewhere.

Subgenus MAKMOKOSTOMA Swainson, is ID.

Shell depressed-turbinete, very solid, deeply and widely umbili-
cate (exce})t in T. coronatus), smooth, lirate or nodulo>e: spin-
depressed, of few whorls; aperture round, produced hut m.t chan-
nelled at base. Operculum circular, nucleus subeentral, outside
convex, smooth or granulose.

Australo-

T. PORPHYRITKS ^lartyn, 1784. PI. 50, fig. 58.

Shell depressed-turbinate, solid, umbilicate, greenish or hhu-ki-h.
irregularly inarked with rnaculations and angular patches or with
spiral bands of white and dark; spire depressed, obtuse; whorls .">.
the upper ones frequently carinate; suture subcanaliculatc. or often
scarcely at all impressed, sometimes bordered below by a <cv\<
obsolescent undulations; upper whorls spirally striate or granulate,
the sculpture becoming obsolete on last whorl but somet inn--
appearing around the base; last whorl somewhat descending, large;
aperture oval, angulate above and below, white and iridescent
within, frequently margined with greenish; parietal wall frequently
excavated or callous; broad, somewhat flattened below the deep
narrow umbilicus, dilated and produced or rostrate at base.

Alt. 35, diam. 40 mill.
Indian 0.; Philippines; New Caledonia; Solomon Is.; Australia, etc.

Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 49) inside flat, with five whorls and sub-
central nucleus; outside very convex, white, the outer part green.
obsoletely granulose, nearly smooth.

This is T. versicolor, mespilm, ludu* and porplujrili'* Gmel. T.
Iwjubris Kiener (PL 50, fig. 57). T. versicolor Kve. (pi. 42, fig. 39,)
is somewhat intermediate between porpliyrites audporcafn*.

T. mespilus is said by Fischer to be thinner, more uniform in
color, more rostrate at base, last whorl more descending; but all tin-
characters are so variable that I cannot draw the line between the
several forms.

216 TURBO.

Var. PORCATUS Rve. 1848. PI. 48, fig. 34.

Shell depressed-globose, solid, umbilicate; spire obtuse; suture
slightly undulating; whorls 5, spirally lirate, and with liruhe in the
interstices; aperture, color and operculum as in .T. porphi/rites.

X. Australia; Xew Ireland.

Separated from T. porphyrites by the strong spiral sculpture.

T. UNDULATF* Martyn, 1784. PL 42, fig. 40.

Shell depressed-globose, solid, umbilicate, bright green, longitudi-
nally strigak' with white under a brown epidermis; spire dome-
shaped, or low-conic, obtuse; whorls 5, the upper ones sometime."
angulate, spirally lirate, the line wider than their interstices, on the
body-whorl often subobsolete; last whorl descending, somewhat
concave below the suture; aperture oval, white within; columella
with a very wide white flattened callus which extends over the
umbilical tract; umbilicus' wide and deep. •

Alt. 35-58, diam. 40-63 mill.

% Xe/c Zealand; Australia.

Sometimes unicolored green, or with the white strigations broken
into tessellations. Reeve's figure which I have copied is more de-
pressed than most specimens.

Var. SIMSOXI Tenison-AYoods, 1876. Unfigured.

Separated from T. undulatus by the smaller size, the nunier<>u>
red and black radiating flammules and the peculiar raised carina
on the upper side of the last whorl, continuing around the suture in
a kind of hem. Alt. 9, diam. 12 mill.

Georges Bay Head and Blackmail's Bay, Tasmania.

T. COROXATUS Gmel., 1788. PI. 50, figs. 59-61.

Shell depressed-turbinate, diamater greater than the altitude, solid
imperforate, covered with irregular spiral series of nodules and gran-
ules, of which the subsutural series and two on the median portion
of body-whorl are more prominent; spire depressed, dome-shaped,
apex frequently eroded and red ; whorls 4-5, the last very large ;
aperture large, round, iridescent within ; columella wide, flattened
and excavated, deflexed recurved and somewhat chanelled at base.

Alt. 40, diam. 50 mill.

Indian Ocean; Japanese fin<l Chinese

Operculum inside flat, greenish and golden, iridescent, with about
5—6 whorls and subcentral nucleus ; outside convex, greenish, sparce-
ly granulate all over.

TURBO.

T. lugubri* Reeve, T. /^////,/vV/,/ Troschel, T. ormifenu, Kim,.,
and T. diical.i* Phil, arc synonyms.

IVually smaller than tlic dimensions above given. The I';
illustrate the wide variation to which this species is <ubject. The
passage fVom the strongly tuberculate forms into tln»sr- in which tin-
transverse stria' simply cut the lira' into diamonds "r LiTanul-
made by imperceptible degrees.

Var. GRANULATUS Gmel., 1788. PL 40, tig. is.

Shell typically more elongated than T. coroiKitii*, altitude about
equalling the diameter ; umbilicate, finely granulose all over, with
subsutural and coronal series of tubercles, and sometimes one or two
additional series upon the median part of body-whorl.

Indian 0. ; Chinese flea*, etc..

T. gr<uiti/o«ii8 (Kiener) Sby., T. modestus IMiiL, are synonyms.
Var. roKKKNSis Recluz. PL 47, fig. 19.

Similar in sculpture to var. granulatus, but imperforate.

Alt. 1J), diam. 2i> mill.

/ ; Jttfiini.

T. SMARAGDUS Martyn, 1784. PL 02, fig. 13.

Shell depressed, heliciform, imperforate, solid, covered with a
strong bhickish cuticle, beneath which it is green ; usually eroded
at apex; whorls 4-"), upper ones spirally silicate or carinate, tin-
last lurire, flTTttenecl al)ove, with incremental wrinkles and suhol»o-
lete spiral sulci ; aperture large, oblique, rounded, pearly white with-
in ; outer lip thin, black-edged, columella arched, with a pearly cal-
lus ; umbilico-parietal area excavated, concave, white.

Alt. 40-50, diam. 50-60 mill.

Xnr /r.i/n/i'l : Fiji I*

Operculum (pi. 59, fig. 3,) flat inside with four whorls, the nucle-
us more than one-third "the distance across the face: outside deep
green except on the side of increment which is white; very minute-
ly remotely granose; according to Hutton, smooth.

It is T. helidnus Born, 1780. This name has precedent
Martyivs; but I doubt the expediency of changing the well-known
name at this late day. I am not sure that the species helot,..
Mmitorottnma, but it certainly should not be placed in Turin
is usually done.
Var. TKimsTATUS Hutton, 1884. Unfigured.

Body-whorl with three spiral ribs.

Wellington to Dunedin, A. Zealand.

t218 TURBO.

Subgenus SARMATICUS Gray, 1840.

Shell depressed, ventricose, imperforate, smooth or nodulous;
aperture oblique, large, columella wide. Operculum composed out-
side of a dense tuft of club-shaped processes; inside flat, with sub-
•central nucleus.

South African Province.

Cidaris Swainson, 1840, (not of Klein nor Bolt.) is a synonym.
T. SARMATICUS Linn., 1758. PL 40, fig. 17.

Shell globose-depressed, imperforate, dull brownish, above flam-
mulate, below more or less banded or maculate with white, usually
showing more or less of the underlying orange-red layer, between
which and the nacre there is a stratum of intense black; spire very
short, conic; whorls 5-6, convex, the upper ones with revolving
lira?, frequently carmated, the last traversed by several rows of
nodules, of which the coronal is the more prominent and constant,
concave above; aperture large, very oblique, beautifully nacreous
within, orbicular; outer lip thin, margined with intense black within,
nacre not extending to the edge ; columella arcuate, wide, slightly
produced below, broadly excavated above; parietal wall eroded,
showing a black blotch. Alt. 60-100, diam. 70-120 mill.

Cape Region of S. Africa.

Operculum (pi. 59, figs. 13, 14) flat within, with 5-6 whorls and
submedian nucleus; outside convex, whitish, composed of a dense
tuft of club-shaped profoundly separated agglomerated processes.

S. classarius (Jray is synonymous.

This species, the " Turk's Cap " of the shell dealers, is extremely
abundant at the Cape.

T. NATALKXSIS Krauss, (January) 1848. PI. 56, figs. 83, 84.

Shell orbicular depressed, imperforate, olivaceous or brownish.
radiately maculate above, irregularly below, with rufous and whit-
ish; spire depressed-conic, obtuse, apex crimson, whorls '5-6, con-
vex, compressed below the sutures, spirally coarsely lirate, the last
whorl with about twelve rather widely separated ribs; aperture
subcircular, oblique, pearly within, outer lip thin, columella more
•or less tinged with yellow or green, concave, broad above, with a
-deep curved pit in the place of the umbilicus.

Alt. 20-30, diam. 25-40 mill.

Natal.

Operculum like that of T. sarmaticus.

T. natalensis Reeve (Jan.) 1848, is a synonym.

Fischer mentions a uniform orange variety.

Submenus PRIS<H;A>TI-:I: Moreh,

Shell very solid, ovate or suicflobular, dark colored, imperi'orate;
aperture large, oblique; Operculuin inside yellow -. suheom-ave, with
SUbmarginal, basal nucleus; outside very convex.

/''Tin-in a rrnriiii; .

Amyxa Trosehel, 1852, is a synonym.

T. NIGER Gray, 1839. PL 42, fi-. 42.

Shell ovate, very solid, impertbrate, deep dull purplish or bluish
black ; spire short, convex, blunt; whorls .")-<;, somewhat ilnttcncd
below the sutures, with superficial spiral lira', and marked with liirht
incremental stria' ; aperture large, very oblique, ovate, silvcrv in>ide.
rounded below; outer lip slightly fluted within; columella wide,
white, bearing on its face a longitudinal rib whic-h rises in the region
of the umbilicus; parietal wall eroded, white, smooth, or with three
•white transverse ruga?. Alt. 25-27, diam. 25-.SO mill.

Coasts of Chili mill I'n'ii.

Anu/.ra nlyrn Troscliel and possibly T. Iu(/nbri* Kin«r, ( l's;U), are
synonymous.

Operculum oval, concave within, buti', with 2-3 very rapidly in-
creasing whorls, nucleus one-fourth the distance across the face from
basal margin ; outside white, very convex, obsoletely rugose, (pi.
69, figs. 32, 33.)

The animal has four lateral filaments upon the epipodial line on
either side.

An example of which Fischer gives measurements is larger than
any I have seen. Alt. 38, diam. 35 mill.

T. ELEVATI-S Souleyet, 184 . PL 46, figs. 12-14; pi. 55, ti.-r. 73.

Shell ovate-conic, imperforate, ashy-black, spire acute, elevated :
whorls 5, convex, slightly excavated at sutures, nearly smooth, ob-
soletely spirally lirate; last whorl large, convex below; aperture
ovate, silvery within ; lip black ; columella planate, depressed-con-
cave, not produced at base. Alt. 13, diam. 12 mill.

Coast of Chill,

Operculum yellowish inside, ovate, with two to three whorls and
sublateral nucleus; outside convex, white, rugose, subumbilp
Hupe (pi. 55, fig. 73,) is a synonym.

220 ASTRALIUM.

Genus ASTRALIUM Link, 1807.

Shell trochiform, generally more or less flattened above or below;
imperforate or umbilicate; young specimens always carinated and
spinose at the periphery ; operculum oval or oblong, with (except in
Bolma) submarginal or terminal raultispiral nucleus; the last
whorl forming far the greater portion of the operculum, usually
with one or several ribs exteriorly, following the course of the spiral
and most elevated at the distal extremity.

The synonyms are Calcar (Montf.) Fischer and other authors,
Impemtor (Montf.) Auct., Trochus, in part, of all earlier authors,
and Turbo, in part, Sowerby Jr. and others.

Authors have been considerably at variance in regard to both
the limits and the proper designation of this genus. I have exam-
ined the history of every name proposed for species of the group,
either as generic or subgeneric, and find that none prior in date to .
that of Link (1807) are entitled to any standing in nomenclature.

I am indebted to Dr. W. H. Dall for a copy of Link's description
of Astralivm. It was denned in the Beschreibnufj der Natarlien-
Sammlung der Universit'dt zu Rostock, von D. H. F. Link, Professor,
etc., p. 134-135, May 17, 1807 ; the genus is briefly described by
Link and A. deplanatum given as the first species, with a reference
to figures in Chemnitz, which fix the identity of deplanatum with
Lamarck's A. costulatum, a species of the West- Indian group.

Those species having a turbinate form, convex base and rounded
periphery, such as .1. ruyosum, A. ca'latum, A. tuber, have been
frequently adduced by authors as supplying the connecting links
between Turbo and Astral him; but such resemblance as they have
to Turbo is to be attributed not to any real relationship, but to a
secondary modification which they have undergone from the stellate
forms of AstraMum. That this is the case is shown by the young of
the turbinate species, which we find to be flattened, acutely carinated
and spinose, precisely as in typical Astralium.. As a rule, the young
of species of this genus are depressed, carinated and spinose at the
periphery, the spines frequently being reduced in size or lost in the
adult ; whilst in Turbo the young are in the spinose species smoother
than the adult, the spines becoming always more prominent with age.

The real connecting forms between these genera the student must
look to palaeontology to supplv; for the recent species which at first
seem to be intermediate in characters are undoubtedly descending
from stellate types of Astralium.

ASTRA LHM. '_>•_>]

Like Turbo, this genus is composed of a number of quite div-
subgenera of various degrees of affinity to radi oilier. I am in-
clined to divide them first into two scries; those with tin1 central
teeth of the radula composed of several plates overlying each other,
and without a reflected cusp at the superior margin, and those with
a reflected cusp above. 'The natural sei|uence and affinities of the
subgvncni are shown in the following table:

( ( Astral ium. .-.-.

Central teeth of radula j ( kithopoina,

with cusps. ( Imperator(

1 Guildfordia.

• Bolma.

Central teeth of radula { Cycloeantha.

. . (L vanilla,

without cusps.

i ( 'ookia.
•I Pomaulax.
(_Pachypoma.

Subgenus ASTKALIUM, Link, #. efo.

Shell conical, elevated or depressed, narrowly umbilicate or ini-
perforatc, carinate at the periphery, base plan u late or convex, whorls
above flattened or concave, costate or tuberculate ; operculum oval,
outside smooth or nearly so, very convex, excavated near IIK- center.

}\\-*t Indum 1'i'n,-'
Calcar Schum., 1817, is a synonym.

A. LOX<;ISI>IXA Lam., 1822. PI. 51, figs. 1-9.

Shell depressed conic or lens-shaped, umbilicate or impcrforate ;
white, 'yellowish or light brown ; apex obtuse; whorls 5-6, acutely
carinated at periphery, concavely flattened above, obliquely plicate
or spirally lirate, the line bearing tubercles or s(piam«»>e pro(-« -
periphery armed with recurved triangular obliquely wrinkled spine>,
usually thirteen to eighteen in number on the hist whorl, and more
or less projecting at the sutures ; base gently convex, densely lamel-
lose radiately striate, and with about four concentric subnodose lir:«- :
aperture transversely ovate, angled and canaliculate at terminal ion
of carina ; columella short, curved, somewhat dilated over the slight-
ly indented umbilical tract ; umbilicus generally very narrow or not
perforated. Alt. 30, diam.'OV) mill.

Entire West Indies ; Bahamas; Bermuda; Tortugas (Sim;
Guatemala.

222 ASTRALIUM.

Operculum (pi. 60, figs. 57, 58) oval, nucleus sublateral ; outside
white or slightly brownish, very convex, nearly smooth, excavated
near the center.

Trochus orichalceus (figs. 8, 9) T. aster, and T. heliacus Phil., T.
plaims (Gm.) Phil., Astmlium deplanatum Link and perhaps H
inermis Gmel. are synonymous.

An abundant and variable species. Figs. 1, 2, represent the typ-
ical form. The following variety has typically a very distinct as-
pect; but I am unable to separate it specifically by constant or
well marked characters.

Var. SPINULOSUM, Lam., 1822. PI. 51, figs. 4-6.

Shell conically elevated, imperforate ; whorls flattened above, ra-
diately costulate or spirally lirate, or both, and tuberculate or squa-
niose ; peripheral carina generally subspinose or nodose ; concentric
lirse on the base three to six in number, the inner generally nodose.
Two specimens measure as follows :

Alt. 32, diam. 61 mill ; alt. 38, diam. 45 mill.

W. Indies; Florida.

Fig. 6 is drawn from a specimen from Key West, Florida, collec-
ted by Hemphill. Lamark's T. costulatus (pi. 51, fig. 7), is in form
intermediate between typical longispina and var. spinulosum ; it is-
umbilicate and obliquely plicate above. I cannot tell what species
Reeve figured as T. spinulosus ; it seems to be a very depressed form
of A. petrosum Mart. It is certainly not the spinulosum of Lamarck.

A. ARMATUM Phil., 1848. PI. 51, figs. 10, 11.

Shell conic, apex acute ; sculpture as in var. spinulosum.

Alt. 16, diam. 27 mill.

Antilles (Philippi); St. Oroi.c.

A single specimen of this form I found in a suite of A. longispina
from St. Croix. From that species it differs in the conical acute apex.
A. BREVISPINA Lam., 1822. PI. 52, figs. 12, 13.

Shell conic, imperforate, solid ; whorls 6-7, flat above, obliquely
costate below the sutures, then with several revolving series of gran-
ules; periphery sharply carinate, armed with short triangular spines
which festoon the sutures and project more or less, about 10-13
in number on the last whorl ; base a little rounded, radiately lamel-
lose striate and concentrically lirate, the lirse three to five in num-
ber, mostly tuberculate, especially in the young ; aperture transverse,
oval, channelled at outer angle ; columella short, arched ; place of

ASTRA LI I'M. 22%

the umbilicus excavated, whitish, bounded by an intensely or:i!
verniillion tract. Alt, 28, diani. 40 mill.

West Indies; Florida Keys (Simpson); Costa Rica; Yen*
T. '(urispigmentum Jonas is synonymous.
It is frequently larger than I have indicated.

A. LATISPINA Phil., 1844. PI. 63, figs. 21, 22.

Shell imperforate, conic, greenish, brown maculated ; whorls 7,
subplanate, obliquely costulate below the sutures, then with two
beaded spiral lirae ; margins of whorls exserted, expanded, com-
pressed, armed with triangular spines; last whorl sharply rarinate :
base radiately lamellose and ornamented with three or four ^numst-
concentric costse ; umbilical area depressed, pale greenish or yellow-
ish, aperture oblique, angulate. Alt. 35, diam. 50 mill.

Gulf of Mexico to Rio Janeiro.

Operculum oval, outside white, smooth, with a single arcuate
wide rib; inside flat, chestnut colored, nucleus submarginal.

T. buschi Kiener, and T. tentorium Anton are synonym*.

This form I have not satisfactorily identified with any shells I
have seen. It seems to be closely allied to the preceding species.

Subgenus LITHOPOMA Gray, 1850.

Shell turbinate or trochiform, elevated, imperforate, periphery
carinated or rounded, whorls above radiately plicate; operculum
oval, outside coarsely granulose, and either simply convex or with a
curved spiral rib with its terminations connected by a straight one ;
nucleus submarginal. West Indian Province.

A. Turbinate species with rounded periphery.
A. TUBER Linn., 1767. PI. 56, figs. 79, 80.

Shell turbinate-conic, imperforate, very solid, dirty white or pah-
green, radiately maculated with brown above, irregularly marked
and lighter below; whorls 6, upper two smooth by erosion, the fol-
lowing obliquely coarsely plicate and finely wrinkled in the same
direction above, somewhat shouldered, obtusely angular near per-
iphery, above which several obscure beaded lira? revolve, ehagreen-
ed by intersection of incremental stria? and oblique wrinkles: li-
nearly smooth ; aperture very oblique, oval, silvery within; colu-
mella short, wide, generally bituberculate at the base, excavated
over the location of the umbilicus. Alt. 45, diam. 50 mill.

West Indian 7W/W ;

224 ASTRA LI UM.

Operculum (pi. 60, fig*. 42, 43) oval, nucleus submarginal ; out-
ride white, excavated around the upper edge, with a heavy coarsely
granulose rib following the central part of the spiral, its ends con-
nected by a short rib.

The young are subspinose at the periphery ; adults generally lose
the more minute suface-sculpture described above.

A. CVKLATUM Gmel., 1788. PI. 57, figs. 45, 40.

Shell conic, solid, imperforate, soiled white, more or less tinged
with green and brown ; spire elevated, apex acute ; whorls 6-7,
convex, with fine incremental stride and oblique radiating folds
above; periphery with several prominent squaniose or spinose line ;
base somewhat flattened, with close squamose lira? separated by
deep interstices ; aperture silvery within, transversely ovate, very
oblique, its margins fluted ; columella extended, oblique, arcuate.

Alt. 80, diam. 80 mill.

West Indies; Bahamas, etc.

Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 44) oval, nucleus submarginal ; outside
convex, white or brown tinted, coarsely granulose.

This is the Trochus caelatus etc. of Chemnitz, T. cwlatus Chemnitz
of authors.

B. . Conic species, with carinated periphery and flattened base.

In this section of Lithopoma the species are very variable, and it
is difficult to find characters salient enough to satisfactorily sepa-
rate several of them. Much more material than I have before me
must be studied before the synonymy and limits of the various
forms can be settled.

A. AMERICANUM Gmel., 1788. PL 52, figs.. 18-20.

Shell trochiform, elevated, imperforate, solid, white or yellowish ;
whorls 7, the upper three smooth in adults by erosion of the sculpt-
ure, flattened or concave on their upper surfaces, longitudinally
obliquely plicate, the folds numbering about thirty-six on the last
whorl, terminating on the periphery in nodules (or spines in the
young,) generally intersected about the middle by two to four spiral
impressed lines, periphery angled, more or less swollen ; base nearly
flat, more or less sharply radiately striate, and spirally lirate, the
line about six in number, or sometimes more, frequently nodulose ;
aperture very oblique ; outer lip usually crenulated ; columella
short, heavy, bituberculate at base, bounded by a radiately plicate
cordon. Alt. 35, diam. 30-35 mill.

West Indies ; Florida Keys.

ASTRA LITM. ^;>

Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 45) oval, light brown within, with suhlat-
-eral nucleus; outside convex, white, granuloM-, more or leae excava-
ted around the upper margin, excavated near t lie center; y<>uiiurwith
a stout curved central rib following the spiral, its ends connected
by a short straight rib.

A. CUBANHM Phil., 1*4*. PI. 5r>, fiirs. 77, 78.

Shell elevated-conic, imperforate, solid, whitisli or pale yellow;
whorls 7, upper two smooth by erosion, sutures moderately inn.
ed ; whorls flattened above, longitudinally coarsely plicate, nodulous
on the periphery, the folds about twenty-two to twenty-eight in num-
ber on the last whorl, cut about the middle by a few spiral impiv-s-
ed lines ; base slightly convex, concentrically lirate, and radiatdy
densely striate, the lira? about six in number, sometimes nodd-e;
aperture wide, subtrapezoidal ; columella arcuate, grooved slightly
at position of umbilicus, bituberculate at base, surrounded by a ra-
cliately plicate cordon. Alt. 38, diam. :>."> mill.

West Indies ; Tortugas (Simpson).

Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 48) with a strong central spiral granular
rib, with its terminations joined by a short riblet, the interval be-
tween them deeply excavated.

Allied to A. (unerietuium, but separated by the more decidedly
granulate and ribbed operculum, which resembles closely that ot .1.
olfersii. The peripheral nodes are less numerous than in A. aim r-
icanum, and more numerous than in A. olfersii.

A. I'APFLLATUM Potiez et Michaud, 1838. PI. 52, figs. 14-17.

Shell conic, elevated, imperforate, solid greenish-olivaceous, ob-
scurely banded, spire acute ; whorls 7, nearly flat, slight ly e.vavated in
the middle, finely obliquely striate and radiately costate, folds white,
oblique, slightly prominent above, at the periphery tuberculose ; last
whorl earinated, with about fourteen short tubercles on the carina;
base a little convex, radiately striate, with five concentric subnodose
line separated by very shallow grooves ; aperture transverse ; colu-
mella arcuate, bituberculate at the base; umbilical tract bounded
by a plicate cordon. Alt. 25, diam. 29 mill.

West Li'

Operculum nearly like that of A. cubanum.
Figs. 16, 17 are from the original ones of Potiez and Michaud.
The species is nearly allied to A. cubanum, perhaps- identical
15

226 ASTRALIUM.

A. GUAI>ALOUPEN>E ( Yosse, 1865. PI. 53, figs. 43-45.

Shell imperforate, solid, elevated-conic, longitudinally suboblique-
ly Avrinkled, reddish orange, marked in places with white and oli-
• ut u re impressed, irregular ; whorls 6 '*, subplanulate above,
slightly concave in the middle, the apical one or two smooth, the
following longitudinally plicate, the folds cut in the middle by two
impressed spiral lines, projecting at the carinated periphery, and
about twenty-three in number on the body-whorl; base nearly flat
with radiating stria? and five subgranose line ; aperture oblique,
rhomboidal, columella white, arcuate, bidentate at base, umbilical
tract pale violaceous, bounded by a plicate cordon.

Alt, 231, diam. 25 mill.

Guadaloupe, West Indies.

Operculum outside convex, with a median rib, minutely granulose,
excavated near the middle.

It is closely allied to A. papillatum P. £ M., but may be separa-
ted by the flatter base and perhaps the number of the basal line.
Compare also A cubanum. In the only specimen of this species I
have seen (fig. 45) the peripheral tubercles number twenty on the
body-whorl. I believe that this species will be found to be a form
of A. cubanun or A. papillatum.

A. OLFEESI Troschel, (18 ?). PI. 57, figs. 47-49.

Shell imperforate, solid, conic, gray, olive-green and reddish brown;
longitudinally plicate, the folds about thirteen in number on the last
whorl ; periphery nodulose ; base slightly convex, with four concen-
tric lira? ; aperture subtrapezoidal, white ; columella arcuate, bitu-
berculate at the base. Alt. 45, diam. 52 mill.

Brazil (Philippi); Bahia (Clery).

Figs. 48, 40 are drawn from the original ones. I have seen no
specimen corresponding with them.- The variety figured by Kiener
(pi. 57, fig. 47) scarcely looks the same to me. It differs in the "less
oblique and more numerous longitudinal folds, which are more in-
terrupted about the middle and more nodulose above.'' A specimen
of this variety before me is marked "West Indies"

Operculum (pi. 59, figs. 22, 23) oval, granulose outside, strongly
ribbed.

T. saxosus Phil., is a synonym.
xV. IMBRICATUM Gmel., 1788. PI. 55, fig. 70.

Shell conic, solid, imperforate, cinereous or light brownish ; whorls
7, planulate above, very obliquely striate, and longitudinally plicate,

ASTKALU'M. '_>27

the folds generally eighteen to twenty in number on the last whorl,
pub-interrupted <>r excavated about the middle, produced at the
sharply earinate periphery into squamose square somewhat descend-
ing spines; base flattened, radiately striate, and with tour to six
concentric irregular subnodose line; aperture very oblique, wide:
lip scalloped, chanelled at outer angle; coluniella bidentate below,
its face slightly grooved. Alt, 40, diam. 45 mill.

Honduras (Reeve); West
T. corolla Reeve is synonymous.

A. TrMKiiosrM Phil. PI. 64, figs. 57, 58.

This thick-shelled Trochid stands near to T. ccelatus, but is distin-
guished by the following characters; the whorls are flat, not arched,
in the middle; the superior nodules are situated near to the suture,
are hemi-sphserical and solid ; the last whorl has but a single row of
nodules ; the carina is sharper, the base flatter, with only three con-
centric nodose line ; the aperture is lower, more rhomboidal ; color
reddish brown, more or less verging on violet.

Coast of Mexico.

I have translated from Philippi the more important portion of his
description. I am unable to identify the form with any shells I have
seen. It is probably immature.

A. r.LTCATt'Li-M Philippi. PI. 64, figs. 62, 63.

Shell strictly conic, imperforate, yellowish white ; whorls planu-
late, the last acutely angled, obliquely plicate, the folds small, about
forty in number on the body-whorl, interrupted by two spiral fur-
rows, of which the upper is in middle of the whorl, the lower midway
between that and the wavy lower margin of the whorl ; base nearly
flat, with six strong, elevated concentric lira?, and radiating lamel-
lose striae. Alt. 23, diam. 25 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Known to me only by Philippi's figure and description from which
the above is taken. It probably does not belong to this group.

Subgenus IMPERATOR, Montfort, 1810.

Shell large, trochiform, concave and umbilicate below, carinated
and spinose at periphery, whorls convex and grauulose above ; opej--
culum oval, outside smooth, obsoletely unicostate.

Amtralo-Zealandic Pro r/nrc.

Canthorbis Swainson, 1840, and in part Guildfordia Gray, 1850,
are synonyms.

228 ASTRALIUM.

A. HELiOTRoriUM Martyn, 1784. PL 56, fig. 87.

Shell large, depressed-conic, below widely umbilicate and concave,
spire dome-shaped, of 5 convex whorls; suture rendered zigzui: by
the prominent compressed triangular recurved vaulted spines which
arm the acutely carinated periphery; whorls above and below with
numerous spiral series of granules ; umbilicus wide, deep, coarsely
obliquely striate within ; aperture transversely oval, oblique, pearly
within, peristome continuous; columella slightly dilated, impinging
upon the umbilicus; color brownish or purplish above, light below.

Alt. 50-60, diarn. 100-120 mill.

New Zealand ; Hauraki Gulf, Foveaux Sts., Cook's Sts., Bay of
Tasmania.

Operculurn (pi. 59, figs. 5, 6) oval, with excentric nucleus ; outside
smooth, obsoletely unicostate.

The synonyms are. Trochus solaria i>i imperalis etc. Chemnitz, T.
imperialis GmeL, and of most authors, Imperator aureolatus Mont-
fort, and Guildfordia heliophorus Gray.

This large handsome species was brought to Europe for the first
time by the famous Captain Cook.

Subgenus GUII/DFORDIA Gray, 1850.

Shell Avheel-shaped, imperforate ; low-conic and granulose above,
convex below, periphery armed with long slender radiating .spines,
which are concealed at the sutures ; operculum fiat, with a snbobso-
lete arcuate rib outside.

Japonic Province.

A. TEIUMPHANS Phil., 1841. PL 58, figs. 67, 68.

Shell low-conic, imperforate, metallic brownish-purple above,
nearly white below ; whorls 6, slightly convex above ; body-whorl
armed around the carinate periphery with long slender closed tubu-
lar radiating spines, about eight in number on the body-whorl,
and which are reabsorbed as the growth advances leaving only short
stumps to festoon the sutures ; upper surface with close revolving
series — generally eight to ten on the last whorl — of minute laterally
compressed granules; base slightly convex, usually with a marginal
row of granules, and several rows surrounding the central callus ;
aperture transversely ovate, angulate and channelled at peripheral
carina, iridescent within ; peristome sinuous above ; umbilical re-

ASTKVLU'M. 229

gion covered witli a heavy callus, more or less stained with pinkish,
somewhat excavated at center. and obsoletely spirally ridded.

Alt. IT), diain. (including spines) 70 mill.

Oporculum (pi. 60, fig. 00).

T. guildfordicB Ifeevo is a synonym.

Subgenus BOLMA Ixisso, 1826.

Shell turbinatc, spire conic, imperforate, whorls rounded at the
periphery, the upper ones spiny, base convex ; operculnm nearly
round, nucleus, exeentric, outside ])olished, concave1 in the middle,
with a convexity or rib upon the center of the spiral.

Mediterranean and Japanese Seas.

Tubwanthiis Swains., 1840, is a synonym.

In the Mollusca of the Challenger, p. 131, AVatson corrects the
orthography of this name, making it JJo/uia. But I find that Gray
and authors generally have not deviated from the orthography of
Kisso. (see J/!*t. Xat. (k VEnrnjie vnridionalc iv, p. 117).

A. BUGOSUM Linn., 1767. PL 40, fig. 20; pi. 56, fig. So.

Shell solid, conic, imperforate, brown or cinereous; suture canalic-
ulate, bordered below by a series of curved radiating tubercles ; whorls
(J-7, obliquely lamellose striate, the upper ones carinate and tuber-
cuhite or spino.se at the ])eri[)hery, the last descending, rounded or
bicarinate, spirally lirate ; base conspicuously radiately striate ; aper-
ture obliquely, transversely oval, pearly within; columella arched,
white, and pearly, with an orange callus dilated over the umbilical
region and extending over the parietal wall. Alt. 50, diam. 55 mill.

Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic shores of Spain and S. IT. France;
Azorex, Madeira find Canary Is.

Operculum (pi. 60, figs. 39, 40) short-oval, brown within, with
four whorls, the nucleus situated one-third the distance across the
face ; outside bright orange, polished, with a spiral callous ridge.

T. cnHKin.cittix Val. is a synonym.

A. MOPKSTUM. Reeve, 1842. PL 55, figs. 63, 64.

"Shell imperforate, conically turbinated, orange-rose ; whorls con-
vexly sloping, then encircled with two rows of scales, papillary-
grained throughout; base rather Hat, tinged with chrome orange."
(Reeve). J«JXDI.

230 ASTRALIUM.

Var. GIRGYLLUS Reeve, 1861. PI. 55, fig. 65.

" Very closely related to the preceding, but distinguished by a
more square form, while the scales are curiously expanded."

(Reeve.) China.

A. TUBSICUS Reeve, 1848. PI. 48, fig. 35.

Shell somewhat pyramidally ovate, imperforated ; sutures of spire
excavated ; whorls spirally squamately ridged, slanting around the
upper part, sharply angled, erectly squamate at the angle ; aperture
small ; yellowish, beautifully rayed with scarlet red.

Alt. 22, diam. 22 mill.

Philippine Is.

Calcar turcicus (Rve.) Fischer is the same.

Reeve's figure and description are copied above. Of this form
Mr. E. A. Smith says :

This beautiful species is well characterized by its style of paint-
ing. It is whitish with broad scarlet rays, particularly distinct on
the sloping upper surfaces of the whorls ; these are sometimes
edged with black posteriorly, and the suture is more or less stained
with that color. The lower part of the body-whorl i.^ for the most
part scarlet with a few narrow white streaks (sometimes black-spot-
ted) radiating from the umbilical region. The operculum is white,
thick, convex, and granose externally. (Zool. Coll. H. M. 8.
'Alert.' p. 504.)

T. tursicus was collected by the ' Alert ' at Darros Island, one
of the Amirante group. I have copied on pi. 09, fig. 27, Mr.
Smith's figures. The species apparently is not a Bolma, but with-
out examining the shells and ascertaining the position of the
nucleus and nature of the whorls of the operculum, I am not able
to form an opinion as to its true position.

Subgenus CYCLOCANTIIA Swainson, 1840.

Shell conic or depressed trochiform, usually imperforatc ; whorls
above smooth, granulate or plicate ; periphery spinose, tuberculate,
or with a projecting flange ; base convex, flat, or concave, concen-
trically lirate ; coiumella with a more or less obvious tubercle at
the base; operculum oval, convex outside, with a more or less
prominent curved central rib, its terminations connected or nearly
so by a straight short accessory rib.

Indo-Pacific, Austmlo-Zealandic and Japonic Provinces.

ASTKAl.ir.M. U;)!

Synonyms: Stella (Klein) II. and A. Adams, L858, (types .1.
aatn'ixcnA Rve.), Calcar Montfort, 1*10, (tvpe, .1. c.i/nir I /inn.?)
and (1arinia*'a. Tenison-Woods, not Swainson.

There lias been considerable diversity of opinion regarding the
group above defined, both as to its contents and its proper designa-
tion. Stella was the first name proposed for it ; but since, the no-
menclature (almost) universally adopted by /oologi.-ts dates from
the publication of the tenth edition of Linmeus ( 17-VS), \\e are com-
pelled to reject the names proposed by Klein in 17-").'). This course
is rendered the more imperative by the nature of Klein's work ; for
his "genera" are as often denominated by a phrase as by a single
word. Calcar of Montfort was probably founded on a species of
this subgenus. But this is very uncertain, as his figure might be-
long to anyone of several very different forms. (See also "Fischer,
Man. de Conch., p. 813.) As to Carmidea Swains., which Tenisoii-
Woods has supposed to include the group of A.fimbrialurn, A. ten-
toriifonne etc., there is no warrant for using it in any sueh sense;
for Swainson's two types are (1) an innbllieated species of Trochus,
and (2) a species of Uvanilla, (A. buschii Phil.). Hercoles Montf.
referred to this group by some authors, is not a mollusc. As to the
limits and contents of Cyclocantha as here defined, I am aware that
there is room for controversy. Fischer and others have distributed
a portion of the species among several adjacent subgeiiera. I have
included with considerable hesitation A.fimbriatum and A. tvniorn-
fornie ; but I do not think that they would be any better placed
with J. olivaceus etc. in Uvanilla.

It is very difficult to express in a diagnosis the differences be-
tween the shells of this group and of Astralium, x. s. Both contain
flattened wheel-shaped umbilicate forms, with long peripheral
spines, and both have compact trochiform species. The two groups
occupy almost opposite areas upon the globe.

A. CALCAB Linn., 1758. PI. 52, figs. 27, 29, 30; PI. 56, fig. 74.

Shell conoid, more or less depressed at apex; grayish greenish,
or brownish cinereous; whorls 6, flattened above, and radiately pli-
cate, the folds rather unequal and irregular; periphery carinated
spinose, bearing about twelve radiating more or less foliated spines
upon the body-whorl ; last whorl deeply descending toward the
aperture ; base convex, concentrically more or less densely squa-
mosely lirate, the outer line generally prominent and subspinose,
sometimes causing the periphery to appear hie:- .ate; aperture

232 ASTRALIUM.

transversely oval, very oblique, generally golden within, and stained
with purple or blue on the columella. Alt. 28, diam. 40 mill.
Indian Ocean ; Australia ; Philippines ; New Caledonia; Java, etc.

Operculum oval, nucleus submarginal ; outside deep bluish-green,
excavated around the upper margin and near the middle, edges
rugose, center nearly smooth. •

Trochus aculeatus Gmel. is a synonym.

An extremely variable species. In form it may be either conic
with nearly flat base, or flat above with very convex and umbilica-
ted base. The spines are generally triangular and obliquely wrink-
led above, but are often square and elaborately foliated at the ex-
tremities. Restricting the typical calcar to shells with moderately
exserted scalariform spire, depressed apex, and body- whorl deflected
toward the aperture, we may define several varieties which are typ-
ically quite distinct, but which, in the large series before me, are
connected with each other and with the type by insensible grada-
tions.

Var. HELICIXUM Gmel. PL 52, figs. 28, 31.

Last whorl not descending ; spire conical, not much depressed at
apex ; marginal spines generally short. Usually larger than the
typical form. • A specimen before me measures: alt. 40, diam. 70
mill.

Var. LACINIATUM Gould. PL 53, figs. 32, 33.

Shell bullet-shaped in the adult ; aperture subcircular, white
within; columella generally stained with purple.

Alt. 28, diam. 22 mill.

Philippines (Goxld), Viti Is.

Young shells are like var. helicinnm ; the adults are very differ-
ent in shape, and sometimes even more elongated than in the figure.

Var. PLANORBIS Pilsbry. PL 56, figs. 75, 70.

Spire planulate, scarcely at all exserted ; base very convex, um-
bilicated. Alt. 10, diam. 27 mill.

A curious form, very different from the preceding.

A. STELLARE Gmel., 1788. PL 55, figs. 66-68.

Shell imperforate, conoid, solid, more or less elevated, whorls
5-6, obliquely radiately costate, imbricately spinose at periphery,
the last carinated, carina with about ten long vaulted spines ; base

with about ten concentric squamose line, coluinollu oblique, white,
generally rosy margined, rarely bluish; aperture angulated.

Alt. 34, diam. 35 mill.

/','".-•/ Indian, Seas.

Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 67) granulose outside, white or given.
Animal (fig. 68) without lateral filaments.

T. clu'iiinif-ii Val. and T. uxprrnltix ( I/un.) I'hil. are synonymous.

This species seems to be very closely allied to A. hcHrhuun, Gmel.

Var. ASTERISCUS Reeve, 1842. PI. 55, fig. (>'.).

Shell conical ; whorls obsoletely wrinkled, produced at the carina
into prominent vaulted spines; basal callosity rose-red or blue-
green.

Port Essington, Au.*tr<if!<t.

Identified by Fischer with T. chemnltzii Val., but that form
.seems to me to differ in no respect from typical stcllnrc.

A. LAPILLUS Reeve, 1861. PI. 64, fig. 49.

Imperforate, obtusely tnrbinated, fulvous, tinged with red at the
base ; whorls convexly sloping next the suture, then tumidly round-
ed, longitudinally rudely ribbed, ribs irregularly wrinkled and
tuberculated ; base convex, very closely irregularly scaled. (Reeve.)
Ilabifaf unknown (Reeve) ; Levuka, Fiji, 12 fms. (Challenger Expd.)

Watson, who places this species in "Bolina" (— - Bolma), says:
"There are two specimens of this species in the British Museum,
which differ from one another in the number of spirals on the base
and have only a faint tinge of purple at the pillar. In the two
Challenger specimens, the scaly spirals are much fewer, and a bril-
liant crimson streak to the left of the pillar, and also in front of it
on the left corner of the basal month lip, is a marked feature. I
observe, however, that as is often the case with these brilliant col-
ors, the crimson has somewhat faded during the years the shell has
been in my hands."

A. SIRIUS Gould, 1849. PI. 45, figs. 93-95.

Shell small, low pyramidal, pale emerald green ; whorls 4, acute-
ly compressed at periphery, above with about ten oblique folds on
.the lower half of the whorl, each of which is produced into a trian-
gular spine at the periphery, and with spines intercalated making
about eighteen on the periphery of last whorl ; surface corrugated
by oblique wrinkles ; base nearly flat, imperfo rate, with about iiv<

234 ASTICALIUM.

delicate, distantly nodose, concentric, inequal lira? ; aperture circu-
lar, augulate at carina, lip below horizontal ; columella smooth,
rounded, arcuate. Alt. 7-j, diam. 12 mill.

Australia.
Seems to be a young shell.

A. PETEOSUM Martyn, 1784. PL 64, figs. 65, 66.

Shell conic, imperforate, solid, greenish or cinereous ; whorls 6,
above planulate, obliquely radiately plicate or wrinkled ; periphery
bicarinate, with two rows of rather short radiating spines, about 12
in number on the body-whorl in the upper row, smaller and more
numerous in the lower ; base flattened, concave toward the center,
•concentrically densely squamose-lirate ; aperture transverse, white,
pink or blue inside, channelled at the carina ; peristome crenulate,
columella wide, with a slight semilunar groove and a denticle near
the base, generally more or less purplish, pink or bluish.

Alt. 30-35, diam. 32-40 mill.

Viti and Hawaiian Is. ; New Caledonia; Lid Ian Ocean. (?}

Operculum (pi. 64, fig. 64) oval, rugose, outside, with a broad
central curved callosity ; center excavated ; color usually the same
as the columella.

T. rhodostomus Lam., and T. tuberosiis Reeve (not Phil.) are syn-
onyms. T. spinulosits Reeve is probably a depressed form of this
species.

Martyn's name has been overlooked by most authors, but I see
no reason for rejecting it for that of Lamarck. His figures in the
'" Universal Conchology " are so superior as to compare favorably
with modern work ; and represent unmistakably the typical form,
with the two subequal rows of spines upon the periphery.

Var. COXFRAGOSUM Gould, 1848. PI. 54, fig. 56.

Shell low conical, rugose, the wrinkles small, rounded, irregular,
oblique, slightly squamose here and there; whorls 6, somewhat
shouldered above, declivous at the upper part, obtusely biangulate
toward the base ; periphery augulate, stellate by the projection of
folded ribs ; base plane, encircled with about eight squamose ridges.

Dean's Is., Paumotus Group.

[ have copied Gould's figure of this form and have added two
which are identified by Dr. Fischer with it. These last are much
more prominently plicate above, and have colored columella, a
•character not mentioned by Gould.

235

Var. pLir.YTOsi'ixosrM I'ilsbry, 1***. PI. .Vj, i\>^<. .">!), lii).

Rather low-conic, conspicuously radiately plicate above, the fold?

somewhat siguioid and oblique, bearing a series of short rounded
knobs above, and terminating in short spines, eighteen to twenty in
number, at the carinated periphery; base flat ; squamosely lirate ;
aperture tinged with green, especially at the columella.

Alt, 20-25, diam. 25-30 mill.

Hawaiian /x.

Operculum (pi. b'O, fig. 50) deep green, wrinkled.

Var. viui'X.iKXs Pease, 1SW). PI. 41), fig. 50.

Shell conoidal, slightly swollen at the middle ; whorls concave
above, rudely irregularly rugosely plicate ; lower margin of whorls
encircled by two rows of nodose contiguous scales ; upper whorls
deeply pitted, the last acutely carinated at periphery ; base planu-
late, with about nine concentric unequal squamose line.

Alt. 25, diam. 25 mill.

Ins. Tarawa, Polynesia.

A. HEX rcus Watson, 1870. PI. 52, figs. 25, 26.

Shell conical, elevated, light yellowish ruddy, paler below ; whorls
7-8, apex round, first whorl flattened, upper three whorls radiately rib-
bed, the following radiately slightly plicate in the direction of lines^of
growth, with a spiral series of rather large white separate beads upon
the edge of the flattened shoulder below the suture, and six series of
distinct small beads, separated by interstices of half their breadth
upon the slope of the whorl ; periphery sharply bicarinate, the upper
carina stellate with sharp compressed hollow spines, about twelve in
number on body-whorl ; lower carina with thirty to thirty-five vault-
ed scales, becoming spines toward the aperture; between the carnue
there are four rows of beads ; base flat, with about ten concentric
rows of very regular beads; aperture oblique, white within; colu-
mella bluntly toothed below ; umbilical tract polished, slightly
ridged, white. Alt. 20, diam. 25 mill.

Matuka, Fiji, 315 //»>-. in <•<»•< tl mm I.

Operculum (pi. 00, fig. 59) oval, within flat, brown ; outside thick,
white, graimlose, with a slight flange on the outer margin.

Differs from other species of the petrosum group in being granu-
late instead of plicate on the upper surface.

A. PRKVOSTI Sowerby Jr., 1886. PI. 63, fig. 38.

Shell rather wide-conic, imperforate, green, brown tinged and
banded ; whorls about six, subconvex, sloping, encircled by minute

236 ASTRALIOl.

granulose lira?, above nodose-plicate, last whorl subacutely angled
below, the angle bearing square, thick vaulted scales ; base imbri-
cately quadri-lirate ; aperture suboblique ; columella arcuate, silvery,
umbilical callus white.

Habitat unknown.

"A trochiform species in which the longitudinal ribs may be only
faintly traced, leaving nodules at the top of the whorls, and strong
obtuse square looking scales at the margin, while the whorls are en-
circled in the middle with two or three rows of minute granules."

So\verby's description and figure are given. Compare A. tubero-
*um Phil. p. 227.

A. PAGODULUM Sowerby Jr., 1886. PI. 63, fig. 28.

"Shell imperforate, conical, orange-drab; whorls slopingly convex,
obliquely wrinkled-plaited, plaits, rather large, swollen, basal margin
of the whorls prickly scaled, base scale-ridged around the callosity."

Habitat nnkn<m-n-

Trochus afuleatus Reeve (preoc.) is a synonym.

The original figure and description are given.

A. p.U40i)us Tenison- Woods, 1879. Unfigured.

Shell narrowly pyramidal, thin, pale roseate, variegated with
wide longitudinal olive bands; whorls 6, concave, very acutely
angular at the suture, armed with a regular row of short .spines, and
girdled with four or five lines of indistinct granulose line ; spines
numerous, obtusely angular, concave, 18 in number at the periphery
of the last whorl ; apex acute ; aperture obliquely quadrate, de-
pressed smooth inside, nacreous; labrum acute; columella curved,
truncate; base quite fiat, spirally lirate and very finely transversely
striate, pale yellowish white and very faintly spotted with brown.

Alt. 15, diam. 18 mill. (Tenison- Woods)

Moreton Jl'iy, Anxfi'dl'w.

The original description is giving above. I do not know the exact
systematic position of the form.

A. IIJEMATRAGUS Mciike. PI. 54, figs. 57, 58.

Shell imperforate, pale ashen, elevated-conic, apex acute ; whorls
7, planulate above, with radiating oblique folds, which are produced
into short spines at the periphery ; last whorl carinated, with ten
to twelve spines in a single series ; base plano-concave, concentrical-

• ASTKAMTM. l>;;7

ly squamose-lirate ; aperture transverse, channelled at the carina ;
columella arcuate, purple or blue margined, dentate at base.

Alt. 27, diam. 32 mill.

Jupiniw. «i,d Chinese Seas.

T. colninrH'iri* Phil, and T. cjratus Phil, are synonyms, and in
part, perhaps, T. ii#trri.wu8 Rve.

Base more concave than in .1. //r//v,x/ou, peripheral spines in a
single series, and finer than in that species.

A. HEXAGONUM Phil. PI. 04, figs. 44-40.

Shell perfectly conic, i in perforate, reddish-white, redder in the
furrows, costate and obliquely rugose-silicate, the rihssix in nuni])er,
Bubcontinuous, terminating in small vaulted spines at the base ; per-
iphery acute, angulate, stellate, with twelve points; base flat, sqita-
mosely eight or nine lirate ; aperture suborbicular, angulate at out-
er margin. Alt. 13, diam. 15 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Philippi's description and figure are given. The species may be
an immature form of A. hcvmatragum.

A. SKMICOSTATUM Kiener. PI. <J3, figs. 15-18.

Shell elevated-conic, solid, imperforate, olive-brown or cinereous,
apex acute; whorls (5-7, sharply carinated, upper surface concave,
longitudinally more or less finely and irregularly plicate below the
sutures; coarsely plicate on the lower half of the whorls, the folds
terminating in short nodes at the periphery, twelve to sixteen in
number on the last whorl, and also scalloping the sutures; base
flat, somewhat depressed around the middle, finely concentrically
lirate nnd radiately striate, the line about eight to sixteen in number ;
aperture very oblique, suboval, white within, slightly channelled
at the carina, but scarcely angulate ; columella bluish, rosy or white,
short, curved, dentate below ; base of aperture horizontal, sometimes
with a submarginal row of minute tubercles within.

Alt. 27, diam. 2-1 mill.

Indian Ocean; Australia (?)

This is Ti'ofJins strff'iliix of Philippi and of Reeve. It may possi-
bly be the stellatus of Gmelin. That species was said by him to be
West Indian.

In some specimens the peripheral spines are rather long and direct-
ed outward. The lira? of the base are sometimes coarser than the
figures indicate ; and in fully matured individuals the outer ones be-

238 ASTKALIUM.

come obsolete ; finally, the base of the aperture acquires the arma-
ture shown in fig. 18.

A. BABELK Fischer, 1874. PL 52, fig.?. 21, 22.

Shell imperforate, conic, elevated, pale yellowish, apex acute ;
whorls 7, slightly convex, obliquely radiately costute with distant
folds, which are prominently nodulose at the sutures and periphery;
interstices smooth ; last whorl carinated, the carina bearing about
eight nodules; base fiat, smooth, with fine oblique incremental stride;
aperture angulated; columellar region white, blue margined, uniden-
tate at base. AH. 20, diam. 11) mill.

Habitat nnknotcn.

I have not seen this species. The original figures and description
are given.

T. barbells Sow)), is the same.

A. HEIMBURGI Bunker, 1882. PI. 58, figs. 65, 66.

Shell conic, imperforate ; whorls 5, flattened, subgranosely dense-
ly lirate; periphery carinated, armed with compressed imbricated
subdeflexed spines ; ba.se plano-convex, ornamented with spiral
subimbricated lira?: columella with an oblong excavation at its ter-
mination ; aperture subrotund, silvery margaritaceous within ; shell
whitish, subroseous at the base. Alt. 12, diam. 20 mill.

Jap a

Operculum and animal unknown.

It is Uvanilta heimburyi, Dkr. I am undecided about the real
position of this species, but do not believe it to belong to VranlUa
as restricted in this work.

***

The following species have been placed in Ui'cnn'Ua by Fischer;
but they do not seem to be as nearly allied to U. ofivncca, the type
of that group, as to Cyclocantha. The dentition is unknown in all
of them.
A. ROTULARIUM Lamarck, 1822. PI. 54, fig. 55 ; pi. 64, figs. 50, 51.

Shell subdepressed, conoid, white, imperforate ; spire subacute ;
whorls 6, obliquely finely costulate ; with numerous prominent im-
bricating laterally compressed plicae at the sutures; last whorl cari-
nated, carina plicate-nodose, base convex, squaniosely concentrically
lirate ; columella arcuate, white, not dentate ; aperture oblique.

Alt. 25, diam. 36 mill.

Seas (Reeve),

A.STBALITJM. 23 !»

A. Nonius (iray, 1847. PI. 63, fig. 37.

"Shell'trochifbrm Imperforate, pale white; spire conical ; whorl-
nearly flat, smooth, the outer edge of the upper whorls hciim- fur-
nished with a broad expanded margin, which is broadlv plaited on
the ii])j)er side; the plaits becoming thicker and more prominent on
the edge of the last whorl ; front [base] of last whorl with regular
spiral ridges, each crossed with regular imbricate-arched scales, the
second and third near the circumference largest, and those in-
to them closer together" aperture crenated, throat silvery pearly."

l)nmley Is., S. Pacific.

The original description and figure are copied. I have not »
this species ; it is evidently closely allied to A. rotuhtrlnm.

A. FiMP.RiATt-M Lam., 1822. PL 54, figs. 46-54.

Shell conic, more or less depressed, imperforate ; whorls 5-6^
flattened above, obliquely striate, generally more or less longitudi-
nally finely plicate below the sutures, and spirally lirate ; periphery
acutely curinated, the margin pinched out into a thin, generally
undulating flange or rim, which is usually projecting above the sut-
ures; last whorl generally descending; base slightly convex, spir-
ally lirate and radiately striate; aperture very oblique, transverse-
oval, channelled at the outer angle, white or pinkish within ; colu-
mella broad, flat ; color grayish, variegated above with brown, base
lighter. Alt. 20, diam. 26 mill.

Australian Sms ; Tasmania.

An extremely mutable type. The following varieties have been
considered distinct species', but I cannot find characters stable
enough to separate them.

Var. PILEOLUM Reeve, 1842. PL 54, figs. 53, 54.

Shell grayish white ; sculpture obsolete above and nearly so be-
low ; keel very broad and thin. Alt. 23, diam. 34 mill.

T. /itnbifcnts Kiener is synonymous. Neither was ever described
by their authors.

The aperture is often more deeply deflected than in the specimen
figured. The young are plicate above as in A. fimbriatwrn.

Var. CUCULLATUM Kiener. PL 54, figs. 50, 51.

Shell conical; whorls 7-8, somewhat plicate, and except the up-
per ones, densely granose-lirate above and below.
Alt. 35, diam. 46 mill.
More conical and elevated than the type.

240 ASTRALIUM.

Var. SQUAMIFERUS Koch. PL 54, fig. 52.

Similar to the type; but flange not exserted at the suture?, and
scarcely undulating. Alt. 19, diam. 30 mill.

A. TENTORIIFORME Jonas, 1845. PL 53, figs. 41, 42.

Shell elate-conic, imperforate, solid, pale yellowish, spire elevated,
whorls 7-8, very obliquely finely wrinkled, flat above, base concave;
periphery acutely carinated, above the carina obscurely longitudi-
nally folded ; base with numerous regular concentric squamose
line; aperture very oblique, silvery within, angled at the carina,
basal margin nearly straight, tinged with pink; columella short,
wide, arcuate, sometimes pinkish, terminating in a tubercle below;
parietal callus usually covering more than half the surface of the
base, its margin often elevated. Alt. 35, diam. 35 mill.

Australia.

Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 46) oval, brown within with sublateral
nucleus; outside white, with a curved sub-obsolete central rib and
an obsolete short basal rib.

Synonyms: T. urvillei Phil., T. georyianus Quoy,fi.de Kiener.

Some specimens are more elevated, others more depressed than
the figures.

A. AUREUM Jonas, 1844. PL 64, figs. 52-54.

Shell small, depressed-conic, solid, golden yellow or olive, imper-
forate; spire low-conic; whorls 5, scarcely convex above, plicate at
the sutures, the folds becoming fainter and frequently bifurcating
toward the periphery, spirally lirate, the lira? below rather coarse,
beaded, above finer, cutting the folds more or less into granules; la.-t
whorl generally descending toward the aperture, compressed toward
the periphery, which is subangular except in large specimens ; aper-
ture rather small, oblique, pearly white, columellar callus dilated
over the umbilical region, and excavated there, and with an indis-
tinct denticle near its base. Alt. 10-14, diam. 12-19 mill.

Australia,

A very attractive little species, quite distinct in aspect from its
nearest allies.

Subgenus U VANILLA Gray 1850.

Shell conic, imperforate, periphery sharply carinated, carina
nodose, spinose or nearly smooth; whorls flattened above, flat or

ASTKAI.ITM. 241

concave below ; operculum oblong, nucleus nearly on tin4 margin.
subterminal, outer face with two strong ribs.

Panamic and Cn/ljnniian Prm-'.
Carinidea Swains., in part, is a synonvm.

A. OBIVACEUM Wood. PI. o.0,, figs. .°,<), 40.

Shell conic, acute, imperforate, olive-green or brownish ; whorls
6-7, slightly convex, obliquely finely striate, longitudinally finely
plicate, the folds at right angles to the stria-, and interrupted one-
third of the distance from the suture to the periphery by two spiral
impressed furrows; suture undulating, linear; peripheral carina
slightly nodose; base concave, radiateiy finely lamellose striate.
with a somewhat nodulose rib revolving midway between the pe-
riphery and the center; aperture silvery white within, oblique, angled
and channelled at outer side; base nearly straight; columella arched,
deeply excavated at position of umbilicus, the whole umbilical area
brilliant vermillion, with a black spiral rib. Alt. 55, diam. 65 mill.

Central America to Gulf of California.

Operculum (pi. 59, figs. 24, 25) oval, black to yellowish inside,
with marginal apex, frequently concealed by growth of the last
whorl; outside white, strongly bicostate. T. erythropthahnus Phil,
and T. brevispinosu* Val. are synonyms.

A. BUSCHII Phil., 1844. PI. 53, figs. 37, 38.

Shell conic, imperforate, solid, olivaceous brown, maculated ob-
scurely above with brown, green or white; whorls 7, longitudinally
costate below the sutures and above the periphery, with two spiral
series of tubercles around the middle of the flattened upper surface,
or sometimes finely irregularly plicate over the whole upper surface;
periphery acutely carinated, bearing numerous short compressed
triangular radiating spines; base flat, densely radiateiy lamellose-
striate, with a strong rib revolving midway between periphery and
center; aperture oblique, pearly white within, transversely ovate.
deeply channelled at periphery; columellar region white, strongly
bicostate, deeply excavated at position of umbilicus ; parietal callus
not much extended. Alt, 30-40, diam. 40-50 mill.

Painunii to the Gulf of California.

Operculum (pi. 59, fig. 27) oblong, nucleus submarginal ; outside1
white, with a strong curved central rib, its terminations joined by
a A-shaped ridge.
16

242 ASTRALIUM.

T. brevispinosus Sowb., T. inermis Luni. and some authors, are syn-
onymous. Differs from A. olivaceum in the white umbilical callus;
from A. unguis in the sculpture of the base.

A. UNGUIS Wood. PL 53, ftgs. 34-36.

Shell conic, solid, imperforate, brown or gray ; spire conic, acute ;
whorls 6, above very obliquely striate and flattened, longitudinally
irregularly plicate, sharply carinated at the periphery and produced
into radiating compressed truncated digitations ; base flat or concave,
concentrically regularly and finely lirate, lira? about seven in number,
radiately densely, finely lamellose-striate ; aperture very oblique*
silvery within, angular at periphery, lower margin nearly straight;
columella oblique slightly concave, excavated at position of umbili-
cus, with a spiral white rib ; parietal callus covering over half the
base of the shell. Alt. 40. diam. 50 mill.

Panama to Mazatlan.

Operculum (pi. 59, fig. 17) white outside, excavated on each side
of a strong granulose curved central rib. the terminations connected
by a shorter ridge curved in the opposite direction.

T. amictus Val. and T. multipes Phil, are synonymous. T. digita-
tus Desh. is a variety with strong longitudinal folds (fig. 34. )

Subgenus COOKIA Lesson, 1832.

Shell large conical, imperforate; periphery rounded ; base con-
cave ; umbilical tract concave, smooth ; operculum ovate, narrowed
toward the distal extremity, nucleus subterminal, outside with two
convex smooth ribs.

-••1 ustralo-Zealandic Province.

A. SULCATUM Martyn, 1784. PL 64, fig. 55.

Shell large, conic, imperforate, rather thin ; spire more or less
elevated ; sutures deeply impressed ; whorls 7, well rounded, with
close lamellose incremental stria?, and corrugated by obliquely des-
cending subtuberculose folds ; periphery rounded, base flattened,
bearing concentric .densely squamose lira?, deeply concave in the cen-
ter, and indented in the place of the umbilicus ; aperture transverse-
ly oval, very oblique, pearly and somewhat corrugated within ; col-
umella arcuate, thin ; umbilical region and part of base covered with
a thin callus. Alt. 65-80, diam. 90 mill.

New Zealand; Chatham Is.

Operculum (pi. 59, fig. 26) brownish or white outside.

ASTRA LI I'M. v>4:l

The synonyms are Trockus cooksianus etc., Chemnitz, T. cook!!
Omel. and of most authors, Cookia nohl/ls Lesson.

This species frequently exceeds the above dimensions.

Var. i > A VISIT Sto we, 1871. Unfigured.
Whorls keeled at the periphery.

Muid !!«!/, N. Z.

Subgenus POMAULAX Gray. 1850.

Shell large, conic, solid, imperforate ; periphery carinated ; base
flattened ; umbilical tract with a strong curved rib ; operculum ob-
ovate, narrower toward the proximal extremity, nucleus terminal,
•outside with four strong granulose ribs radiating from the nucleus.

Japonic and Californian Provinces.

A. UNDOSUM Wood, 1828. PL 58, figs. 69, 70.

Shell large, conic, imperforate, white, covered with a strong ob-
liquely lamellose corneous epidermis ; whorls 6-8, planulate, with
oblique radiating tuberculate costse above ; periphery with an un-
dulating nodose carina; base flattened, with three to five concentric
corrugations ; aperture subovate, very oblique, angular, pearly with-
in ; columella dilated, with a semicircular groove at the position of
umbilicus, the umbilical tract bounded by a white grooved ridge.

Alt. 80, diam. 110 mill. California.

Operculum (pi. 59, figs. 18-20) obovate, slightly convex inside,
nucleus terminal ; outside white, with four strong curved sharply
grauulose ribs radiating from the apex.

T. gigas Anton, and T. balcena-mm Val. are synonyms.

T. rutilus C. B. Ad. is said to be a very young worn shell of this
species.

Specimens of this shell frequently attain much larger size than
the dimensions above given. I have seen specimens of 130 mill. alt.
135 mill. diam. Very large examples sometimes become rounded
at the periphery, and acquire corrugated sculpture upon the last
whorl, quite similar to that of A. sulcatum Mart.

A. JAPONICUM Dunker, 1845. PL 58, figs. 63, 64.

Shell large, depressed-conic, imperforate ; pale yellowish ; whorls
6, planulate above, obliquely tuberculate-plicate ; periphery expand-
ed, compressed, carinated, bearing wide nodose spines ; base plauu-

244 ASTIIALIUM.

late, with concentric tuberculate line ; umbilical tract white, callous,,
depressed ; aperture transversely dilated, subrhomboidal, angulate,

Alt. 65, diam. 95 mill. Japanese Seas-

A rare species in collections.

A. TAYLOKTANr3i K. A. Smith, 1880. PI. 63, fig. 31.

Shell turbi nate -conic, flattened below, imperforate, purple rose
colored, marked with indistinct and very oblique striirations above,,
below white; spire short-conic, with rectilinear outlines; whorls
about 8, subconcave above, slightly convex, with a subsutural sub-
squamose carina, and encircled by numerous subequal granulose
lira?: last whorl acutely carinated below the middle, slightly exca-
vated above and flat below the carina; base white witli an outer
zone of purple red, concentrically ornamented with series of gran-
ules ; umbilical region with a white smooth callous, its margin stained
with yellow. Columella arcuate, white calloused.

Alt. 41), diam. 49 mill.

Habitat nnl-inncn.

The original figure and description are given.

It probably does not belong to Pomaulax. The operculum is
unknown.

Subgenus PACHYPOMA dray, 1850.

Shell similar in form to Pomaulax, but umbilical tract scarcely
ribbed ; operculum oblong, narrow, the nucleus terminal ; outside
very convex, white, smooth, with a broad central convexity and ob-
solete narrow side ribs.

( 'ii/iforniait Prori //<•>.

I restrict this subgenu> to A. inequale, the first species mentioned
by Gray in his description. A. ccelatum Gmel., usually classed here,
belongs to a wholly different section of the genus.

A. INJ:>\»I AIJ; Martyn, 1784. PI. 57, figs. 51, 52.

Shell conic, imperforate, rather solid, with a chestnut brown cuti-
cle, lighter beneath ; whorls 6-7, planulate above, sutures slightly
impressed, bordered below by a series of obliquely descending cor-
rugations, which are cut into granules by from one to five spiral
furrows ; periphery carinate, subspinose on the upper whorls, usual-
ly nearly smooth on body-whorl; base nearly flat, concentrically
lirate, the line more or less tuberculate, five or six in number, their
interstices regularly striate ; aperture subtriangular, white within,

I-KI'TOTIIYRA. -J4")

the lower margin fluted; columella arcuate, broad, excavated at
position of the umbilicus, and terminating in a tooth-like promi-
nence below. Alt. 4o, diaiii. f)f)-(>2 mill.

\Vc*ti'ni America, Aoapulco to Vnumiirr,- /,/.

Operculum (pi. 60, figs. (JS? (;(sa) inside deep brown, convex at. up-
per, concave toward lower margin ; outside smooth, or rugose at the
distal extremity, and white, brownish toward the nucleus.

Synonyms, Trwlm* t/i/>/>('i-<t»n* Zen/midia \<>r;t etc., Chcmnit/,
TriH-lin* gibberosus (or Puclujitmnti. gibberosuni) "Cheumitz" of au-
thors, (not Trochus in<ic<it«ilix umbt/irdtn* etc., Chemnitz,— T.
in&quali* (Jmel. a species of Trochidw), T. diademittus Val, and T.
•ochraceus Phil.

The name uieqimlia Martyn, here adopted for this species, has four
years priority over Cheninit/'s name. Besides, the latter author
was a polynomialist, and merelv copies Murtyn's excellent figures
of the species.

(lenus LEPTOTHYRA (Carpenter) Dull, 1871.

Shell small or minute, globose-depressed, solid, compact; umbili-
cate or imperforate, whorls .'>-7, spirally sculptured, the last generally
somewhat dcfiexed at the aperture; aperture subcircular, white and
nacreous within; columella generally but not always bluntly den-
ticulate near the base. Operculum subcircular, nearly Hut or
concavo-convex, inside with a very thin corneous layer, slightly
convex, with many gradually increasing whorls, the nucleus sub-
central; outside calcareous, subspiral, with a slightly convex con-
centric elevation or ridge around the margin, most prominent at
its termination, the middle portion concave and more or less rugose.

The species are numerous, inhabiting nearly all tropical and sub-
tropical seas; but most numerous in the Pacific.

The synonymy includes Collonia Gray (in part), Col Ionia of most
authors, Leptony.v and Homalopomo Carpenter (preoc.), Cantrainea
Jeffreys, Cantraiueia Fischer, Anadema H. & A. Adams. The
genus is very homogeneous, and neither of the subgenera proposed,
(Cantrainea Jeff, for L. carinata, and An<nl('imt, Ads. for L. coelata
Ad. have sufficient characters for any systematic rank.

The characters of the dentition are discussed on p. 188. The
rank and position of this group has been the subject of considerable
controversy; but partly, perhaps, on account of the minute size of
the species, partly because of the scattered and inexact condition of

246 LEPTOTHYRA.

the literature relating to it, the group has never been made an?
object of critical systematic^ study. Previous monographers have
included the few species noticed at all in Turbo and Trochus.

As to the family affinities of Leptothyra, the totality of its charac-
ters seem to me to indicate that its position is at the end of the
Turbinidce, rather than in the Trochidce, where it has been placed
by Von Martens, Try on and others. There is, in fact, no character
save the multispiral operculum, which at all affiliates Leptothyra to
the latter family; and, as I have shown, (p. 184), all the genera of
Turbinidce possess in the very young stage, multispiral opercula
precisely similar to that of Leptothyra ; so similar, indeed, that they
are scarcely distinguishable from it. It is altogether probable that
the Turbines are a divergent branch from the Trochid stem ; and
that Leptothyra and Collonia represent the primitive condition of
the entire family.

The more complex structure of the operculum in the Turbinidce
and the reduction of the lateral teeth to five on either side, — a
number frequently exceeded in the Trochidce, — indicate higher rank
than the latter family.

I am inclined to believe that the relationship of Leptothyra to
Collonia is very close, I am not, however, autoptically acquainted
with the latter genus ; and until we are in possession of fuller infor-
mation regarding it, J deem it best to retain them separate.

I will briefly recapitulate the history of the

Genus COLLONIA Gray, 1850.

"Operculum circular, of many gradually increasing whorls, with
a convex external rib and central pit. Shell top-shaped, solid,
spirally striated, imperforated ; aperture circular, contracted ; inner
lip rather callous. Type, C. (Delphinula) marginata Lam."
(Gray.)

This genus was described from a Paris Basin Eocene fossil, but
was evidently intended by its author to include also the recent spe-
cies of the type of Turbo sanauineus L. In this wider sense the
name was used by most authors until 1864, when P. P. Carpenter
proposed for the recent shells the name Leptonyx, which being pre-
occupied was changed to Leptothyra. Dall, Fischer, and a few
others, accepting this division, have restricted Collonia to the fossil
forms. My information regarding the genus as thus restricted is
derived from the original description copied above, and from the
figures of operculum and shell of the type species given by Deshayes

LEl'TOTHYRA. 247

and by Woodward. (PI. <H), figs. 61, 62.) I do not understand
the discrepancy between the description of the operculum and De-
shaves' figure of it. The main character distinguishing dollunia.
from Leptothyra seems to be the peculiar peristome of the former.
Fischer savs of it : "peristome continu, epaissi, dilate, except/* sur le
bord columellaire ; labre epais, parfois subdouble ou subreflechi. *

* --I'- #

Les coquilles de cc groupe ne paraissent pas avoir ete nacrees*
Lenr opercule ressemble a celui des Leptothyra, mais lenr ouverture
rappelle celle des Liotin." ( Manuel de Conch., p. 812.)

There are numerous Tertiary species.

NOTE. The operculum of Leptothyra frequently offers excellent
specific characters, just as it does in Turbo and AstraUum ; and at-
tention to these will often enable one to readily separate species of
which the shells exhibit considerable similarity.

L. cAiii'KNTKRi Pilsbrv, 1888. PL 39a, figs. 26-29.

Shell small, globose, very solid, imperforate, spire conic, more or
less depressed ; suture moderately impressed ; whorls 5, slightly
convex, the last decidedly deflected toward the aperture, encircled
by about fifteen subequal spiral lino, separated by interstices about
as wide as the ridges ; incremental stria? generally strongly devel.
oped, causing the. lira3 to appear nodose or somewhat irregular, and
the interstices to appear pitted; aperture oblique, pearly white
within, about half the length of shell ; columella arcuate, base ob"
soletely uni- bi- or tri-dentate; color red, ashen or purple.

Alt. 8, diarn. 8-9 mill. ; dark form alt. 5, diam. 5 mill.

Cape St. Lucas, L. California to Vancouver Id.

( Jperculum ('pi. 60, fig. 66) rounded oval ; outside much thinner
and less elevated around the margins than that of L. wnguinea,
slightly concave in the middle, nearly smooth.

This is L. cow! 11 eus of Troschel, not Miihlf., L. calif or mem von
Martens, not of Philippi, L. sanguineus of Carpenter and authors
generally, not of Linn., and var. purpureus Carpenter, (preoc).

The Californian shells appear to me to be quite distinct from the
Mediterranean species ; I have been unable to find, in the numerous
specimens of the latter form which I have examined, any trace of
the peculiar indentations in the grooves or of the uneven character of
the line which are so conspicuous in the California!! species. The
lira of L. Carpenteri are generally smaller and more numerous;
about five or six are visible on the penultimate whorl ; and those

248 LEPTOTHYRA.

upon the base are but little, if at all, narrower than the upper ones ;
whilst in L. sangidneus and L.sangarensis the difference in width is
decided and constant. I have seen specimens of L. carpenter i
strongly lirate both above and below. As to color, " the species is
of all shades of crimson and purple, some specimens being banded
with white, or having the red color of the ribs interrupted by ob-
lique streaks of white; some specimens, excepting the dark apex,
being pure white." ( />'///. )

I did not adopt the varietal name pui'jtirreii*, proposed by Car-
penter, because it has already been twice used in this genus.

L. pAucieosTATA Ball, 1871. PI. 63, fig. 27.

Shell small, depressed-globose, solid, imperforate; whorls 4, rap-
idly increasing, very strongly spirally lirate, the line seven to eight
in number on the last whorl, separated by deep grooves, in which
incremental stria? arc evident; sutures canaliculate; aperture con-
tracted, pearly white within ; columella ending in a callous tubercle;
color rusty brown or rose-red, frequently with alternating white
spots on the ribs, interstices generally lighter, sometimes pure white.

Alt. 4, diam. 4 mill.

Monterey, Catalina Li. <uid S<ai Diec/o, (.\<L

Most nearly allied to the preceding, but differing sufficiently in
the extremely coarse prominent ribs.

L. BACi'LA Carpenter, 1865. PL 39t/, fig. :):>.

Shell small, depressed-globose, solid, imperforate, rufous ashy ;
whorls 4, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, obsoletely but regu-
larly spirally striate; aperture large, oblique, derlexed abov?.

Alt. 4, diam. 5 mill.

Collonia pa/ticicostata Sowb. (not Dall) is a synonym.

Allied to L. cdrpenteri, but readily separated by the nearly obso-
lete spiral sculpture.
L. MAIKJINATA ("Xiittall") Reeve, 1848. PI. 58, figs. 51, 52.

"Shell ovate, rather solid, im perforated, spirally striated, slightly
grooved; aperture small ; whitish stained and blotched with livid
olive." (Reeve.)

Jr/>j>er California.

1 have copied Reeve's description and the figures of Reeve and of
Sowerby — the latter said to be twice the natural size. If this shell
ever came from California,' which is very improbable, it might be a
form of L. Imenla Cpr. It is not the T. tiKii/htatiii* Nuttall mss.,
which is a species of Trochichc.

LKI'TOTIIYKA.

L. (TNXiN(;HAMi K. A. Smith, 1881. PI. 57, %<. :>(;. .i;.

Shell small, subglobose, perforate in the young slate, when adult
imperforate, of a rose-madder color; whorls 41. the apical one whit-
ish, the rest convex, and finely spirally striated, also marked with
faint oblique lines of growth ; suture rather deep; last whorl ob-
liquely descending near the lip, somewhat flattened beneath near
the center; aperture obliquely subcircular, iridescent within ; colu-
/niclla pearly, spread over the umbilicus; labrum with a narrow
pinkish margin within. Alt. 4-1, diam. 5 mill. (Snu'fli.)

1'orf lloxurln and J'ortlninl JJ<i;/, Pdlnyoii'm.

Operculum as usual in the genus.

L. BANGUINEA Linn., 1758. PI. 41), %s. 48, -I!) ; pi. 64, figs. 60,, (U.

Shell small, very solid, orbicular, depressed, with conic spire;
whorls 4:1-0, convex, strongly spirally 1 irate, the line smooth, about
twelve in number on body-whorl, three on penultimate whorl, not per-
ceptibly crenulated by the very subtle incremental stria.4; above the
line are coarse, smooth, and generally irregularly spaced, interstices
smooth, as wide or wider than the ribs: below more finely lirate ; last
whorl well rounded, deflected anteriorly ; aperture somewhat con-
tracted, oblique, pearly white within, peristome rather thick, its ends
not converging, columella short, slightly arcuate, thick and heavy,
terminating below in an obtuse tubercle, base of aperture some-
times bearing an inconspicuous dentiform callus at margin; color
deep crimson. Alt. 6, diam. 7 mill.

f Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas.

The species has also been dredged off the Atlantic Coast of France*.

Operculum (pi. 60, figs. 54, 55) inside slightly convex, light yel-
low, with about ten very slowly and regularly increasing whorls,
the last third of the outermost considerably widened; outside
calcareous, white, flat, concave in the central area and coarsely ru-
gose, outer margins with a slightly elevated very finely radiately
wrinkled concentric rib, whicli is slightly more elevated near its ter-
mination.

The synonyms are T. piu-jmreus Risso, T. cocdneus Miihlf., and
T. bellnr! P:,yr.

The differential characters of L. Garpenteri, L. Bctnguinea and L.

sangcD'f'.H*!* are pointed out under the descriptions of the first and last
species. There is not the slightest occasion for any longer confound-
ing these three unfortunate species. The occurence of the real L.
^sanguined Linn, in Japanese waters still requires confirmation.

250 LEPTOTHYRA.

L. SANGARENSIS Schrenck, 1861. PL 47, figs. 27, 28 ; pi. 64, fig. 59.

Shell small, turbinate- conic, almost trochiform, imperforate, solid,
dark purplish-brown or reddish ; sculpture consisting of fine crowd-
ed spiral concentric lirse on the base, which is very slightly convex,
and coarse cord-like lirse above, about five or six in number on the
body-whorl and with more or less minute lirulse between them : incre-
mental striulne visible under a lens ; spire elevated conic, subacute, the
apical whorl white ; suture deeply impressed ; whorls 4-5 ; last whorl
but slightly descending, subcarinate below the middle ; aperture
small, less than half the total length of shell, oblique, rounded, within
pearly, and iridescent; outer lip rather thin ; columella obliquely
arcuate, rather broad and flattened, very obtusely subtuberculate
just below the middle. Alt. 7, diam. 6 mill.

Japan .

T. coraUuius Reeve (pi. 63, fig. 20) is probably synonymous.

Quite variable in its proportions, according to Schrenck, one of his
specimens measuring, alt. 7J, diam. 8 mill.

This seems to be the shell which many authors have reported from
Japan as T. sanguineus L. From that species it differs in the conic
form, more finely lirate base, narrower ribs above, flatter base, etc.
From L. amussitata the lack of distinct decussation will separate
sangarensis. I was unfortunate enough to lose the only operculum
of this form in my possession, before describing it.

L. AMUSSITATA Gould. PI. ^5, figs. 71, 72.

Shell globose-conic, imperforate. solid, uniform deep crimson ; sut-
ures deeply impressed ; whorls 5, convex, spirally lirate, the lira?
large and prominent on middle portion of whorl, alternating with
smaller intercalated riblets ; base very finely concentrically striate,
the whole surface decussated by numerous regular oblique impress-
ed lines in the direction of incremental stria? ; last whorl descending
anteriorly ; aperture subcircular, oblique, less than half the length
of shell, silvery within; columella slightly tuberculate at base.

Alt. 8-10, diam. 8-10 mill.

Japan.

Operculum (pi. 60, figs. 51, 52.)

Collonia rubra A. Ad., mss. is a synonym according to Sowerby.

A charming little shell, easily separated from its allies by the
finely decussated surface.

LEPTOTIIYHA. 251

L. RUBRA Dunker, 1882. PI. 69, fig. 2(>.

Shell small, solid, globose ; whorls 4-4 -j, rotuiul. marked with suh-
granose transverse costulse ; suture obvious ; aperture rotund, irides-
cent and pearly within ; lip thickened.

Alt. scarcely 6, diam. 6-6 £ mill. (Dunker.)

Japan.

Collonia rubra Dunker, Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 128, pi. 12, f. 7-9.

Nearly allied to L. sanguined L., but differing in the sculpture of
the ribs.

L. PURFURASCENS Dunker, 1882. PI. 69, fig. 24.

Shell globose, whorls 5, rounded, separated by subcanaliculate
sutures, transversely sculptured by unequal graniferous costul* ;
aperture rotund, silicate within and pearly ; columella thickened.

Alt. 8, diam. 9-10 mill. (Dunker.')

Japan.

Collonia purpumscens Dkr., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 129, pi. 12r
f. 1-3.

I have not seen this species, nor L. rubra Dkr. Both are allied
to amussitata Gould, and purpurascens may prove to be a synonym
of that species. L. rubra seems to be distinct.

L. PURPURATA Desh., 1863. PL 54, fig. 61.

Shell minute, turbinate, subglobose, im perforate, somewhat de-
pressed, vivid purple, white-fasciate in the middle; whorls 4, the
first obtuse, the following convex, spirally sulcate, the last large;
base a little depressed, white at center; aperture very oblique, circu-
lar, pearly within, margin thickened; columella arcuate, simple.

Alt, li, diam. 2 mill.

Mauritius.

Var. TRICINGULATA von Marten s, 1880.

Subglobose, umbilicate; whorls 3, gradate, the last with three
elevated contiguous cinguli; the upper one nodulous, brick-red, the
basal white, encircled by a deep red band ; aperture circular, whiter
columellar margin thickened. (Martens.)

Mauritius.

L. ROSEOCINCTA von Martens, 1880. PL 68, figs. 14-19.

Shell globose, imperforate, smooth, white, apex rosy, peripheral
fascia rather wide, frequently composite, rose-colored, basal fascia
narrow; whorls 3?, slightly convex, the last rotund ; suture super-

252 LEPTOTHYRA.

ficial ; base slightly excavated at the position of the umbilicus ; aper-
ture oblique, circular ; peristome white, thickened.

Alt. !•}, diam. 1? mill. (Martens.')

Mauritius.
L. FOLTNI Pilsbry, ] 888. PL 57, fig. 58.

Shell minute, turbinate, subglobose, vivid blood red ; whorls 4,
the first depressed, subcarinated, apical whorl subcostate, transverse-
ly lirate, lira? rounded, the wide interstices regularly minutely
transversely striate ; last whorl large, umbilicate ; aperture sub-
circular, right margin somewhat thickened, the left reflexed ; colu-
mella simple, arcuate. Alt, 1*2, diam. 1'5 mill.

Mauritius,

This is Turbo sanguineus de Folin, (preoc.)

L. SEMILUGUBRIS Desh., 1863. PL 58, fig. 52«.

Shell small, turbinate, subglobose, white, marbled with black ;
spire somewhat obtuse ; whorls 5, declivous above, spirally deeply
sulcate, the sulci subgranulose ; last whorl large, base perforate ;
aperture circular, pearly within, very oblique;' columella arcuate,
flat, truncate anteriorly. Alt. 3, diam. 3 mill.

Mauritius.
L. CARINATA ( antraine, 1835. PL 63, fig. 35.

Shell subconic, thick, glabrous ; upper whorls carinated, the last
depressed above, lightly striate in the median portion ; base smooth,
shining. (Cantraine.*) Alt. 10, diam. 11 mill.

Mediterranean and Bay of Biscay, 125 to 731 fms.

Also found in the Italian and Sicilian Tertiary.

Trochus carinatus Cantr., Bull. Soc. Roy. Bruxelles, 1835, p. 387.
(not Trochus carinatus Borson, Mem. Ac. Torino, 1822, which is ap-
parently a species of Astralium.)

Trochus gfabratus Phil., Fauna Moll. Sicil., 1844, is synonymous.

This deep water form of the Mediterranean and adjacent Atlan-
tic, seems to be specifically identical with the Western Atlantic
shells dredged by the CHALLENGER and the BLAKE and describ-
ed under the names T. indutus Watson and L. albida Dall. I
have before me specimens of the latter form which correspond very
nearly with Cantraine's figures.

Var. PELORITANA Cantraine, 1835. PL 63, fig. 34.

Shell subconic, thick, very lightly striate, transversely subcostate
the costa3 subgranose ; whorls convex ; base shining, smooth.

Alt, 12, diam. 13 mill. (Cantraine.)

Trochus filosus Phil., 1844, is synonymous.

LKI'TUTIIVKA.

L. INDUTA Watson, 1879. PL 63, fig. 36.

Small, conoidal, high, whorls tumid, base flattened ; color white
glossy ; whole surface faintly marked with remote spiral threads,
and very faintly scratched with closer microscopic stride; whorls
bluntly angulated in the middle, and the last is so, besides, at the
base below the periphery ; this angulation meets the outer lip ; the
the second and third whorls have two or three strong spiral threads ,
there are very many close unequal oblique lines of growth; of these
the strongest rise in close-set infra-sutural puckerings, which on the
third whorl resemble small beads; there is a glossy, thin ivory-
white calcareous coat over a brilliant pearly white layer ; spire high,
fine-pointed; apex blunt, the smooth rounded 11 whorl scarcely
projecting ; whorls 6, of rapid increase, tumid, the penultimate ris-
ing swollen out of the suture ; base a little flattened ; suture linear,
not impressed, a little coarse, slightly marginated by the up-lap ol
the succeeding on the preceding whorl and the slight tumidity
caused by the infra-sutural puckerings ; aperture very oblique,
round, with a soft pearly nacre all round : outer lip very slightly
descending, thick, bevelled outwards to a sharp edge; there is a
broad thin hyaline pad spread over the body and connecting the
outer lip and the pillar, which is broad, thick, shallowly excavated,
with a slight external median horizontal tooth or ridge ; the edge is
reverted and closely appressed. Alt. "27, diam. '25 inch.

350 fms. in Pteropod ooze, off Culebra Id., W. Indies^

Operculum small, thin, calcareous, flat, convex on the inside,
where it shows 7-] whorls; the last whorl close to its end begins
suddenly to enlarge. (Watson.)

Although I have above expressed the opinion that this species a>
well as the following one, is identical with L. carinata Cantraine, I
have deemed it best to give the original description and figure.

L. ALIUDA Dall, 1881. PI. 63, fig. 23/24.

"Shell stout solid, heavy, very nacreous, variable in form and
sculpture, rather elevated for the genus, dead white or brownish ex-
ternally, with the usual solid shelly operculum ; whorl.* 5, rounded,
apex obtuse, suture distinct; sculpture of stout revolving ribs vary-
ing from three to six on the upper side of the whorl, crossed by
slight plications, most noticeable just below the sutures, but distin-
guishable also on the base; the ribs may be few and widely separat-
ed, or numerous and close-set; they may near the sutures be nodu-

'254 LEPTOTHYRA.

lated by the plications or not. The base is usually more finely
sculptured and sometimes quite smooth except for lines of growth."

(Ball)

Aperture very oblique, small, its upper margin produced forward
and slightly deflected ; columella with a stout transverse tubercle
about midway its length, and a minute denticle at the point of its
junction with the basal lip; parietal wall with a bright white callus.

Alt. 7, diam. 61 mill.

Gulf of Mexico (off Havana, etc.'} 1 25-1 002 fms.; off Cape Hatteras,
142 fms.

Operculum inside pale yellow, multispiral ; outside calcareous,
polished, white, nearly smooth, showing one whorl with a concen-
tric convexity, much elevated at its termination, central area con-
cave.

" This shell is so variable that I should be disposed to think
Watson's Turbo (Collonia) indutus a mere abnormally smooth spec-
imen * * * it is very probable that they will turn out to be
varieties of the same species." (Dall,~)

L. FILIFER Desh., 1863. PL 58, figs. 57, 58.

Shell subglobulose, solid, turbinate, perforate, rosy rubescent,
variegated with castaneous and white ; spire short, obtuse ; whorls
5, spirally finely lirate, the last large; base subdepressed ; aperture
lunate-circular, oblique, pearly within ; columella callous below.

Alt. 7, diam. 7 mill.

Mauritius.

L. CICEB (Menke) Phil., 1844. PL 54, fig. 62.

Shell small, globose-conic, solid, perforate, whitish, tessellated
with purple-brown or reddish, the markings usually arranged in
regular longitudinal series ; spire conic ; whorls 42-5, convex, with
moderate sutures, somewhat flattened and sloping around the upper
part, spirally coarsely and rather obscurely lirate ; aperture oblique,
slightly deflected above ; columella obsoletely dilated toward the
base, umbilicus very narrow7 ; base finely lirate.

Alt. 6-7, diam. 6-7 mill.

Cape of Good Hope.

T. sanguineus Reeve = T. roseus Phil, may be synonymous with
this species. At any rate no one can tell positively from Reeve's
wretched description and figure what form he had before him.

LEPTOTIIYRA. 255

L. COELATA A. Ad., 1854. PL 48, fig. 38.

Shell ovate-conoid, trochiform, thick, slightly elevated, below
subdepressed, umbilicate ; spire obtuse ; whorls 5-6, slightly convex,
longitudinally and obliquely striate, spirally granose-lirate ; suture
impressed ; last whorl obtusely angular at the middle, with 16-18
spiral granose lirae, the granules small, close; aperture transversely
ovate, silvery within; lip simple; columella narrow, arcuate, thick-
ened at the base ; umbilicus deep, with a spiral funicle inside ; co-
lor reddish yellow. Alt. 11, diam. 16 mill.

Mogador ; E. coast Africa.
Operculum calcareous.

This is the Oinphalius coelatus A. Ad., and the Turbo MacAn-
dreivi Morch, T. macandrei Sby. It is the type of Anadema A. Ad.,
proposed as a subgenus of Oinphalius, and characterized by the
spiral funicle within the umbilicus.

L. FRICKII Crosse, 1865. Unfigured.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed-turbinate, delphinuliform,
somewhat thick, spirally finely striate, bicostate, white, more or less
variegated with black ; suture subcrenulated ; whorls 4, (embryonic
11 smooth, white), rapidly increasing, subplane at sutures, the last
tri-costato-carinate, the costic articulated with white and black,
.slightly descending ; base somewhat convex, spirally granulose-
striiite; aperture round, white, scarcely pearly, the basal margin
thickened. Alt. 4, diam. 5 2 mill.

Gulf of California.

Var. beta is gray, obscurely maculated with black.

L. EUCHARIS Crosse, 1865. Unfigured.

Shell narrowly perforate, turbinate, delphinuliform, rather thick,
dirty white, spirally articulated with black and white, with longitu-
dinal very fine suboblique impressed stria3 and spiral costate, the
central rib prominent, forming a carina ; apex obtuse, subplanulate ;
whorls 4i, (embryonic H smooth, white, flat,) rapidly increasing,
convex, carinate, the last descending ; base slightly convex, concen-
trically costulate and finely radiately striate; aperture round,
white, scarcely pearly, basal margin rather wide, subthickened.

Alt. 6J, diam. 02 mill.

Habitat unknown.

256 LEPTOTHYRA.

Operculum calcareous with central nucleus ; outside subtly gran-
ulose, concave in the center, with two prominent concentric costse.

A variety has the dark color replaced by scarlet ; the spiral
costse are articulated with white and scarlet.

The above two descriptions are derived from the original ones of
C rosso.

L. MACUL08A Pease, 1862. PL 57, fig. 60.

''Shell small, globose, umbilicate, rather thin, shining, concentric-
ally irregularly ribbed, interstices grooved, concave, transversely
very faintly striate, white, ribsspotted remotely with rose red" (Pease').

Alt. 2, diam. IS mill.

Ins. Paiimotus.

To Pease's description of this lovely species, I would add that the
spire of adults is more obtuse than his figure, which I have copied,
indicates. The altitude is about equal to the diameter ; the subsut-
ural rib is frequently nodose ; and the umbilicus, as in the follow-
ing species, is crenated within the margin. It is most nearly allied
to L. picta Pse.

L. CANDIDA Pease, 1860. PI. 63, fig. 40.

"Shell minute, thin, perforate, orbicular, ornamented with raised
spiral striae (margins of upper whorls granose at the sutures?) inner
lip callous; aperture circular." (Pease).

Sandwich Is.

I have given Sowerby's miserable figure of this species. I have
not seen specimens ; and so inadequate a description does not deserve
recognition.

L. PICTA Pease, 1868. PL 69, fig. 35.

Shell small, solid, globose, umbilicate, concentrically ribbed ; spire
somewhat exserted; whorls angulated at their upper part ; aperture
circular; columella slightly callous; whitish, striped on the upper
part of the whorls longitudinally with reddish brown, below spotted.
(Peate). Alt, 3, diam. 2J mill.

Ta h it i ; Paumotus.

Operculum, pi. 60, fig. 63.

The upper whorls of the spire are granulose above. There is con-
siderable variation in the prominence of the lirse on the central por-
tion of the body-whorl ; the margin of the umbilicus is more or less
plicate ; and the last whorl is slightly deflected toward the aperture.

LKl'TOTHYKA. 257

L. RUBRICINCTA Mighels, 1845. PL 39a, %. 32.

Shell minute, depressed-globose, perforate ; spire short, apex ob-
tuse ; whorls 4, convex, encircled by coarse white spiral ribs, the in-
terstices deep red ; base smooth, with concentric red stripes ; aper-
ture large, rounded, oblique ; umbilicus narrow.

Alt. 1 •], diaiii. If mill. Hawaiian Is.

The synonyms are Turbo multilineata Garrett, Collonia rubrilin-
<eata and C. multistriata (Pse.) Sowerby, and Leptothyra rubrilineata
{Garrett) v. Martens.

Some specimens are beaded below the sutures, and there is some
variation in the width of the umbilical perforation. The revolving
ribs are sometimes obsolete ; but so far as I know the red spiral
stripes are constant ; of these there are usually eight to double that
number on the body-whorl.'

Mr. Pease distributed this species under the name of "rubrilineata
Garrett." This fact probably accounts for the names quoted by
Sowerby.

L. EXILIS Philippi, (1849?) PL 62, figs. 3-5.

"Intermediate between T. sanguinem and T. rnbricinctus, and
-cparated from both by its rather wide umbilicus ; there are 4 whorls,
which are rapidly increasing and well rounded ; the spiral ridges are
about 12 on the body-whorl, but vary in number ; they are subgran-
ulose, and at the suture distinctly tuberculose. The border of the
umbilicus is ereiiatod ; aperture circular ; color bright carmine, some-
what lighter in the furrows; umbilical tract pure white; aperture
inside pale red." Alt. 3J mill.

Habitat unknown.

Tlfis species is unknown to me. The above paragraph contains
all the information given by Philippi.

L. VERRUCA Gould, 1845. PL 39a, figs. 30, 31.

Shell small, short ovate-conic, solid, imperforate or narrowly um-
bilicate, white with numerous revolving series of red or brown tessel-
lations ; whorls 5, spirally lirate, the line largest at middle of whorl,
and sometimes causing a slight carina there ; last whorl slightly but
abruptly deflected anteriorly; aperture circular, white, columella
arcuate, wide, white, not dentate below ; base with a minute inter-
nal denticle. Alt. 5, diam. 5 mill.

Sandwich Is.
17

258 LEPTOTHYRA.

Some specimens are almost entirely red ; others are white, with red
spots at the periphery. There is some variation in form, also, and
in the prominence of the spiral riblets.-

Turbo glariosa Gould is a synonym, according to Sowerby. I can-
not find that Gould ever described such a species.

An annoying tangle in the synonymy of this species and L. nibri-
cincta Migh. resulted from the identification of Gould's verruca with
Mighel's species by Mr. Pease, and, following him by Von Martens,
who figures and describes rubridncia Migh., under the name riibri-
lineata Garrett, and verruca Gld. under the name rubric incta Miguels-

L. ROSEoruxcTATA Angas, 1880. PI. 57, figs. 54, 55.

"Shell minute, narrowly and deeply umbilicated, globosely turbi-
nate, solid, white, more or less dotted or flamed all over with bright
rose color ; whorls 4, convex, closely concentrically ridged through-
out; aperture subcircular; peritreme a little thickened and contract-
ed." (Angas). Alt. 21, diam. 31 mill.

Holdfast Bay, St. Vincents Gulf, Australia, (in shell stuulj*

L. PILULA Dunker, 1860. PL 58, fig. 59.

Shell small, globose-conic, umbilicate, solid, dirty white, obscure-
ly radiately maculated and spotted above and banded below with
dull purplish brown; spire short, conic; whorls 4, the apical one al-
most flat, the last not deflected anteriorly, spirally lirate, the lira1
about 25 in number, unequal, finely transversely striate ; aperture
subvertical, circular, peritreme thick ; columella excavated at the
deep umbilicus, which bears internally a spiral callous rib ; margin
of umbilicus crenulate or plicate. Alt. 4->, diam. 5-6 mill.

Japan.

Oyniscajaponica A. Ad., is synonymous. It is also the T. ( Collonia)
pillula of Sowerby. Described originally as a lAotia.

L. L^TA Montrouzier, 1863. PI. 63, figs. 29, 30.

Shell small, umbilicate, subconoid-globose, solid, spirally unequal-
ly lirate, upper whorls granulate and base sometimes slightly so,
dull white, maculate, generally flammulate above with chestnut, ir-
regularly spotted belcTw ; spire short, apex obtuse ; whorls 4, suture
impressed, the last whorl briefly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture round-
ed, oblique, in adults crenulated irifJun ; columella excavated at the
narrow deep umbilicus. Alt. 4'., diam. 5. mill.

New Caledonian Archipelago; Viti and Solomon Is., Australia.

LEPTOTHYRA. 'Jf)!l

Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 65) inside yellowish, multispiral, nucleus
Somewhat excentric ; outside calcareous, white, concentrically coarsi-
ly striate and radiately marked, except on margin of increment,
which is smooth and elevated; center subconcave and coarsely gran-
ulose.

The synonyms are T. costulosus&owb., T. eo^fote* ("Gld") Sowb.,
and Trochus (Gibbula) supra granosus E. A. Smith.

A well marked form, of wide distribution, of which I have before
me many examples, all agreeing in the peculiar operculum. I can-
not follow Sowerby's synonymy in this group; he seems to have unit-
ed species from a mere superficial likeness. Here, as in the typi-
cal Turbo and Astralium, the characters derived from the opercula
are of high specific value, and this organ should be examined before
uniting the numerous described species.

L. N ANINA Sowerbie, 1864. PL 58, figs. 55, 56.

Shell minute, umbilicate, suborbicular ; apex obtuse; spirally im-
pressed-striate ; apex, subsutural tract and base with impressed ra-
diating stria4 ; white, marked around the periphery with rosy equal-
ly spaced spots; whorls 5, convex; aperture rounded; columella
thickened ; umbilicus narrow, deep, rounded, radiately plicate on
the edge. Alt. 3, diam. 3 mill.

Ins. Art, Archipelago of N. Caledonia.

Evidently closely allied to L. Iceta. Operculum unknown.

L. GRANULOSA Pease, 1868. PL 57, fig. 59.

Shell small, solid, umbilicate, depressed orbicular, spire but slight-
ly exserted, very obtuse ; whorls 4, the first planorboid, upper ones
granulose, the last spirally lirate, the lirse about 25 in number, un-
equal ; aperture subcircular, deflected above ; umbilicus plicate
within ; color whitish, painted with broad radiating stripes and
spots of reddish brown ; white around the umbilicus.

Alt. 3 2, diam. 4 mill.

Ins. Pomi]x .

The spire is usually slightly shorter than in the figure.

The aperture does not show the minute lirre within its outer mar-
gin, and teeth within the base which are found in 7>. hvtn, and is
smaller and more oblique than in L. pilala.

L. FLUCTUATA Hutton, 1884. PL 64, figs. 47, 48.

Shell small, rather solid, spirally striated, not iridescent; color
yellowish white or pale brownish, with irregular waved longitudinal

260 LEPTOTHYRA.

bands of brown which are rather indistinct ; spire depressed, obtuse :
whorls 4, rounded, distinctly and closely spirally grooved, the um-
bilical region smooth [or finely lirate] ; suture scarcely impressed ;
umbilicus narrow, deep ; aperture subrotund ; peristome acute, not
continuous, the lower lip thickened. (Hutton.)
Alt. 21, diam. 3 mill.

Foveaux Stra I fa.

Operculum inside as usual in the genus, showing about 6 closely-
coiled whorls ; outside subvitreous and translucent, nearly smooth,
calcareous, slightly concave in the center.

It is Cyclostreina fluctuata Hutton.

Separated from L. Iceta by the lack of spiral sculpture on the
operculum and the somewhat smaller size. My figures are from
specimens received from the author.

L. PUSIO (Anton) Phil., (1849?) PL 44, fig. 70.

Shell minute, globose-conoid, narrowly umbilicate, yellowish,
maculated and spotted with clear and dark brown flecks ; whorls
5, the last with about sixteen, penultimate with six to eight spiral
lirse, which are as broad as their interstices ; umbilicus with cren-
ate margin ; aperture circular, very smooth within.

Alt. 4-1, diam. 5 mill.

Habitat iinhioint.

I am unable to satisfactorily identify this form with any other
known to me. Its sculpture and smooth aperture separate it from
L. Iceta Montrouzier.

L. CALIFORNIA (Troschel) Phil, (1849 ?). PI. 58, figs. 53, 54.

Shell small, perforate, globose-conoid, very solid, white, varicun-
ted with purplish ; whorls 4, the last very closely transversely striate
and obsoletely transversely costatc ; aperture orbicular; lip inside
densely crenulated. (Philippi.') Alt. 5, diam. 6 mill.

" California " (Philippi.)

This species is apparently very nearly related to the T. t?<tnr/tu'n-
>eu8 L., but is distinguished by the crowded transverse striae of the
upper surface, by the narrowly but conspicuously umbilicate base,
by the plica? within the outer lip, and finally by the coloration,
which consists of large deep-red maculations above at the suture
and in the middle of the lower side, and smaller paler flecks around
the umbilicus and at the periphery. I see no tubercle upon the
columella. (Philippi.')

LKVTOTHYRA. I>li1

Von Martens (Xachrichtsbl. d. Mai. (JeselL, 1878, p. 38,) consid-
ers this species the same as Leptothi/r<t .^uHjinn^t. Carp, (non Linn, t
= L. ctn-jicnff-ri- Pilsbry. The above description, translated from
the original one of Philippi, shows it to belong to an entirely differ-
ent group of species — that of L. l«ia Montrouzier ; and it may in-
deed be nothing more than a bright colored example of that species.
At all events, nothing of the sort has been found upon the Califor-
nian coast.

L. MI-ND.V A. Ad., 1873. PL 57, fig. 53.

Shell depressed turbinate, solid, narrowly nmbilicate, white, stri-
gate and maculate with pale fulvous; whorls 4, convex, angulate
above, finely striate, spirally lirate, the lira? larger at periphery;
aperture circular, peristome varicose, deeply crenate ; base slightly
convex ; umbilicus with a crenulate margin.

Alt, 4, diam. 4 mill.

Persian, Gulf.

I have not seen this species. It is apparently related to the fol-
lowing.

L. AKSINOKNSIS Issel, I860. PL 58, fig. 61.

Shell small, rather solid, orbicular conoid, depressed, narrowly
perforate, white, granulose above; spire very obtuse, apex planu-
late; suture slightly impressed; whorls 3^, the last angulate, en-
circled by three conspicuous costa? ; base minutely concentrically
costulate ; aperture subrotund, right margin arcuate, acute, columella
nearly straight, much thickened ; umbilicus narrow, nearly closed,
bounded by a crenulated margin. Alt. 1}, diam. 21 mill.

Red Sea.

My description is taken from Issel. He says : " Of this species I
have seen but a single subfossil example."

L. EROOPOLTTAXA Issel, 1869. PL 58, fig. 60.

Shell small, somewhat solid, orbicular-conoid, subperforate, white,
with very fine elevated longitudinal striae ; spirally costulate ; apex
obtuse ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, angulate above, separated by
a distinct suture, the last with three spiral lira, obscurely angulate
at base ; aperture subtetragonal, over half the length of shell ; base
slightly convex, concentrically cingulate ; operculum white, calca-
reous, convex outside. Alt. 2J, diam. 2? mill.

Sue*.

262 LEPTOTHYRA.

L. GLOBULA Philippi, 1848. PI. 62, figs. 10-12. pi. 64, fig. 56.

Shell small, very thick and solid, white, radiately painted or
sparsely spotted with pink, depressed, globose-conic ; whorls 4-5,
rounded, apex smooth and flattened, the following whorls spirally
sculptured with closely beaded unequal lirse, of which there are
about eight to twelve principal ones, and in the interstices between
these (except on the base) several similar but much smaller beaded
liruhe revolve ; last whorl slightly descending anteriorly ; aperture
subcircular, slightly oblique ; columella obsoletely subdentate at
base ; umbilicus rather large, with a spiral scalloped rib inside its
margin. Alt. 5, diam. 5 mill.

Antilles (Philippi) ; Indian Ocean (Academy coll.).

In this beautifully sculptured species the granulation which
marks the spires in the allied forms extends over the whole surface
of the shell.

L. TRAXSKXXA Watson, 1879. PI. o2, figs. 2:), 24.

Low, conical, round with expanded base, sculptured, solid; cross-
hatched by narrow impressed intersecting lines which cross the
whorls obliquely and not quite regularly nor uniformly, and which
cut the surface into little diamonds resembling- shagreen ; color dirty
rusty white ; spire rather low, but conical ; whorls of rather rapid
increase, apparently about 6; suture linear, scarcely impressed;
mouth very oblique, round, nacreous to the very edge ; outer lip
very patulous, sharp on the edge, with a thick nacreous layer bev-
elled off to the edge above and in front, but on the base turned
over and advancing in a rounded pad beyond the lip ; pillar lip
consists of a rounded mass of nacre backed and above obscured by a
considerable porcellanous deposit, which is widely but thinly spread
out over the body, so as to connect in a continuous sweep the outer
arid the pillar lips; it is distinctly impressed with the scale-like
pattern of the underlying sculpture; its edge abrupt and chipped.

Alt, '87, diam. 11)4 inch. (Watson.)

Off Japan, in 060 /ws.

Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 56) thin, flat on the outside, highly por-
cellanous with a translucent and slightly thinner central area;
inside yellow with many whorls, the nucleus nearly central.

( Watson.)
L. GESTKOi Caramagna, PI. 69, figs 29, 30.

Shell conoid, im perforate, whitish, thick ; whorls 5, convex, separat-
ed by slightly profound suture, all over obliquely minutely striate,

LEPTOTHYBA. 1_>I).">

encircled by minutely granulose lirse, with small'T ones intercalated ;
three first whorls but little projecting, the fburtli double the length
of the first three, the last inflated ; penultimate and last whorls with
a median series of reddish-brown quadrangular marulations or with
the spiral line articulated with brown; beneath with a less obvious
zone of the same color; spiral Ime 7 to <S on the penultimate, ].">
on the last whorl ; outer lip acute, slightly suleate, with dots of
carmine; inner lip arcuate, reflexed, planate ; aperture subrotund,
pearly; operculum calcareous, pearly. Alt, 11, diam. 10 mill.

(Oaramagna. }

7iYJ Sr<i atAssah,

Collonia f/e*troi Caramagna, Hull. Xor.Nal. Tt«I., xiii, 1*8*, p. 132
t. 8, f. 10, 10a.

Compare Turbo pnstiildtux Brocchi, a species with which L. gestroi
may possibly prove synomymous.
L. PYBOPU8 Reeve, 1848. PL 44, fig. 67.

Shell somewhat depressly ovate, imperforated, sutures of the spire
simple, whorls smooth, spirally encircled with stria? ; whitish, lines
bright red, interior silvered. (Reeve.)

Habitat unknown.

Known to me only by Reeve's description and figure. It may
not be a Leptothyra.

Doubtful, undetermined <ut<l Curious species of Leptothyra.
A portion of the following species can be determined by an inspec-
tion of the type specimens, in those cases where they can be found.
The others or all of them, perhaps, had better be ignored. I have
given the original descriptions.

T. (COLLONIA) MARMOREUS ("Pease") Sowerby, 1886. PI. 69, fig.
25.'

Testa minuta, ovata, imperforate, alba, pallide fusco-inarmorata ;
spire parva ; anfr. convexo-declives, ultimus leviter elevatus, infra
medium obtuse angulatus ; apertura oblique ovata. (Sowerby.}

Sandwich Is. f

Said to be in the British Museum under the above name. The
figure is from Sowerby.

li. COSTATA Pease, 1869.

Shell thick, solid, turbinate, narrowly perforate; whorls 4, trans-
versely ribbed, angulate at the middle, ribs largest at the angulation

264 LEPTOTHYRA.

and below, longitudinally finely striate ; aperture somewhat oblique,,
nearly circular ; mottled and spotted with white black and brown,
apex white.

Alt. 3, diam. 3-1 mill. (Pease.) Ins. Maui..

TURBO MURREUS Reeve, 1848. PI. 58, fig. 62.

Shell minute, somewhat orbicular, slightly umbilicated, smooth,
polished, white neatly blotched with pale rose. (Reeve ).

Habitat unknown.

"A minute delicately colored porcelain shell." (Reeve)

TURBO (?) PULCHELLUS C. B. Ad., 1845.

Testa minina, albida, maculis rubris quadratis inequnlibus, inaj-
oribus nigrescentibus, serie decurrentibus depositus, ornata ; sutura
profunda ; anfr. 5, mediis carinatis, lineis elevatis pluribus decurren-
tibus instruct is ; labro tenui ; umbilico nullo. Alt. 1*65, diam. *1 inch :.
divergence of spire, 45°. (Adams.)

Jamaica..

CoLLOisTA STRIATA Gray, 1850. Un figured.

"Shell red, white-marbled, striated. (Gray.) Afr!<:«."

TURBO (COLLOXIA) S^UAMATUS (A. Ad.") Sowerby, 1886. PI. 44,
figs. 66, 66a.

Testa ovato-conica, tenuiscula, imperforata, sordida ; spira aeutius-
cula ; anfr. 5, superne concavo declives, deinde obtuse angulati,
spiraliter lirati, utrinque spiraliter minute striati, et striis obliquis
minutissime squamatis sculpti; anfr. ultimus ad peripheram an^'u-
latus ; apertura parviuscula, subcircularis. Specimens in British
Museum with name by A. Adams, but he does not seem to have
published any description of the species. (Sowerby.)

Habitat unknoini..

T. (COLLONIA) ARMILLATUS (A. Ad.) Sowerby, 1886.

Testa suborbicularis, imperforata, albida, flammulis obliquis au-rus-
tis rubro-fuscus ornata ; spira depress! uscula ; anfr. rotundati, costis
latiusculis conlertis subplanulatis spiraliter cingulati. (Sowerby.)

Austral-fa*

Sowerby's figure of this species is reversed and wholly unrecog-
nizable.

LEI'TOTHYRA.
COLLONIA LENTICULA Gould, 1861.

Testa minuta, soliclu, iilha, globoso-leuticularis, uhi<jiic striis con-
fertis tenuissimus cincta ; anfr. 4, depresso-convexis, cito crescentibus j
basi oonvexo, imperforato, callo copioso munito ; apertura parva,
ciivularis. Diam. 4, alt. 2 mill. (Gould.)

Chinese Seas,

COLLOXFA (jrANTlLLA Gould, 1861.

Testa minuta, solida, depresso-orbicularis, rosacea, sulcis pallidior-
ibus circ. 4 cincta ; anfr. 4, vix convexis, peripheria obtusa ; basi
convexo, pallidiore, arete perforate ; apertura circularis ; labro
crasso ; colurnella robusta declivi. Diam. 3, alt 2 -|- mill. (Gould.)

Simon's Bay.

Triiuo NOCTURNUS Gould, 1861.

Testa parvula, globoso-conica, solida, rufo-fuscescente et rosaceo-
alternatim strigata ; apice albo ; anfr. 5, convexis, sulcis equalibus
arati.s; sutura impressa; basi convexo, imperforato, concentrice
stria to ; apertura subcircularis ; columella expansa, argentata, granu-
lata, extus erecta. Operculum osseum, pauci-spirale, apice excentrico,.
extus granulato. Alt. 7 mill. (Gould.)

Simoda, Japan ~

Evidently not a Leptotliyra. Sowerby considers Collonia variegata
A. Ad. a synonym; and gives a figure of a Leptotliyra. which might
represent almost anything in the genus; but which, together with
his description, certainly has nothing to do with Gould's species.

266 DELPHINULA

Family TROCHID^E.
Sub-family DELPH i N ULIN.T:.

Shell turbinate or subdiscoidal, unibilieatc, solid, pearly within
whorls loosely coiled, the last frequently free from the preceding,
more or less angulated, rudely spirally lirate, scaly or spinose ;
aperture circular, peristome sinuous on the columellar margin, acute,
often slightly produced or subrostrate below. Operculum thin,
corneous, multispiral.

Animal with large foot ; epipodial line bearing cirri ; without
inter-tentacular lobes; eyes* on short peduncles at the outer bases of
the tentacles ; tentacles long, slender; mouth provided with jaws;
radula with the formula oo . 5-1— 1 . ac , the central tooth broader
than long, with a broadly reflected simple cusp, lateral teeth with
cusps, the two outer very large; marginals with short simple cusps,
the outermost with serrate cusps.

The relations and limits of this subfamily will be more fully
considered in the monograph of the Trochidw in the next volume of
the MANUAL.

Synopsis of recent Genera.

Genus DELPHINULA. Lamarck, 1803.

Shell rather large, solid, umbilicated, turbinate, the upper whorls
flattened, the last descending, rudely spinose or scaly, more or less
carinated, but slightly in contact with the preceding; aperture cir-
cular ; peristome usually somewhat produced at base.

Angaria (Bolt. 1798) H. & A. Adams, 1858, is a synomyu.

In this genus were formerly included the species now classed in
Liotia, Collonia and some other genera.

Subgenus ANGARINA Bayle, 1878.

Shell depressed, discoidal, sinistral (?), widely umbilicate, spirally
lirate, aperture rounded ; umbilical area bounded by a series of
spines. Animal and operculum unknown. Delphinulopsis Wright,
1878, (preoc.) is synomymous. Probably not a \Talid genus.

Genus DELPHINULA, Lam., 1803.

D. LACINIATA Lamarck, 1819. PL 67, figs. 1, 2, 4.

Shell depressed-turbinate or nearly planorboid, solid, heavy, um-
bilicate; whorls 4i, the inner ones planulate, planorboid, apex

minute; body-whorl descending, frequently I'm- or nearly free from
tin- preceding, in section subtriangular, angled below ami K->> con-
spicuously so at the, shoulder; all over finely spirally lirate, the line
either smooth, densely s(|uaniose or spinosc ; periphery bearing
large irregular more or less hollow foliated processes, which droop
ibreward or downward ; one or two series of smaller spines usually
revolve about the middle of the last whorl; base carinated, the
earina usually nodose or irregular, bounding a circumtimbilical
tract usually acutely s<juainose; the umbilicus proper is narrow
and deep; aperture rounded trigonal, inside perfectly circular,
pearly, white or tinged with golden ; peristome irregular, acute, the
columellar margin sinuous, the base more or less produced. Color
whitish, pink or yellowish, the projecting processes and spine]et>
often redder or blackish.

Alt. 55, diam. 70 mill. ; alt. 35, diam. 55 mill.

Indian 0. ; E. Indies; Philippines ; Merg/i! Archipelago, etc.

The following are synonyms: D. delphinulm Linn., I), farmoxn
live. (pi. 05, fig. 9, 11; pi. 67, fig. 3 ), I), incisa Reeve ( pi. d<>, fig. 1 <! »,
D. nodosa Rve. (pi. 66, fig. 18), D. nodulosa (Gin.) Phil. I), aeu-
leata live. (pi. (id, fig. 14) and 1). euraeanthra A. Ad. (pi. dd, iig. 17)
are forms intermediate between the type and var. melanaoantha.

Turbo delphinntn* of Linnaeus, was undoubtedly the first binomial
name applied to this form ; but since it has been ignored by authors
for more than a century, science would probably not be benefitted
by an attempt to revive it.

The variation in form, sculpture and color in Delph'uinlu is very
_rreat. I am unable to distinguish the numerous species described
by Reeve. The last whorl, in D. ladniata, may be deeply descend-
ing, almost or quite free from the preceding at the aperture, or it
may be but slightly descending, nearly planorboid. Its upper sur-
face is plane or very obscurely radiately undulate. The peripheral
spines in the typical form defined above, are large, foliated, and
drooping; but are nearly as frequently narrow and subsimple. The
following varieties may, when typically developed, be distinguished ;
but the transition forms are more numerous in collections than the
typical ones.

Var. ATRATA Reeve, 1842. PL 66, fig. 15.

Differs from the type in having the superior series of foliations or
spines less conspicuous and those upon the middle and base of the
whorl numerous and more developed: peristome pink-margined
within ; ground-color pink or grayish, lirse and spines black.

268 DELPIIIXULA.

DelpJiinus decrepitus and Delpliimis atratus Chemnitz are identi-
cal with this species.

D. martin ii A. Adams, (pi. 66, fig. 19) from Padang differs only
in the color. The spines are red or purplish on a pink ground.

Yar. MELAXAOANTIJA Reeve, 1842. PL 65, figs. 6, 7.

Whorls rounder, less marinated below than in the type; surmount-
ed by a corona of slender long radiating or ascending spines ; um-
bilicus wider.

D. imperialis Reeve and D. distorta Kiener (not Lam. nor Linn.)
are synonymous.

D. SPH/KRULA Kiener. PL 67, fig. 5 ; pi. 68, fig. 20.

I know this form only by the description and figures .given by
Kiener. The latter are copied on my plates. In the simple, appar-
ently very regular spines, the form is different from any specimens
I have seen.

In til an Ocean.
D. DISTORTA Linn, 1758. PL 65, fig. 8 ; PI, 68, figs. 12, 13.

In general form similar to D. Incut iata. Upper surface of whorls
radiately conspicuously plicate, the folds terminating in solid knobs
or short spines at the carina ; linn? rather coarser than in laciniata ;
base of body-whorl rounded or only obtusely carinated ; the sculpt-
ure and color of the umbilical area not notably different from that
of the whorl outside ; color white or pink, the lira . .-^/.//rx and scales
deep crimson; size smaller than laciniata. Alt. 30, diam. 40 mill.
or less.

Indian 0 ; Xicobar Is., etc^

This is the Turbo distortus of Linn., Delphi nala distorta Lam.,
and D. rngosa of Kiener's plates.

A;-: far as my material allows me to judge, this form does not in-
tergrade with D. laciniata.
D. TYRIA Reeve, 1842. PL 66, figs. 12, 13.

In general form like D. laciniata. Whorls ungulate at the shoul-
der, rounded or obtusely angular around the umbilicus, covered all
over with densely and acutely squamose lira? ; upper surface of
whorls plane or gently radiately undulating; color white, the um-
bilical region and a subsutural spiral band, deep purple or purplish
crimson. Alt. 45, diam. 50 mill.

Australia*

The fine uniformly scaled sculpture will distinguish this beautiful
species.

269

* * *
D. NITIDA Yerrill and Smith, 188,"). PI. 65, fig. 10.

Shell small, fragile, very delicate, with a slight silwry iridescence.
Our specimen which has lost the apex, consists of o gradually en-
larging whorls, entirely disconnected with each other and nearly
round in a cross section. When perfect the spirt' must have been
rather elevated, gradually tapering to an acute tip. The surface is
sculptured by thin elevated riblets, crossed by distinctly raised re-
volving lines of about the same si/e, producing a pretty regularly
cancellated or reticulated sculpture, in which the meshes are mostly
elongated in the direction of the spire around the periphery, but in
the opposite direction on the lateral and inner surfaces ; the trans-
verse riblets are most elevated on the upper sides of the whorls,
where they rise into small thin lamellae; they also form similar
lamellae on the inner and lower surfaces; the revolving lines are
most conspicuous around the periphery; minute but distinctly
raised lines of growth also cross the intervals between the riblets.
In a front view of the base the shell appears umbiiicated, and the
upper whorls can be partially seen within the umbilicus. Color
silvery white, slightly iridescent. Alt. (of last three whorls) 5,
diam. 4 mill.; diam. of aperture, 1M> mill. ( JV>v///. >

Off Chesapeake Buy* in, 142o/wx.

Animal unknown. The systematic position of this form is un-
certain ; but the pearly structure of the shell indicates, a.-- Yerril]
observes, that it belongs in the vicinity of Delpliinula. although not
I believe, strictly speaking, to that genus.

Snbgenus AN<;AKINA Bayle, 1878.

A. LESOURDI H. Wright, 1878. PI. 68, figs. 6-8.

Sinistral, profoundly perviously umbilicatc, depressed, suborbicu-
lar, somewhat solid, transversely costate lirate, pale greenish, macu-
lated with chestnut; spire plane, suture profoundly impressed,
broadly canaliculate; whorls remaining 4o, (the apex wanting,)
spirally lirate, the costa? about 14 in number; base bearing a series
of short spines ; umbilical area white within; aperture round, pearly
within, peristome simple, the columellar margin subexpanded.

Diam. 41, alt. L>4 mill.

Japan.

Described from a single young specimen, which has every appear-
ance of being abnormal. Fischer surmises that the shell is really

270 APPENDIX.

dextral, instead of sinistral, as described by Wright, the spire im-
mersed, forming a false umbilicus. Von Martens suggests that it is>
a distorted Turbo. Compare the sculpture with that of Turbo cor-
nutus.

APPENDIX.

XERITIXA, subgeuus CLITHOX Montf., p, 63.

X. XORDQUISTT Westerlund, 1887. PL 68, figs. 9-11.

Ovate, semiglobose, closely striato, with incremental wrinkles,
densely covered with spiral lines ; black or rarely brownish-olive,
concolored or painted with numerous black points in transverse series,
black rhomboidal reticulations, or variously marked with pale yellow ;
spire prominent but nearly always eroded ; body-whorl strongly de-
pressed, subconcave at the suture; suture appivssed, anteriorly
subdescending ; aperture bluish within, angular above ; outer lip
slightly curved, basal margin arcuate, columella slightly sinuous,
obtusely denticulate , columellar area grayish yellow, finely rugose
and foveolate, its superior portion brown, shining, punctate.

Alt. 21, diam. 15 mill.

Japan.

PHASIAXELLA, subgenus ORTHOMESI-S, Pilsbry.

P. SPLEXDIDA Philippi, 1849. PI. .'Wa, fig. ~).

This form I inadvertently placed in the synomymy of P. variegata
Lam. (p. 179). It seems to be quite distinct from that species. I
translate Philippi's description, which applies perfectly to the speci-
mens before me.

" Shell ovate-oblong, conoid, very thin, very smooth and shining,
olivaceous, sometimes varied by narrow milk-white fiammules marked
with transverse red lines articulated with white dots ; aperture ovate,
longer than the spire.

"The shell is long-oval, conoidal, thin, very smooth and very
shining. The whorls seven in number, are moderately convex The
last occupies more than half the entire altitude. The two embryonic
whorls are milk-white, and form a blunt apex. The aperature is
rather broadly ovate. The color is olive-brown, verging on red,
sometimes with narrow milk-white flammules, always with evenly
spaced red spiral lines, which are regularly interrupted by milk-

AI'I'KNDIX.

wliitc points, and which arc visible within the aperture.
in I\u*t. Conrh. Cab., //,/>. S. ) Alt. 10, diani. 7 mill.

Red Sea.

I\ broiujniarti Auclonin is a synomym of this form, not of P. varie-
gata.

I neglected to state in the text that fine spiral capillary lines upon
the shell arc characteristic of the species of Orthomesus, but are not
found upon the true Phasianella nor on Tricolia. Variable as is the
coloration of shells of this family generally, these fine lines seem to
be most constant.

P. MA mi OK ATA Dufo. p. 183.

I have identified with this form a series of shells from the Sey-
ehr/le,< which I have received, but, unfortunately, too late to figure
it in this volume of the MANUAL. The locality should read, Sey-
chelles <unl Amirante Is.

TURBO.
T. MACJXIFICUS Jonas, p. 192.

The figure given on pi. 40, does not show the characters of this
species as well as is desirable. The original figure given by Philippi
is copied on pi. 69, fig. 21.

T. MILITARIS Reeve, 1848. PL 69, fig. 31.

The figure of this species in the Iconica led me to believe it a form
of T. petholatus. If Sowerby's figure, copied on my pi. 69, fig. 28,.
really belongs to -niUtinri*, I am inclined' to think it distinct. Fig.
21) is a copy of the original one of Reeve.

P. 191, seventh line from bottom, read SEXECTUS (Humph.') H.
<in<l A. . [<l(un*, not SEXWTrs (Humph.) Swaimon. The latter author
applied this name to the typical Turbo.

T. i.AjoxKAiim Desh., p. 1W>. Delphinula ducalis Phil, is a

synomym.

T. HIST uio Rve., p. 201. This species was collected by the 'Alert'
at A f rir,< ui 'i /id Darros I*., Amirante group.

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PHASIANELLIN/E, TURBININ/E, DELPHINULINxE.

PAGE.

Aculeata (Delphinula), Rve. P. Z. S., 1842.

= D. laciniata, Lam. 267

Aculeatus (Trochus), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. Ed. xiii, p. 3600.

= Astralium calcar, Linn. 232, 236

Aethiopica (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 12, . . 166
Atfinis (Phasianella), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch., p. 67,

163, 170, 171

Albida (Leptothyra), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 48,

. 2-32, 253

Adamsi (Phasianella), Phil. P. affinis, Ad. . . .170

Alcyna A. Ad., .. _ 181

Alternata (Phasianella pulla, Linn, var.), flouts. II. Nat. Sicil.

iii, p. 110. = Phasianella pulla, L. .
Americanus (Trochus), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., ed xiii, p. 3581.

=== Astralium americanum. *. . . 186, 187, 224, 225

Amussitatus (Turbo), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.

1861. = Leptothyra amussiuita . . . 188, 250, 251

Amictus (Trochus), Val. Voy. de la Venus, pi. 2 bis, f. 2, . 242

Amoenula (Phasianella), Phil 180

Amyxa, Troschel. = Prisogaster Morch, .... 219

Anadema Adams. = Leptothyra, 245

Angaria Bolt. = Delphinula. ...... 266

Angarina Bayle, ..... . 266, 269

Angasi (Phasianella), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 1864. p. 344,

t. 13, f. 5, : . . 1*0

Augasii (Phasianella), "Philippi." Sowb.

= P. anirasi, Crosse. ........ 180

Anguis (Liraax ), Martyn. Univ. Conch., ii, t. 70.

— Turbo porphyriti's, Mart. 215

Argyrostomus (Turbo), Linn. Sv.-t. Nat. Ed. xii, p. 1236,

. . . . . . . 185, 197, 198, 199

Arraatus (Trochus), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Mai., 1848, p. 102.

= Astralium longispina, Lam. ..'.... 222

Arsinoensis (Turbo), Issel. Mai. Mar Rosso, p. 220.

- Leptothyra arsinoensis ....... "2()l

Artensis (Turbo), Montrouzier. Jour, de Conch. 1860, p. 370, 196
Articulatus (Phasianella), Anton. Yerzeich. p. 60, . . 165
Articulatus (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 39, 41, P. Z. S.

1848, p. 51. = T. intercostal!*, Menke 202

ArmillataXCollonia), Sowb. , ... 264

(272)

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 273

Asperatus (Trochus), Phil. A. sidlare, .... 23:;

Asteriscus (Trochus), Rye., = A. stellare, var. . . . 233

Astralium Link. . 186, 215)

Aster (Trochus), Phil. — A. longispina, .... 222
Assimilis (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Turbo, pi. 34, f. 1.

Turbo iluctuosiis, Wood. ...... 211

Atrata ( IVlphinuhO, Rvo. Conch. Syst., ii, t. 212, f. 12.

I), laciniata, Lam. ., 2f>7

Anrantius (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Turbo, pi. 27, f. 3.

- Turbo argyrostoinis L. var. ...... 198

Australis ( Buccinum ), (Jinelin. Syst. Nat. p. 3490.

Phasiam-lla australis. . . 102, 164, 165

Aurispigmen turn (Trochus), Jonas. = A. brevispina, . . 22.'*
Aureus, (Trochus)i Jonas. Zeitschr. f. Mai, . . . .240

Babelis (Valour), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 1874, p. 205, . 2:!*
Bacula (Leptothyra), Carpenter. Cal. Soc. Proc. iii, p. 177,188, 24<s
Baltenaruin (Trochus), Val. Voy. de la Venus.

= Astralium undosum, ....... 243

Batillus Schuni 185,191,210

Bicarinata (Phasianella), Dunker. Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1846, p.

110, , 176

Bicarinatus (Turbo), Sowerby. Tankerv. Cat., 121.

= Trichotropis.
Bicolor (Turbo), Sowb. Thes. Conch, pi. xliii, p. 198, pi. 4, f.

33. T. margaritaceus L. var. 198

Bolina. — Bolma 22!)

Bolma Risso 186, 22'. >

Brevis (Phasianella), d'Orb., Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 79, t. 20, f. 19,

21, 178

Brevis (Phusianella), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch., p. 67.

= P. affinis, Ad . .170

Brevis (Phasianella ."), Vchiin. Arch. Zool. Exper., vi, p. 117,

t, 4, f. 3. = P. munieri Velain. . . . .176

Brevispiims (Trcchus), Lam. An. sans, vert., ed. Desh., ix,

p. 125. = Astralium, brevispina, . . , .179, 222
Brono-niurti (Phasianella), Andouin. Expl. des pi. Savi^nv,

Desc, E^ypt,, p. 81. - P. splendida, Phil. . 179, 271

Bulimoides' (Phasianella), Lain. An. sans, vert, vii, p. 52.

= Phasianella australis Gmel .105

Buschi (Troehns), Philippi. Conch. Cab., ed. ii, p. 213, t. 32,

f. 1. Astralium buschi, . . . 223, 241

Caledonicus (Turbo). — T. petholatus, var 194

Callopoma, Gray , 185, 210

Cantrainea Jeffr. = Leptothyra, ... . 245
Cailloti (Turbo), Fischer & Bernardi. Jour, de Conch., v, p.
294, t. 10, fiu:s. 10-11, 205

18

274 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Calcar (Turbo), Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. 762.

---Astralium calcar, . " 221,231

Californicus (Turbo), (Troschel), Pliilippi. Conch. Cab., p. 68.

= Leptothyra californica, 247, 260

Candida (Collonia), Pease. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 436, . . .256
Canaliculate (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 3594.

— Turbo sparverius, Gmel. . . . . . .194

Canaliculatus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec, genre Turbo, t. 21, f, 2.

= Turbo crassus, Wood, ....... 194

Capensis (Phasianella), Dunker. Zeitseh f. Mai., 1846, p.

110, 163, 170

( arpenteri (Leptothyra), Pilsbry, ...... 247

Carinidea Swainsqn. .= Uvauilla. 241

Canthorbis Swainson. = Imperator Montf. .... 227
Carinatus (Trochus), Cantraine. — Leptothyra carinata, . 252
Carduus (Turbo), Fischer, in Coq. Viv., p. il2, t. 42, f. 6.

= T. argyrostomus, Linn. Yar. . . . . . .198

Castanea (Turbo). Gmelin. Syst Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3595,

203, 204, 205
Cateniferus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec, genre Turbo, pi. 31, fig. 1.

= Trochida?.
Cepoides (Turbo), E. A. Smith. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1880,

p. 397, .193

Cernicus (Turbo), Sowerby. Thes. Conch., p. 197, pi. 4, f. 29,

196, 167
C'hemnitzi (Trochus), Yal. Yoy de la Yenus. t. 2 bis.

Astraliuiii Btellare, Gmel. var. ..... 233

Chemnitzianus (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon., fig. 36.

= Turbo radiatus, Gmel . .200

Chrysostomus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii., ]). 1237, . 200
Cicer (Turbo), Menke. Philippi, Couch. Cab. (Trochus), t. 29,

f. 24. = Leptothyra cicer. ...... 254

Chromotis Ad. 162,176

Cidaris (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3596, . . 214
Circulars (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon. pi. 10, f. 46, P. Z. S.

1848, p. 51, .

Classarius (Sarma^icus), Gray. Turbo sarmaticus. Linn. . 218
<Coccineus (Leptothyra), (Desh.) Troschel. — L. carpenteri,

188, 247
Coccineus (Turbo), Miihlf. Mag. Berl. Gesell. 1818, p. 9, t. 2,

f. 15. = Leptothyra sanguinea, Linn. .... 247
Coelatus (Turbo), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab. v, p. 33, pi. 162, fig.

1536, 1537. = Astralium cselatum. Gmel. . . . 224

Coelatus (Omphalius), A. Ad. P. Z. S. 1S54, p. 39.

= Leptothyra coelata. .....' 245, 255

Oollonia Gray, . . .246

Columellaris (Trochus), Phil. Abbild. etc., ii, Trochus, t. 7, f.

3. = Astralium haematragire, ...... 237

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 275

PAGE.

Compta (Phasianella), Gould. 163, 173

Concinna (Phasianella), C. B. Adams. Contr. Conch., p. 69.

Phasiaiit'lla am'uis, Ad. ....... 17()

( 'on chums (Turbo \ Philippi. Conch. Cab. Ed. 2, p. 44, t. 2, f.

f>. = T. intercostalis, Menke 202

( 'nncolor ( Pliasianella ), ( J. B. Ad. = P. tessellata, . . 171
CJonfragosum (Turbo), Gould. I . S. Expl. Expd. p. 171, t. 12,

f. 202. - Astralium pfetrosum, Martyn, var. . . .234
Cookii (Turbo). <c)uoy and Gaim. YoY. de 1' Astrolabe iii, p.

224, pi. 60, f. 19-20. = Astralium sulcatum, Mart, 187, 221
Cookia Lesson, ......... 242

Cookianus (Turbo), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab. v, p. 36, t. 163, f.

1540; t. 164, f. 1551. - Astralium sulcatum, Mart. . . 243
( 'orallinus (Turbo), Kve. Conch. Icon. f. 56, P. Z. 8. 1848, p.

~>o. Leptothyra sangarensis, Schrenck. . . . 250

Coreensis (Turbo coronatus, Gmel. var.) Recluz. Jour, de

( !onch., 1 *->:',, p. 245, t. 8, f. 2, 217

Cornutus (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat, ed. 13, p. 3593,

. 196, 210, 270

Coronatus (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 3594, . 215, 216, 217
Corolla (Trochus), Reeve. Con. Icon., f. 37.

— A imbricatum, Gmel. ....... 227

Costata (Leptothvra), Pse. Am. Jour. Conch., v, p. 70, . 263

Cnstulatus (Trochus), Lamarck. An. sans Vert., ed. Desh.,

ix, p. 127. Astralium longispinum, Lam. var. . 220, 222

ilosus (Collouia ), Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 213, pi. 13, f.

K>1. Lcptoihyi-a hot a, Montrouzier. .... 259

Coturnix ( Phaaianella) (Koch), Phil. Conch. Cab. 1853, p. 13,

t. 4, f. 2, 166, 167

Oassa ( Kutropia), Brusina. Conch. Dalrn. Ined., p. 23, Zool.-

l)ot. Verein, xv. = Phasianella pulla, Linn. . . . 168
(/rassiis (Turbo ), Wood. Index, test, suppl., pi. 6, f. 43, 194, 195
C ron items (Turbo coronatus, Gmel. var.), Kiener. Spec. gen.

Turbo, pi. :U, f. 3, . 217

Civniferus (Turbo), Chenu. Manuel de Conch., f. 2544.

Turbo coronatus, Gmel. ....... 216

Crenulatus (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 3575.

= Turbo castaneus, Gmel. ...... 203

Cubanus (Trochus), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1848, p. 104.

Astralium cubanum 225, 226

Cucullata (Turbo), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm.

1877, p. 121, ' . . 208

Ciicullatus (Trochus), Kiener. Spec. Genre. Trochus, pi. 32, f.

1. = Astralium fimbriatum, Lam. var. .... 239
Cumanensis (Turbo), Valenciennes. Coq. univ. mar. de 1'Amer.

p. 272. = Astralium rugosum, L. 229

Cuiiuinirhami (Collonia), E. A. Smith. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 33,

pi. 4^ f. 10, 10a, . 249

276 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

Cyclocantha Swainson, . . . . . 230, 187, 189

Cyclonema Hall, ......... 162

Cyclostomata (Eucosmia), Carp. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xiii,
1864, p. 476, . 177

Davisii (Imperator), Stowe. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., xiv, p. 218.

Astrulium sulcatum Martyn, var. ..... 243"

Deaniana (Phasianella), Pilsbry, . . . . . . 16&

Decorata (Phasianella), Chenu. Manuel de Conch.

•-- P. australis, Gmel ...... . . .165

Decrepitus (Delphinus), Chemnitz. = D. atrata, Rve. . . 208
Delesserti (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Turbo, t. 35, f. 1.

= Turbo cidaris, Gmel. ...... 214

Delessertii (Phasianella), Chenu, Manuel de Conch.

= P. ventricosa, Q. et G. . . . . . .1 t '»5

Delicatula (Phasianella), Ten ison- Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc.

Tasm. = P. australis j u v. (?) ...... 174

Delphinula Lam. .

Delphinulus (Turbo), Linn. Hyst, Nat. ed., x, p.

= Delphinula laciniata, Lam. .....

Delphinulopsis, B. Wright, Jour, de Conch., 187*, p. 160,
Deplanatum (Astralium), Link. = A. costulatum Lam.
Depressum (Turbo nuctuatus var.) Carpenter. P. Z. S. 1848,

p. 234, ....... .211

Digitatus (Turbo), Deshayes. Guerin Mag. de Zool., 1841, pi.

36. Astralium unguis, Wood ...... 242

Disjunctus (Turbo,) Anton. Verzeichn, p. oi), No 20! is.

= T. intercostalis Mke ........ 202

Distorta (Delphinula), Lam. An. sans Vert., vol. vi, p. 231.

— distorta. Linn. . ......

Distortus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat., x, p ..... 2HS-

Dubia ( Phasianella), Pilsbry, ....... KM

Ducalis ('Delphinula), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Mai., 1845, p. 148.

r= Turbo lajonkairii, Desh ....... 217, 271

Echinatus (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst, Nat. ed., xiii, p. 3591.

— Astralium heliotropium, Martyn, . . . . . 228
Elatior (Phnsianella ."), Cpr. Ann. and Ma.ir. Nat. Hist., xv, p.

180, !«(>."). P. oompta, var. ....

Elegans (Turbo ), Philippi. Conch. Cab. ed., ii, p. 64, pi. 15,

. 5. =rT. intercostalis, ^[enke, . . . . . 2'»2
Elevatus '(Turbo), Souleyet. Voy. de la Bonite, ii, p. 594, t.

37, t: 15-19,. . ;. . ..... • . 219

Elongata, (Phasianella), Krauss. Die Siidaf. Moll. p. 104, t.

6, f. •'). = Phasianella pulla, Linn, var ..... 108
Eroopolitanus (Turbo), Issel. Moll, ^lar Rosso., p. 219.

Leptothyra eroopolitana, ....
Erytliroptlialnius (Trochus), Phil. = A. olivaceum,

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. "277

PACE.

Eucharis (Collonia), ("rosso. Jour, dc Condi., 1<S(>5, p. 56.

Leptothyra cucharis, ....... '2")")

Eucosmia Carpenter, ........ 177

Euracantha (Delphinula), Adams. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 51.

= I), laciniata Lam. var. ....... 2(>7

Exigua (Phasianella), Brusina. Zool. Dot. Yerein., xv, p. 24, 16*

Kxilis (Leptothyra), Phil. ....... 257

Fx<]uisitus (Turbo), An.iras. P. Z. S. p. 17"), ])1. 26, f. l.H, 1«S77, 207

Ferruginous (Turbo), Anton. Philippi Conch. Cab., p. 75, pi.

17, f. 7, . 1i)J)

Filifer (Turbo), Desh. Moll, de 1'lle Reunion, p. 74, t. 8, f.

11-1'). = L-ptothyra tilifor, . . . . . . 254

Filosus (Turbo), Kiencr. Spec. Gen. Turbo, pi. 13, f. 2, 205, 209
Filosus (Trochus), Phil. Fau'na Moll. Sicil.

Leptothyra peloritana, Cantr. ..... 252

Fimbriatuni (Torchus), Lam. An. sans. Vert, ed., vii, p. 12.

Astraliuni fimbriatum. ...... 2ol, 239

Flammeus (Phasianella), Von .Sal is lleise ins Koen. Reap., p.
:-)77, pi. -S, f. '11. Phasianella pulla, Linn. . . .168

Flammulata ( Phasianella ), Philippi. Zeitscli. f. Mai. 1848, p.

18, 163, 167, 180

Flammulata (Rissou), Hiitton. Jour, de Conch., xxvi, p. 28.

= Phasianella huttoni, . . . . . . .174

Flava (Phasianella), Anton. Verzeich p. 60, . . . 184
Fluctuata (( yclostreina), Hutton. Trans. X. Z. Inst. xvi, 215,

1883. = Leptothyra flu ctuata, 259,260

Fluctuatus ('Turl)o'), Reeve. Conch. Icon., pi. 8, f. 'U, pi. 9, f.

3c. P. Z. S. 1848, p. 52. Turbo fluctuosus, Wood, . . 211

Fluctuosus (Turbo), Wood. Index test, suppl., pi. 6. fi^. 44,

196, 210
Fokkesi (Turbo), Jonas in Philippi Abbild, i, t. 2, f. 1.

= Turbo fluctuosus. Wood, ...... 214

Foliaceus (''Turbo'), Philippi. Conch. Cab. ed. 2, p. 41 , t, 1 1 . f.

2-3, . 199, 201, 202

Foliaceus (Turbo), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. an Pole 8ud., vol.

v, ]). 60, pi. 14, f. 34-37. — Turbo fbliaceus, Phil. -. . 201

Folini (Lei)tothyra), Pilsbry, 252

Formosa (Delphinula) Rve. Conch. Icon., fig. 2.

= D. laciniata, Lam 267

Fordiana (Phasianella), Pilsbry, . . . . -173

Fricki (C'ollonia), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 1865, p. 45, . 255

Fulgens ('Phasianella ), Koch 175

Fulu'urata (Phasianella), Rve. Conch Icon., f. 9.

= P. variegata, Lam .170

Funiculosus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec, genre. Turbo, pi. 30, f.

1 . . 196

278 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE:.
Funiculatus (Turbo) (Philippi), Sowb. The*. Conch., p. 207.

= Turbo fiuctuosus, Wood , . . . 210

Gemmatus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 62, P. Z, S. 1848, p.

50, 206

Georgianus (Torch us),- Quoy. Kiener. = A. tentoriiforme, 240
Gestroi (Collonia), Carainagna, ...... 262

Gibberosum (Calcar), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab. x, p. 287, f. 23.

= Astralium inaequalis, Martyn 245

Gigas (Trochus), Anton. A. undosum, Wood, . . . 243
Glabratus (Trochus) Phil. Fauna, Moll. Sicil.

= Leptothyra carinata Cantr. ...... 252

Glariosa (Collonia) (Gould), Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 210.

— Leptothyra verruca, Gould 258

Globulus (Trochus), Phil. Conch. Cab. . = Leptothyra globula, 262
Graeffei (Phasianella) Bunker. Mai. Blatt xviii, p. 168, . . 181
Granulatus (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Xat. ed. xiii, p. 3601, var.

of Turbo coronatus, Gmel. .. . . . . . .217

Granosus (Turbo), Martyn. Univ. Conch 213

Granulosa (Collonia), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch, iv, p. !)2, pi.

ii, f. 4, . 25!)

Granulosus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Turbo, pi. 28, f. 2.

—Turbo coronatus, Gmel. . . . . . . . 217

Grata (Phasianella), Philippi. Kiist. Conch. Cab., t. 3, f. 8, . 179
Gruneri (Turbo), Philippi. Conch. Cab., ed. ii, p. 52, pi. 12,

f. 7. Turbo eircularis, Rve. . . . .214, 215

Guadeloupense (Astralium), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 1*65, p.

36, pi. l,f. 10, . . . 226

Guildfordia Gray . . .186, 228

Guttata (Turbo), A. Ad. Sowl). Thes. pi. 7, f. 68, . . 213

Guttata (Phasianella), Phil. . . . . . . .175

Haematragus (Trochus), Menke. Cat. Coll. Malsb. p. 18,

= Astralium. 236

Heimburgi (Uvanilla), Dunker. Index Moll. Mar. Japan, p.

130, t. 6, f. 6, 7, . .

Heliacus (Trochus), Phil. = Astralium longispirm. . . 222
Helicinus (Turbo), Born. Test. Mu>. Cn.'.s. Yindob., 1780.

= Turbo smaragdus, Martyn. .....

Heliotropium (Astralium), Martyn. Univ. Conch. . . 22S

Hernprichi (Turbo), Troschel. In Philippi Conch. Cab. ii, p.

67, pi. 16, f. 1. = Turbo coronatus, Gmel. var. .
Henicus (Turbo), Watson. Moll. Challenger Exp. p. 73.

= Astralium henicum . • . . . . . . 235

Heterocheilus (Turbo), Pilsbry. Sp. nov. .... 209

Heteroclitus (Turbo), Kiener. Gen. Turbo pi. v, f. i.

— Turbo torquatus, Gmel, 20!), 213

INDKX AXI) SYNONYMY.

Eexagonus (Trochus), Phil. (ouch. Cab. X-.». 140, t. 22.

Astral'mm hexagonum. ....... 2:57

Hippocastanum ( Turbo'), Lamarck. An. sans. Vert. ed.

Desh., ix, p. 198. Turbo castaneus, Gmelin. . .205

Ilistrio (Turbo), Rvc. Conch. Icon., pi. 8, f. 32.

Turbo radiatus Gmcl. var 201

Histrio (Phasianella), Kve. Couch. Icon. f. 15, . . ir.d. 271
llohcrti (Phasianella ])ull:i. Linn. var.). Brasilia. Zool. But.

Yer. xv, p. 24. = P. pullus, L., var 1(5*

Horaalopoma, Carpenter. = Leptothyra. .... 245
Huttoni (Phasianella) Pilsbry. '. 147

Imbricatus ('Trochus''), Gmelin. Svst._ Xat. ed. xiii, p. 0581.

Astralium irabricatum. ....... 220

Imperialis (Trochus), Giuelin. Svst. Xat. ed. xiii, p. 3570.

Astraliuin heliotropium, Martvn. . . . . 22N

Imperialis (Delphinula), live, P. /. S. 1842.

= 1). laciniata, Luni. var. . . . . . . 2(»«si

Ini|)crator. Aiontf. . . . . . . . . . 227

Impcrialis (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Xat, ed. 13, p. 3594, 192, 1SKJ

Imi'ipialc ( Astraliuni), Martvn 244

Incisa (Delphinula.) Kvc. P. Z. S. 1843.

= D. laciniata. Lain. var. ....... 2G7

[ncomparabilis (Phasianella pulla, var.), Mouts. II. Xat. Sicil.

iii, p. 111. = Phasianella pulla, L. . . . . . 108

Induta (Leptothyra), \Vatson. Moll. Challenger Exped., p.

715 , 253, 254

Incrniis? (Turbo), (VOrbiLi-ny. ^Eoll. de Cuba, t. 2, p. 72.

Astraliuni costulatuni, Lain. ...... 222

IiiHata (Phasianella), Swainson. Exot, Couch, p. 38. . . 165
lutercostalis (Turbo), Meuke. In Philippi Couch. Cab. ed. ii,

p. 42, 68, pi. ii, f. 3, pi. 16, f. 4-5, . . .201, 202

Intermedia (Phasianella "). Scacchi. Catal. Couch. Eegni. Neap.

t. 25, f. 2L = Phasianella tenuis. Mich. . .168

Japouicus (Trochus), Danker. In Philippi Abbild., vol. i, pi.

5, fig. 1. Astraliuni japouicum. ..... 243

Japouicus (Turbo), Rvc. ' (\>nch. Icon. pi. 8, f. 33; P. Z. S.

1848, p. 57, .... .196-

Japouicus (Turbo), Rve. Couch. Icon. t. 9, f. 336.

= T. cornutus, Gmel. ..... .210

Jaspidea (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon. fig. 11.

- P. variegata, Lam. . . . . . . • .179

Jobicnsis (Turbo), Tapp.-Canefri. Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva.

xii, p. 97, . . 195

Johnstoni (Delphinula), Beddome. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1882.

p. 178. — Cancellaria, Sp.
Jourdaui (Turbo). Kiener. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 324, . 192, 193

280 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Kochii (Phasianella), Philippi. Krauss, Siidaf. Moll. p. 104,

pi. 6, f. 4. . . 163, 170

Kochii (Phasianella), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1848, p. 17, . 170

Laciniata (Delphinula), Lain. An. s. Vert. vol. vi, p. 130,

2UO, 267, 268

Laciniatus (Turbo), Gould. Bost. Proc. 1849, p. 90, U. S.

Expl. Expd. pi. 12, f. 204. - Astralium calcar, Linn. var. 232
Lretus (Turbo), Montrouzier. Jour, de Conch., 1*65, p. 277,

pi. xii, f. 2. = Leptothyra heta. 167, 188, 258, 259, 100, 261
Laetus (Turbo), Philippi. " Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1848, p. 100, . 197

Lajonkairii (Delphinula), Desh. Mag. de Zool. 1839, pi. 6.

= Turbo lajonkairii. 199, 271

Lamarcki (Turbo), Philippi. Conch. Cab. ed. ii, p. 55, pi. 13.

f. 3. — T. anryrostoinus, Linn. (?) . . . . 199

Lainellosus (Turbo), Broderip. Zool. Journ. v, p. 331, Suppl.

t. 49, f. 2. = Turbo stamineus, Mart. . V. . .213
Lainellosus (Turbo), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1840, p. 98.

r Turbo -foliaceus, Philippi 201

Laminiferus (Turbo), live. Conch. Icon. f. 17.

= Turbo foliaceus, Philippi. ...... 201

Lapillus (Trochus), Pwe 233

Latispina (Trochus), Philippi. Abbild. vol. i, pi. 3, f. 2.

Astraliu'm lati.spina. ....... 223

Lehmanni (Phasianella), Menkc. Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 12. No.

41. = P. australis, Gmel. 165

Lenticula (Collonia), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. viii, p. 21, . 265
Lentiginosa (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 10.

= P. varieffata. Lam. . . . . . . . .179

Lepida (Alcyna), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. X. II. I860, p. 488, 182
Lesourdi (Delphinulopsis), 1>. Wright. Journ. de Conch. 1878,

p. 101, pi. iii, f. 1. Angarina k-soimli 26!)

Limbiferus (Trochus), Kiener. Astralium h'mbriatum. . 239

Lineata (Alcyna/, Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., v, t. 1, p. 69, . 182
Lineolata (Phasianella ), AVood. Ind. test. Suppl. fi<r. 26.

= P. variegate, Lam. .... . 10;>, 179

Lithopoma, Gray, 186, 223

Longispina (Trochus). Lamarck. An. sans. Vert. ed. I

haves, ix, ]). 122. = Astralium loiiLrispina, . 221, 222

Ludus (Turbo). Gmelin. Svst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3601, no. 52.

— Turbo undulatus, ( rinel. (Juv.) ..... 215
Lugubris (Turbo), Kinir. Zool. Journ. vol. v, p. 345.

= Chlorostoma ater, Less. X?) 219

Lugubris (Turbo*, Kiener. Spec. Turbo, pi. 28, f. 3.

- Turbo porphyrites ^lart, var. ...... 215

Lugubris (Turbo), Kvc. Conch. Icon. fig. 63, P. Z. S. 1848, p.

- T. coronatus, Gmel. var 217

Lymmeoides (Phasianella i, Anton. Verzeich., p. 60, no. 2131.

= P. speciosa Miihlf. .167

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 281

PAGE.

Mac-Andrewi (Turbo), Morch. Am. Journ. Conch., iv, lw»s,
p. 46. = Leptothyra capita, A. Ad. ..... 255

Maculosa (Collonia), I Vase. Am. Jour. Condi., iv, p. 91, t. 11,

f. 1, 256

Magnificus (Turbo), Jonas. Zeitsch, f. Malak. 1844, p. 1(57,

1!)2. 193, 271
Margaritaceus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat., x.

= T. ariryrostomus. Linn. var. ...... IDS

Margaritaceus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. gen. Turbo, pi. 21, f. 1,
= Turbo sparverius, Gmel. . . . . . . .11)4

Manrinata (Delphinula), Lam. Collonia marginata, . 246

Marginatus (Turbo), (Xuttall Mss. ) Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig.

57, . \ 24X

Marmorata ( Phasianeila), Onto. Ann. Sci. Nat., xiv, 1840, p.

191, 188, 271

Marmoratus (Turbo), Linn. Svst, Nat., ed. 12, p. 1234,

191, 192, 1!>3
Marmorostoma Swains, ....... 185, 215

Martini! (Delphinula), A. Adams. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 42, pi. 27,
f. 8. I), laciniata, Lam. var. . . . . . . 268

Mauritiana (Phasianella), Lain. An. sans vert, vii, p. 54.

— Littorina.

Melanacantha (Delphinula), Rye. Conch. Syst. ii, pi. 211, f.
4, pi. 212, f. 10. 1). laciniata, Lam. var. . . .268

Meleagris (Phasianella), Beck 183

Mespilus (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3601.

- Turbo porphy rites, Mart., var. . . . . .215

Militaris (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon. pi. 9, f. 40, P. Z. S.

1848, p. 51, . . ... . 271

Minima (Phasianella), Philippi. Atacama, p. 186, . . 178

Minuta (Phasianella), Anton. Ver/eichniss p. 00, No. 2129.

= P. tessellata, P. etM . 171, 175

Mitzchii (Turbo) (Anton), Sowb. == Turbo saxosus, Wood. .

Modclia Gray. . 185, 213

Modesta ( Lutropia), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., viii,

1>. 18, 183

Modestus (Trochus), Rve. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 185.

Astralium modestum. ..... . 229

Modestus (Turbo) ("Philippi ") Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 205.

T. coronatus, Gmel. ...... 217

]\[oltkianus (Turbo'), ( Jinel. Svst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3595, . 204

Moluccensis (Turbo), Philippi.' Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1846, p. 99, 203
Multilineata (Turbo'), ( Jarrett. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. i, p. 102.
1857. ~ Leptothyra rubricincta, ^Fi.irh. . . . -->"<

Multipes (Trochus), Jonas in Phil. Zeitsch. i. Mai. 1849, p.
119. Astralium uno-ois, Wood. var. .... -42

Multistriata (Collonia), ( Pse.) Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 212.

= Leptothyra rubricincta, Mighels. ... . 257

282 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Munda (Collonia), H. Ad. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 206, pi. 23, f. 6, . 261
Munieri (Phasianella), Velain. Arch. Zool. Exper. ii, p. 116,

pi. 10, f. 1-2 ITi'J

Murreus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon. pi. 12, fig. 54, . . 204

Xaninus (Turbo), Souverbie. Jour, de Conch., 1864, p. 263,

pi. 10, fig. 6. = Leptothyra nanina. .... 25!)

Xatalensis (Turbo), Krauss. Die Siidaf. Mollusken, p. 101, pi.

6, fur. 1, 218

Xataleusis (Turbo), Reeve. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 49, . . . 218
Xeritina (Phasianella), Bunker. Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1846, p. 110, 170
Xicreensis (Tricolia), Risso. Hist. Xat. Eur. Merid. iv, p. 122.
= Phasiauella speciosa, Miihlf. ...... 167

Niger (Turbo), Gray. Beechey's Yoy. p. 143, pi. 36, fig. 1.

........ 186, 219

Xijjfra (Amyxa), Troschel. Arch. f. Xaturgesch., 1852, i, p.

183. '= Turbo nicer, Gray 21!)

Xinella. Gray. .' . ' 185. 212

Xitida (Delphinula), Verrill and Smith. Trans. Conn. Acad.

vi, p. 424, pi. 44, f. 11, ...

Xitzschii (Turbo), Anton. Yerzeichniss. p. 59, Xo. 2104.

= Turbo saxosus, Wood. . . . . . . .211

Xivosa ( Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 8.

= P. variea-ata, var 1 63, 179

Xivosus (Turbo) Rve. Conch. Icon. pi. 10, f. 43, 44, P. Z. S.

1848, p. 51. r T. radiatus, Gmel 2(M)

Xobilis (Iraperator) Gray. Voy. Fly., ii, p. 358, t, 2, f. 7, . 209

Xocturnus (Turbo), Gould. Otia, p. 160, . . . .205

Xodo.sa (Delphinula), Rve. == D. laciniata. .

Xodulosa (Delphinula), Phil. = D. laciniata.

Xorrisi (Turbo), Desh. in Lam. An. sans vert., ed. ii, ix, p.

221. = Trochiscus norrisi, Sowb. .....

Ocana, H. Adams. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 148, . . . 214

Ocellata ( Alcyna), A. Ad. Ann. and Mu<". Xat. Hist, LSIJO, p.

408, . " . . . . , . . . . . 1>2
Olearius (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Xat. ed. 12, p. 1235.

— Turbo niarmoratus, Linn. . . . . . . 192

Olfersi (Trochus), Troschel in Philippi. Conch. Cab. ed. 2, p.

126, pi. 22, fig. 1. = Astralium olfersii, . . 225, 220

Olivaceus (Trochus), Wood. Index, test. Suppl., }>1. 5, fig. .'».

= Astralium olivaceum, ...... 2->l, 241

Orichalceus (Trochus), Koch. ^ Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1848, p. 110.

= Astralium longispina, Lam. ...... 222

Orthomestis, Pilsbry, 163,179,271

Pachyporna Gray, . .' 187,244,221

Pagodus (Astralium), Tenisou- Woods. Proc. Linn. Sor. N. S.
Wales, iv, p. 110, . " 236

TNDKX AND SYNONYMY. 283

PACK.

Pagodulus (Turbo), .Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 220, pi. 9, f. 100.

Astralinm, . . . . . . . . 2M6

Papillatum (Trochus), Potie/ and Midland. (!nl. des Moll, i,

p. 587, pi. 30, figs. 10-11.' = Astrnlium papillatum, 22"). 220
Pat u Ins (Turbo), Phil, Zeitsch. t'. Malak., 1848, p. 100, . l!»r>

Parvulus (Turbo), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Malak. 184S, p. 189, 206
Paucicostata (Turbo), So\vb. Thes. Conch.

= Leptothyra bacula, Carp.. ...... 248

Paucicostata (Leptothyra), Dall. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, p. 131, 248
Peloritanus (Turbo), Cantraine. Bull. Soc. Roy. Sciences et

Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles.

= Leptothyra carinata Cantr. var. ..... 2">2

Perdix (Phasianella), Gray 165

Perforata (Phasianella), Phil. Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1848, p. 164,

171, 172, 17"), 178

Petholatus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii, p. 1233, 185, 193
Petiti (Phasianella), Craven. 'Ann. Soc. Mai. Beler. p. 18, pi.

ii, fig. a. b.c . . 169

Petrosnin ( Astraliiim), Martyn, ..... 234

Phasianolla (Turbo), C. B. Ad., Cat, Panama Shells, . .178

Phasianella Lam. 162. 164

Phasianellus (Turbo), Desh. JMoll. de I'lte de la Reunion, p.

74. Trochidae.

Pillula (Collonia), Sowb. = Leptothyra pilula, Dkr. . . 258
Picta (Collonia), Pease, Am. Jour. Conch., iv, p. 91, pi. 11,

figs. 2.3, 256

Picta (Phasianella), De Blainville.

— Phasianella austral is, Gmel. ......

Pictus (Turbo), Da Costa. British Conchology, t. viii, f. 8.

= Phasianella pulla, Linn. ....... 168

Pileolum (Torchus), Keeve. (/onch. Syst. pi. 217, fig. 5.

- Astralium fimbriatum, Lam. var. ..... 239

Pilula (Liotia), Dunker. Mai. Blatt. vi, 226.

= Leptothyra pilula, 258, 259

Planorbis (Astralium), Pilsbry, .

Plicatospinosum (Astraliuin), Pilsbry, ..... 235-

Pomaulax (rray " 187, 243

Porphyrites (Turbo), Martyn, ...... 215

Porcatus' (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon. pi. 11, fig. 52, P. Z. S.
1848, p. 51. = T. porphy rites, Mart. var. . . . 215, 216

Porphyrites (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst, Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3602.

— Turbo porphy rites, Martyn, . . . . . .185

Preissii (Phasianella), Menke. Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 12, no. 42.

=± Phas. australis Gmel. ......

Prevosti (Turbo), Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 222, pi. 12, f. 134, . 235
Princeps (Turbo), Philippi. Conch. Cab. ed. ii, p. 62.
= Turbo argyrostomus, Lam. .....

Prisogaster, Morch 186, 219

'284 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE,

Propinquus (Turbo), Hupe in Gay, Hist. Fis. y Polit. de

Chile, viii, p. Ill, pi. 4, f. 5. ; Turbo elevatus, Souleyet. . 219
Puichella (Phasianella), Recluz. - Phasianella pulla, Linn. 168
Pulchellus (Turbo), C. B. Adams. Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist.,

2, p. 7, .... 264

Puichella (Phasianella), Tenison- Woods. Trans. Roy. Soc.

Tasm. 1876, p. 141. = P. delicatula, Tenison-Woods. . 174
Pulcher (Turbo), Rve. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 195, . 202, 203
Pulla (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1233.

= Phasianella pulla. '. . 163, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173
Pulloides (Phasianella), Cpr. Ann. and Mair. Nat. Hist, xv,

1865, p.] NO. = P. compta, Old. var 173

Punctata (Tricolia), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iv, p. 123.

= Phasianella pulla, Linn. 168

Punctata (Eucosinia), Cpr. Ann. and Mair. Nat. Hist, xiii,

1864, p. 475, 173, 177

Punctatus (Turbo), Anton. Yerzeich. p. 5S, No. 2081,
Punctulata (Phasianella compta, var.) Cpr. Ann. and Mair.

Nat. Hist., xv, 1*(>5, p. 179, . . . .

Purpurascens (Leptothyra), Dkr 251

Purpurata (Leptothyra), Desh. ...... 251

Pur pu rat us (Turbo), Dcsh. Moll, de 1'Ile de Reunion p. 73,

pi. 9, f. 11, 12, Leptothyra purpurata Desh. . . 251

Purpureus (Leptonix sanguineus, L. var.) Carpenter. Cal.

Proc. iii, p. 176. = Leptothyra carpenter!, Pilsbry. . 247

Purpureus (Turbo) Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. merid., iv, p. 116,

f. 48. = Leptothyra sanguinea, Linn. .... 249
Pusio (Turbo), Anton. In Phil. Conch. Cab. p. 71, pi. 16, f.

10. = Leptothyra pusio. ....... 2(50

Pustulatus (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 59, P. Z. S. 1 3

p. 50. ± T. subcastaneus, Pilsbry. ; 205

Pustulatus (Turbo), Brocchi. Catal. di Conch, rarcolte pivsso

la costa Afric. del Golfb Arab. p. 30 207, 2(13

Pygmaea (Phasianella), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1848, p. 18.

= P. tessellata, P. et . M 174

Pyropus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 61, P. Z. S. 1848, p.

50, 2<i3

Quadriseriatus (Turbo), Anton. Yerzeichn. p. 59, No. 2106.
= T. castaueus, Gmel. var. ...... 204

Quantilla (Collonia), Gould. Proc. Bost. ^oc. viii, p. 22, . 265

Radiatus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon. pi. 8, f. 31.

- T. intercostalis. Menke. . . . 200, 202

Radiatus (Turbo), Grnelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3594,

". 185, 200, 201

Badiatus (Turbo), Anton. Yerzeichn. p. 57. No. 2073, 1839.
= Trochida1.

INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Reevei (Turbo*, Philippi), Conchyl. Cab. od. ii, p. 4S, pi. 12,

figs. 1-2. T. petholatus L. var. ..... 1D4

Regeufussi (Turbo), Desh., in Lam., ed. ii, t. ix, p. 222, . . l!»:i
Regenfussi (Turbo), Phil. T. nmnnoratus L. . . . 1<)2

lu'ticulata (Phasianella), Uve. Condi. Icon., fig. 7.

1*. ventricosa Q. et G. var. ...... Hid

Rhodostornus (Trochus), Lain. An. Sans Vert., cd. Desh. ix,

p. 127. Astralium petrosnm Martyn. .... 234

Roseocincta ( Leptothyra), Mart., Mobius l{ci.se n. Mauritius,

]». 204, t, 20, f. 22-25, 251

Roseopunctata (Collonia), An^as. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 417, pi. 40,

fig. 8, . . , . 258

Rosens (Phasianella), Angas. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 114, pi. 13, f.

24, 174

Rosens (Turbo), Philippi. = Leptothyra cicer, Mke. . . 254
Rotelliformis (Turbo), Jay. Catal. of Shells 3rd. Edit. 1839,

p. 3, pi. 1, figs. 2-3. : Trochiscus Norrisi, Sowb.
Rotularius (Trochus), Lain. An. sans Vert., ed. Desh., ix, p.

12"). - Astraliuin rotularinm, ...... 238-

Rubens (Phasianella), Lam. Encyc. Meth., pi. 449, fig. 2a, b,

P. variegata. Lam. . . . . . . . .179

Rubicundue (Turbo), Chemnitz. Conchyl. Cab. v, p. 207, pi.

1S1, f. 1803-1804. = Turbo granulosus, Mart. . . . 213
Riibicundiis (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Syst. v, ii, pi. 220, figs. 11,

12. Turbo granulosus, Mart. ..... 2l3

Rtibra (Leptothyra), Dkr 251

Kubra (Phasianella). Pease. Rve. Conch, Icon. f. 18.

Alcyna rnbra Psc 182

Rubrii (Tricolia), Risso. Hist, Nat. Eur. Merid. iv, p. 122. .

Phasianella speciosa, ^[uhlf. ....
Rubra (Alcyna), Pease. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 436,
Rnbra (Collonia ). - Leptothyra amussitata, Gould. . . 2-")()
Rnbricinctns (Turbo), ^lighels. Proc. Bost. Soc. 1845, vol. ii,

p. 22. Leptothvra rnbricincta, ..... 257

Rubrilineata ( Leptothyra ), Von. ^Nlart. == L. rubriciricta, Migh. 257
Rubrilineata (Collonia), (Pease), Sowb.

== Leptothyra rubricincta, Mighels, . . . . 257, 258
Ruu'osns (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Xat. ed. xii, p. 1234, no. 618.

Astralium rugosum, . . . . . 186, 220, 229

Rutilis (Turbo), C. B. Ad., ... . .243

Sandwichensis (Turbo), Pease, . . . 207

Sangarensis (Turbo), Schreack. Bull, de la Acad, des. sc. dc

St. Petersburg]!, iv, p. 409, . . 24*, 250

Sanguinea (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon. fig. 3.

: P. ventricosa Q and <;. Var. . . 165

Sangnineus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Xat. ed. x, p. 7<i'».

Leptothyra sanguinea, . . . 246, 249, 260*

286 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Sanguineus (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon. no.

= Leptothyra cicer, Mke. ....... 254

Sanguineus (Leptonyx "), Carpenter.

= Leptothyra carpenter!, Pilsbry, . 247, 248, 249, 188

Sanguineus (Turbo), Foliu. Fonds <le la Mer. i, p. 86, no. 9,

f. 11. = Leptothyra foliui, Pilsbry, 252

Sarmaticus (Turbo), Linn. Svst. Xat. ed. 12, p. 1235,

186, 203, 218

Saxosum (Callopoma), Gray. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 44, . .211

Saxosus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Turbo, pi. 17, fig. 2.

= Turbo fluctuosus, Wood. 211

Saxosus (Turbo), Rve. P. Z. S. 1848, p. 49.

= Turbo saxosus, Wood, 211

Saxosus (Turbo), Wood. Index testae, suppl. pi. 6, f. 45, . 211
Semicostatus (Trochus), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Troque, .pi. 38, fig.

1. — Astralium semicostatum, Kn. ..... 237

Semicostatus (Turbo), Pease. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 435, . . 206
Semilugubris (Turbo), Desh. Conch, de ITle de la Reunion,

p. 72, pi. 9, f. 9, 10. = Leptothyra sernilugubris, . . 252
Senectus H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll. . . . 185, 194
Setosus (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3594, . . 195
Shandi (Turbo), Button. Cat. Mar. Moll. X. Z. p. 35, . 212

Simsoni (Turbo), Tenison- Woods. Trans. Roy. Soc. Tasmania,

1876, p. 141, '. . . .216

Sirius (Turbo), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Xat. Hist, iii, p. 90 ;

Wilkes Exped. f. 203. Astraliuni sirius. . . 233

Smaragdus (Turbo), Martyn. Univ. Conch. . . .217

Smaragdus (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Xat. ed. 13, p. 3595, Xo. 30, 185
Smith! (Turbo), Sowb. The*.' Conch., p. 230, pi. 14, f. 182,

183, 206

Solida (Helix), Born. Mas. Caes. Vindobon., 1. 13, f. 19, (1780.)

( =:= Phasiauella.) 166

Solida (Phasianella), (Desh.) Kiener. Spec. Gen. Phasianella.

= P. ventricosa, 165

Solid us (Turbo), Hauler. Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 201.

== T. fluctuosus, Wood

Sparverius (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Xat. ed. xiii, p. 3594, Xo.

43, ' 194, 195

Speciosa (Phasiauella), Miihlf. Verb. Berl. Gesell. i, p. 214,

pi. ii, f. 4 167

Speciosus (Turbo), Reeve. Couch. Icon. pi. 8, f. 35, . 163, 201
Speciosus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Turbo, pi. 33, f. 1.

r Turbo radiatus, Gmel 200

Spenglerianus (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Xat. ed. xiii, p. 3595,

Xo. 27 205, 208, 209, 210

Sphrerula (Delphinula), Kiener. Coq. Viv. p. 5, pi. 3, f. 3, . 268
Spinosum (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Turbo, pi. 20.

= Turbo radiatus, Gmel 200

INDKX AM) SYNONYMY. 2*7

PAGE.

Bpinosus (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. :55<)4.
Turbo radiatua, Gmel. ....

Spinulosus (Trochus), Lam. An. sans. Vert., eel. Peslu p. 127.

Astralium longispinum, Lain. var. . . . 186, 222

Spinulosus (Trochus), Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 55.

A. petrosum. Marl. ....... "2-1 \

Spinulosus ('Trochus), Lam. Reeve. Conch. Icon. sp. 55, and

Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 1217. Astralium petrosum, Mart. . 222
Bplendida ( Phasianella), Phil. Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1849, p. 30,

180, 270

Splendida (Phasianella), Phil. Kiister's Conch. Cab., Monog.

Phasiaella. 270

Spleiididulus (Turbo), Sowb. Tlies. Conch, p. 229, etc. 14, f.

^ 180, 181, ... 197

Sqiia niatus (Turbo), (A. Ad.) Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 210, pi.

8, f. 88, .264

Squamiger (Turbo), Rve. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 186, . . .204
Squamosus (Turbo), Gray. Voy. Fly. ii, p. 359, pi. 2, f. 8.

= Turbo foliaceus, Phil. . / . . . . .201
Stamineus (Limax), Martyn. Univ. Conch., t. 71.

= Turbo stamineus. . . . . . . . .212

Stellaris (Trochus), Gmelin. Syst. Nat, ed. xiii, p. 3600, No.

47. Astralium stellare. 232

Strnoo-Yn,., (Turbo), Fischer. Coq. Viv. p. 118, pi. 41, f. 3. . 205
Stramineus (Turbo), Wood. T. stamineus, Mart. . . 212
Striata (Phasianella pulla, var.) Brnsina. Zool. Bot. Ver. xv,

p. 24. P. pullus, L. var. . .....

Striata (Alcyna), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch, v, p. 70, . . 1<S2

Striata (Colionia), Gray. 264

Strigata (Phasianella), Phil. Conch. Cab. 1853, p. 15, t. 4, f.

^ 6. = P. pulla, L. var, . . .168

Striuata (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 19.

P. pullus, Linn. var. dubia, Pilsbry. .... 169
Striulata (Phasianella), Carp. Ma/at. Cat., No. 2836.

= Turbo phasianella, C. B. Ad. . . .178

Subangulata (Alcyna), Pease. ...... 182

Subcastaneus (Turbo), Pilsbry .204

Subsanguinea (Phasianella), Pilsbry. . . . . 165

Substriata (Eucosmia vuriegata, Cpr. var.) Cpr. Ann. and

Mau. x. Hist, xiii, 1864, p. 475, . . ' . . .177

Sulcata (Turbo torquatus, Gmel. var.), Rve. Con. Icon. pi. 6.

= Turbo stamineus, var. lamellosus, Brod. . . . 213

Sulcatum (Astralium), Martyn 242

Bupragranosus (Trochus), E. A. Smith.

- Leptothyra huta, Montr. ...... 259

Taeniatus (Turbo), Sowerby. Tankerville Catal. App. p. xiii.
= Photinula,

288 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Taylorianus (Turbo), Smith. P. Z. S. 1880, pi. 48, f. 9, p. 483, 244
Tentoriiforme (Troehus), Jonas. Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1845, p, 66.

= Astralium tentoriiforme, ..... 231, 240

Tennis (Phasianella), Michaud. Bull. Soc. Linn. Bord. iii, p.

270, f 19, 20, .' 108

Tennis (Phasianella), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1844, p. 110,

163, 168

Tesselata (Phasianella), C. B. Adams. Contr. Conch., p. 67,

= P. tessellata, P. et M 171

Tessellata (Phasianella), Potiez et Mich. Galerie, i, p. 312, pi.

21), f. 7-8 170

Tessellata (Phasianella), Anton. Yerzeich, p. 01, no. 2141, .

— ?

Tessellatus (Turbo fluctuosus, Wood, var.) Kiener. Spec. Turbo,

pi. 9, fig. 2, . . .

Ticaonicus (Turbo), Rye. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p.- 185, 202, 203
Torquatus (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3597, no 106.

— T. stamineus, Mart. . . . . . . .212

Transenna (Turbo), Watson, ....... 2(52

Tricingulata ( Leptothyra purpurata var.) Mart. Mobius Reise

n. Mauritius, p. 294~ 251

Tricolia Risso, Hist. Xat. 1'Eur. Merid 107

Tricoliella Monterosato, == Tricolia, . • . . .107
Tricostatus (Turbo smaragdus Martyn, var.) Hutton. Proc.

Linn. Soc/X. S. Wales, ix, p. 3.35,* ... .217

Tritonis (Eutropia) "Chenm." Atict.

= Phasianella australis, Gmel. . . . . . .165

Triumphans (Trochus), Philippi. Fiinfter Jahr. des Ver. f.

Xaturk. /Air Cassel, p. 8, 1841. — = Astralium triumphans, 22^

Trochidse, . 200

Trochoides (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon., pi. 12, f. 58, P. Z. S.

1848, ]). 50, ... 2()7

Tuber (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Xat. ed. xii, p. 1230, no. 596.

Astralium tuber, ' 220, 223

Tuberculatus (Turbo), Kienor. Spec. Gen. Turbo, pi. 3, f. 2.

:-- Turbo radiatus,' Gmel 200

Tuberculosus (Turbo), Quoy and Gaim. Toy. de 1' Astrolabe,

iii, p. 247, pi. 60, fig. l-o" Turbo radiatus, Gmel. .
Tuberosus (Trochus), Pliil. = Astralium tulterosum, . . 227
Tuberosus (Trochus), Reeve. Astralium petrosum, ^NTart. 2-">4

Tubicantlius Swains. = Bolma, ...... 229

Tumidulus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon. pi. 10, fig. 45, P. Z. S.

1848, p. 51. = T. radiatus Gmel. var.
Turbininje, ........

Turbinidse, .161

Turbinopsis (Delphinula), Lamarck. An. sans Vert. ed. i,vi,

p. 231. — Turbo turbinopsis, 198, 199

Turbo Linn. Syst. Xat. x, p. 761 185, 191, 271

INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 289

PAGE.

Turcicus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon. pi. 12, fig. 60, P. Z. S.

1848, p. 50, 230

Tursicus (Calcar), Fischer. Co<j. Viv., p. . . . . 230
Tunrida (Phasianella), Phil. Conch. Cab., p. 5, t. 2, f. 7-10, 165
Tyria (Delphinula), Rve. P. Z. S. 1842, .... 268

Umbilicata (Phasianella), cl'Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 77, t. 19,
f. 32, 34. = affinis C. B. Ad 163, 171

Undosum (Trochus), Wood. Index test, suppl., pi. 51, fig. 1.

Astraliuni undosum, ...... 187, 243

Undulatus (Turbo), Martyn. Univ. Conch., . . . .216

Un^iiis ( Trochus), Wood. Index Test. Suppl. pi. 5, fig. 2.

= Astraliuni unguis, ........ 242

rnitascialis (Phasianella), Kiener. p. 7. pi. 4, fig. 2. . 166, 179

Vrvillei (Turbo), Phil. Conch. Cab. p. 215, pi. 32, f. 4.

= Astraliuni tentoriiformis, Jonas,

F vanilla Gray, 231, 240

Varia (Phasianella), Lain. Ency. Meth. pi. 449, f. 1.

= Phasianella australis, Gmel. ..*... 165
Variabilis (Turbo), Reeve. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 186.

= T. petholatus, L 194

Variabilis (Phasianella), Pease. P. Z. S., 1860, p. 436. . . 176
Varians ( Kudora), Leach. Syn. Moll. Gt. Brit. p. 200.

--- Phasianella ptilla, Linn. ...... 168

Viridis (Phasianella), Anton. Vezeich, p. 60, ....

Yark'uata (Kucosmia), Cpr. Ann. Masr. Nat. Hist, xiii, 1864,

p. 47.1 . 163, 177, 179

Varic\irata (Phasianella), Lain. ...... 179

Varieiratus (Collonia), A. Ad. (Sowb).

: Turbo nocturnus, Gould. 265

Yenosa (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 5.

- P. ventricosa, (^. and G. ...... 165

Yentrk'o.sa ( Phasianella), Swainson. Exot. Conch, p. 38, 1841.

P. ventricosa Q. et G 165

Ventricosa (Phasianella), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de FAstrol.

Zool. pi. .")<), f. 8,'9, . . 165

Yenusta (Phasianella), Rve. Elem. Conch, i, p. 132, pi. 12, f.

•VS. = P. australis, Gmel. 165

Venustiis (Turbo), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1845, p. 148.

= T. saxosus, Wood. . - 211

Verruca (Trochus), Gld. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 27.

~ Leptothyra verruca. . . . • • • • 257
Vc-rsicolor (Turbo), Gmelin. 8yst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3599, No.

43. = T. porphyrites, Mart. var. . • . .215

Vieuxii (Phasianella) Payr. Cat, Moll. Corse, p. 146, pi. 7, f.

">, <J. = P. speciosa, Miihlf. 167

19

290 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.

PAGE.

Virens (Turbo), Anton. Phil. Zeitsch. f. Malacol., 1848, p.

99. = P. castaneus, Gmel 203

Virescens (Pachypoma), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., p. 73, pi.

8, f. 10. •= Astralium petrosum, Mart. var. . . 235*

Virgo (Phasianella), Angas. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 115, pi. 13, f.

25, 181

Viridis (Phasianella), Anton. Verzeich. p. 60, No. 2135.

= P. lineolata, Lam. ........ 179

Vitrea (Phasianella), Desh. Moll. File Reunion, p. 76, pi. 8,

f. 8, 169*

Wisemanni (Phasianella), Baird. Voy. Curacoa, p. 436y pi.
38, f. 3, 4, . . . 181

Zebra (Phasianella), Gray. mss. Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 4.

= P. ventricosa, Q. et G. var. ...... 16(>

Zebrina (Phasianella), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 78, pi. 19, f.

35, 37. = P. tessellata, P. et M. . . . • . . 17O

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

PLATE 1.

FIGURED PAGE.

j. Neritopsis radula, Linn. Portion of radula. Fischer's

Manual, f. 568, 12

2. Navicella clypeolum. Dentition, Troschel, Gebiss der

Schnecken ii, t. 16, f. 1, 10

3. Neritina reclivata, Say. Dentition. Ibid, ii, t. 16, f. 10, . 6

4. Cyclostrema basistriatum, Jeffr. Dentition. Ibid, ii, t. 2,

f. 3, . . 14

5. 6. Peltarion bilobatus, Desh. Operculum. Fischer's

Manual, f. 569, 12

7, 8. Neritopsis radula, Linn. Operculum. a, external face,

b, internal face. Fischer's Manual, f. 570, . . .12
9, 10. Neritina. Operculum, 9 internal, 10 external face.

Fischer's Manual, f. 563, 561, 6

11, 12. Navicella operculum, b, internal, a, external face.

Ibid. f. 566, 10

13. Naticopsis placida, Kon. Operculum. Ibid. f. 572, . 12

14. Naticopsis planispira, Kon. Operculum. Ibid. f. 573, . 12

15. Nerita peloronta, Linn. Showing absorption of inner

walls. Ibid. f. 559, 18

16. Neritina zigzag, Lam. Showing apophysis. Ibid. f. 562, 5

17. Naticopsis ampliata, Koninck. Ibid. f. 571, . . .12

18. Craspedostoma elegantulum, Lindstr. Ibid. f. 588, . 17

19. 20. Crossostoma reflexilabrum, d'Orb. Ibid. f. 589, . 17

PLATE 2.

21-23. Nerita albicilla, L. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 64, . 19

24. Nerita venusta, Phil. ( = albicilla, L.) Phil. Abbild.

i, t. 1, f. 11, 19

25, 26. Nerita forskalii, Reel. (— albicilla.) Reeve, Nerita,

f. 67, 19

27. Nerita plexa, Chemn. Ibid. f. 12, ... . 19

28. Nerita chlorostoma, Lam. ( == plexa, Chemn.) Ibid. f.

32,6, 19

29. Nerita exuvia, L. Ibid. f. 1, a, . . . , . 19

30. Nerita granulata, Rve. Ibid. f. 79, a, . . . . 20
:U-33. Nerita stella, Chemn. ( = chamaeleon.) Ibid. f. 60, . 20
34-36. Nerita squamulata, Le Guill. (= chamaeleon.) Ibid.

f.63, . . . ... 20

PLATE 3.

37. Nerita modesta Hombr. et Jacq. (= chamaeleon.) Voy.

Astrol. et Zel. t. 16, f. 6, 20

(291)

292 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. . PAGE.

38. Xerita arabica Rve. (— cliamaeleon). Conch. Icon. f.

16, b, 20

39. Xerita annulata Rve. (— chamaeleon.) Ibid. f. 78, b, 20

40. Xerita oryzarum, Reel. Ibid. f. 46a 20

41. Xerita semirugosa, Reel. Ibid. f. 19a 20

42. Xerita histrio, Gmel. (= semirugosa.) Ibid. f. 27, b, . 21

43. Xerita maura, Reel. (= semirugosa.) Ibid. f. 17, b, . 21

44. 45. Xerita longii, Reel. Ibid. f. 52, . . . .21
46, 47. Xerita hindsii, Reel. Krister, Conch. Cab. t. 7, f. 17,

18, 21

48. Xerita atropurpurea. (= planospira). Reeve, Conch.

Icon. f. 38a . . .21

49. Xerita si«iiata, McCleay. (= reticulata, Kars.) Ibid. f.

44a, . . . 21

50. Xerita fraguni, Rve. ( == reticulata, Kars.) Ibid. f. 41, 21

51. 52. Xerita unidentata, H. et J. (= patula.) Voy. Astrol.

et Zel. t, 17, f. 6, 7, . . . . . .22

53, 54. Xerita patula, Reel. Reeve, Icon. f. 84, . . . 22

55. Xerita beaniana, Reel. Ibid, f, So b 22

56. Xerita dombeyi, Reel. Ibid. f. 71 ft 22

57. Xerita senegalensis, Gmel. Ibid. f. 35, a. . . .22

58. Xerita largillierti, Phil. (— senegalensis.) Specimen. . 22

PLATE 4.

59. Xerita argus, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 53, b. 23

60. Xerita anthracina. Abbild. Xeuer. Conch, i, t. 1, f. 9,

61. Xerita maculata, Pse. Specimen. . . . . .23

62. Xerita i'ulgurans, Gmel. Conch. Icon. f. 51, b. . . 23

63. Xerita prtecognita, Ad. Ibid. f. 30, a. . . . .24

64. Xerita antillarum. Thes. (.'ouch. f. 54, .

65. Xerita albipunctata, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 61, a,

66. 67. Xerita bernhardi, Reel. Ibid. f. 57, . . .24

68. Xerita genu?jia, Rve. Ibid. f. 77, b. . . . .24

69. Xerita bernhardi, Reel. Specimen. . . . .24

70. Xerita grauulata (= Bernhardi). Conch. Icon. f. 79, a, 20

71. Xerita tessellata, Gmel. Ibid. f. 43, b, .

72. Xerita comma-notata, Rve. (-= tessellata). Ibid. f. 72, b. 24

73. Nerita listeri, Reel. (= tessellata.) Ibid. f. 36, a. . . 24

74. Xerita nivosa, Rve. (— tessellata.) Ibid. f. 66 a. . . 24

75. 76. Xerita peloronta, Linn. Thes. Conch, f. 30, 31,

77. Xerita peloronta, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 8, b. . 24

78, 79. X^erita versicolor, Gmel. Ibid. f. 56, ... 25

PLATE 5.

<SO. Xerita versicolor, Gmel. Specimen. . . . .25

81, 82. Xerita plicata, L. Conch. Icon. f. 42,

83. Xerita ringens, Rve. (= plicata.) Ibid. f. 75,

84. Xerita costata, Chemn. Ibid. f. 6, b. . . . . 27

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 29M

FIGURE.

85. Nerita grossa Linn. Ibid. f. 10, a. . . • . . . L'S

86. Nerita quadricolor, Ginel. Ibid. f. 4, a. . . . . 21)

87. Nerita leguillouana, Reel. (— undata.) Ibid; f. 15, a. . 2S

88. Nerita savieana, Reel. Ibid. f. 37, b ..... 2*

89. Nerita crassa, Old. Moll. Wilkes Exped. f. 195, a.

90. Nerita nova3-guinea?, Less. Conch. Icon. f. 59, b. . . 2«si

91. Nerita chrysostoma, Reel. Ibid. f. 18, . . . . 2<S

92. Nerita aurantia, Reel. Ibid. f. 49, a, .... 2S

93. Nerita grisea, Rve. Ibid. f. 19, a ...... 2S

94. Nerita essingtoni, Rve. Ibid. f. 29, a, . . .21)

95. Nerita funicula, Rve. Ibid. f. 9, ..... 21)

PLATE 6.

96. 97. Norita oleagina, Rve. ( = spengleriana). Conch.

Icon. f. 47, ...... ... 29

98. Nerita spengleriami, Reel. Ibid. f. 73, a, . . .29

1)9. Nerita incurva, Mart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 8, f. 14, . 29

100. Nerita erubescens, Rve. (— striata). £onch. Icon. f. 54«, 29

1. Nerita neritopsoides, Rve. .(= striata.) Ibid. f. 69, b, . 29

2. Nerita grayana, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 7, f. 10, . 29
•'). Nerita grayana, Keel. Conch. Icon. f. 33, a, . . 21)

4. Nerita anmilata, Rve. (= chamaeleon.) Ibid. f. 78, a, . 20

5. Nerita ornata, Sowb. (— - scabricosta.) Ibid. f. 3, b, . 30

6. Nerita deshayesii, Reel. (— scab ricosta.) Ibid. f. 7, a, . 30

7. Nerita polita, Linn. Ibid. f. 2, <t, . . . .30
8-11. Nerita rnmphii, Reel. Ibid. f. 62, . . . .31

PLATE 7.

12. Nerita polita, Linn. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 65, f. 31, . . MO

13, 14. Nerita polita, Linn. Conch. Icon. f. 2, . .30
15, 16. Nerita rnmphii, Reel. Ibid. f. 62, .... Ml

17. Nerita autiquata, Reel. Ibid. f. 5, b, . . . .31

18. Nerita umlaasiana, Krauss. Thes. Conch, f. 125, . Ml

19. 20. Nerita orbignyana, Reel, (—polita.) Conch. Icon. f.

58, a, . ' ". ....... 30

21. Nerita aurora, Dkr. Abbild. i, t. 1, f. 12. ... Ml

22. Nerita guamensis, Quoy. (== rumphii.) Voy. Astrol. t.

65, f. 45, ..--..• ....... Ml

23. Nerita doreyana, Quoy. (— rumphii.) Ibid. t. 65, f. 43, 31

24. Nerita maxima, Ginel. Conch. Icon. f. 18, b, . 31

25. Nerita obatra, Reel. Jour, de Conch, ii, t. 5, f. 4, . . Ml

26. Nerita bisecta, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 39, b,

27. Nerita ascensionis, Chemn. Ibid. f. 14, b, . . .31

28. Nerita alveolus, II. et J. (— fulginata,) Voy. Astrol. et

Zel. t. 17, f. 8, . . ...... 32

29. Nerita birmanica, Phil. (= lineata.) Thes. Conch, f.

82, .. ........ 32

294 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

30. Nerita punctata. Voy. Astrol. t. 65, f. 41, . .29

31. Nerita georgiua, Reel.' Conch. Icon. f. 74, 6, . . .33

PLATE 8.

32. Nerita lineata, Chemn. Conch. Icon. f. 13, a, . 32

33. Nerita balteata, Rve. (= lineata.) Ibid. f. 28, a, . . 32

34. Nerita excavata. Thes. Conch, f. 84, . . . 20

35. Nerita filosa, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 48, b, ... 32

36. 37. Nerita cerostoma, Trosch. Archiv. fur Naturg. t. 5,

f. 5, 1852, .... . .

38. Nerita geminulata, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 40, a, . .32

39. Nerita ful^inata, Rve. Ibid. f. 50, b, . . . 32

40. Nerita atrata, Rve. Ibid. f. 16, 6, . . . . 26

41. Nerita carbonaria, Reel. (= morio.) Abbild. i, t. 1, f. 5, 33

42. Nerita nigerrima, Chemn. Conch. Icon. f. 11, b, .23

43. Nerita achatina, Rve. (= nigerrima.) Ibid. f. 68, a, . 23

44. Nerita atramentosa, Rve. Ibid. f. 25, a, ... 26

45. Nerita essingtoni, Reel. Jour, de Conch, i, t. 11, f. 9, ' . 33

46. Nerita neritinoides, Rve. (= morio.) Conch. Icon. f. 17,

b, 33

47. Nerita picea, Reel. Ibid. f. 20, b, 33

48. Nerita incerta, Busch. Abbild. i, t. 1, f. 6, . 25

PLATE 9.

49. 50. Nerita samoensis Dkr. Conch. Icon. f. 80, . . 34

51. Nerita affinis Rve. Ibid. f. 81, , .34

52. Nerita obscura H. et J. (= picea.) Voy. Astrol. et Zel.

t. 17, f. 2 '. . . .33

53. 54. Nerita vitiensis H. et J. (= affinis.) Ibid, t, 17, f. 3,

4, 34

55. Nerita yoldii Reel. Conch. Icon. f. tf2</,

56. Nerita haustrum Rve. (= yoldii.) Ibid. f. 34, b, . .27

57. Nerita peruviana Phil. (= yoldii.) Abbild, I. t. 1, f. 4,. 27

58. Nerita japonica Dkr. (== pica.) Thes. Conch, f. 112, . 34

59. 60. Nerita pica, Gould. Specimen,

61. Nerita vexillum Rve. Conch, Icon. f. 65, ... 34

62. Nerita stricta Bd. Thes. Conch, f. 118, . . .34

63. Nerita albipunctata. Ibid. f. 118, . 24

64. 65. Nerita arcta Homo. et. Jacq. Voy. Astr. et Zel. t. 16,

f. 12, 13, -. . . .34

66. Nerita electrina Rve. (— chamseleon.) Conch Icon. f. 10, 20

67, 68. Nerita nova? caledonue Bd. (— stricta.) Voy. Curacoa,

t. 38, f. 12, 13, 35

69. Nerita scalpta. Conch. Icon. f. 31, b, . . . .24

70. Nerita hullula Rve. (= picea.) Ibid. f. 76, . . 33

71. Nerita helicinoides Rve. Ibid. f. 80, b, ... 25

72. Nerita pellis-serpentis Rve. (= helicinoides.) Ibid f. 83, 25

73. Nerita winter! Phil. Abbild. I, t. 1, f. 10, ... 25

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 295

riGURE. PAGE.

74. Nerita insculpta live. (— picea.) Conch. Icon. Neritina,

f. 70, b,

75. Nerita morio Sowb. Ibid. Neritina, f. 43, b,

76. Nerita rudis Pse. (— pica.) Am. Jour. Conch. III. t. 24

f.4,

PLATE 10.

33
33

34

77. Neritina gagates Lam. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 11, f. 12, 35

78. Neritina gagates var. minor. Ibid. t. 10, f. 18, . . 35

79. Neritina gagates var. subplanospira. Ibid. t. 13, f. 8, . 35

80. Neritina natalensis Rve. Ibid. t. 11, f. 11, . . .35
SI. Neritina natalensis Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 75, b, . . 35
82-84. Neritina variegata Lesson. Kiister, Couch. Cab. t. 10,

f. 12, 16, 17, 35

85, 86. Neritina cuvieriana Reel. (— •-- variegata.) Conch.

Icon. f. 87, a, b, 36

87. Neritina ziczac Sowb. Kiister, Conch Cab, t. 10, f. 20, . 36

88, 89. Neritina ziczac Sowb. Ibid. t. 2, f. 6, 7, . . 36

90. Neritina ziczac var. interstitialis. Ibid. t. 10, f. 23, . 36

91. Neritina serrulata, Reel, (ziczac.) Conch. Icon. f. 55, . 36

92. Neritina ziczac, Sowb. var. triangularis. Ibid. f. 32, a, . 36

93. Neritina zebra, Brug. var. lineohita. Kiister, Conch.

Cab. t. 10, f. 1, 37

94. Neritina zebra, Brug. Ibid. t. 10, f. 3, . . . . 37

95. Neritina sobrina, Reel, (zebra.) Conch. Icon. f. 40, 6, . 37

96. Neritina smithi, Sowb. Ibid. f. 42, a, . . 37

97. 98. Neritina fulgurata, Desh. (= gagates.) Moll. Re-

union, t. 10, f. 1, 2, . . . . ' . . . 35

PLATE 11.

99. Neritina aterrima, Koch. Conch. Icon. f. 78, . . 40

100. Neritina aquatilis, Rve. (— ziczac.) Ibid. f. 73, b, . 36

1. Neritina turrita, Chemn. Ibid. f. 31, b, . . . .37

2, 3. Neritina turrita, Chemn. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 11, f.

21,23, 37

4. Neritina semiconica, Lam. Conch. Icon. f. 36, a, . . 37

5. Neritina jovis, Reel. (== ziczac.) Ibid. f. 117, a, . . 36

6. Neritina plumbea, Martens (not Reel.) (= gagates).

Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 11, f. 13, . ., . . .35

7. 8. Neritina plumbea, Reel. Thes. Conch, ii, t. 112, f. 119,

120, 37

9. Neritina moquiniana, Reel. (= natalensis.) Jour, de

Conch, i, t. 7, f. 9, . . '. . .35

10. Neritina roissyana, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 11, f.

14, 38

11. Neritina cuprina, Reel. (— roissyana.) Conch. Icon. f.

97, a, 38

296 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

12. Neritina chrysocolla, Gld. (= roissyana.) Moll. Wilkes

Exped. f. 188, 38

13. Neritina navigatoria, Rve. (— roissyana.) Conch. Icon.

f. 102,«, 38

14. 15. Neritina turtoni, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 13, f.

1, 5, 38

16. Neritina communis, Q, et G. Ibid. t. 2, f. 4, . . 38

17-22. Neritina communis. Conch. Icon. f. 88, . . . 38

PLATE 12.

23, 24. Neritina pulchra, Sowb. (= variegata.) Conch. Icon.

f. Ill, a, b, 36

25, 26. Neritina reclivata, Say. Thes. Conch, ii, t. 116, f.

240, 241, 39

27. Neritina reclivata, Say. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 10, f. 10, 39

28. Neritina striolata, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 100, b, . . 39

29. Neritina floridana, Shutt. Ibid. f. 85, . . . . 39

30. Neritina fulgetrum, Rve. Ibid. f. 103, .... 38
31-35. Neritina virginea, Linn. Thes. Conch, ii, t. 114, f.

232-239, 39

36. Neritina listeri, Pfr. (= virginea.) Ibid, ii, t. 116, f.

251, ... 40

37-42. Neritina virginea Linn. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 14, f.
1-21, 39

43. Neritina virginea Lam. Thes. Conch. II, t. 116, f. 38, . 39

44, 45. Neritina elegantissima Hartm. (= virginea.) Gastr.
Schweiz, t. 78, f. 7, 11 39

46, 47. Neritina triserialis Sowb. Conch. Icon. £ 95, . . 40

48. Neritina wallacei Dohrn. Zool. Proc. t. 26, f. 1, 1861, . 40
49 Neritina poncheti Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zelee.

t. 17, f. 11, ... 40

PLATE 13.

50. Neritina adansoniana Reel. Kiister, Condi. Cab. t. 14,
f.22, 40

51. Neritina adansoniana Reel. Thes. Conch. II, t. 116, f.
254, 40

52. 53. Neritina picta Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 19, f. 22,

24, ..-.•• • • 41

54, 55. Neritina picta Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 101, a, b, . 41

56. Neritina ualanensis Lesson. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 20,

f. 5, .41

57, 58. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f. 1, 7, . .41
59, 60. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f. 17, 19, . 41
61-63. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f. 9, 10, 12, . 41
64-66. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f. 13, 14, 15, . 41
67, 68. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f. 21. 23, . 41

REFERENCE TO PLATES.
FIGURE. PAGE.

69, 70. Neritina nouletiana Gass. Moll Nouv. Caled. II, t.

8, f. 5, 41

71. Neritina modicella Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 10, f. 3, . 42

PLATE 14.

72. Neritina pupa Linn. Conch. Icon. f. 93, b, . .42

73. Neritina pupa var. tristis cl'Orb. Ibid. f. 93, r, . .42

74. Neritina tristis d'Orb. (== pupa L.) Moll. Cuba. t. 17,

f. 35, . 42

75. 76. Neritina reticulata Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 121, a, b, 42

77. Neritina holoserica Garrett. Am. Jour. Conch. VII, t.

19, f. 1, 42

78, 79. Neritina godeffroyana Mouss. (== amoena.) Kuster,
Conch. Cab. t. 15, f. 4, 5, ;........... 43

80. Neritina amoena, Gould. Moll. Wilkes Exped, f. 192, . 43

81. Neritina morosa, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. II, t. 8, f. 7, 43

82. Neritina obtusa Bens. Kuster, Conch. Cab. 1. 15, f. 11, 43

83. Neritina spiralis, Rve. (— obtusa.) Conch. Icon. f. 99. a, 43

84. Neritina guerini Reel. (= amoena.) Ibid. f. 128, b. . 43

85. Neritina guttulata, Gassies. Moll. Npuv. Caled. Ill, t. 4,

f. 4, 43

86. Neritina salmacida, Morel. Jour, de Conch, t. 12, f. 5,

1879, ... 43

87. 88. Neritina Morchiana, Dkr. Moll. Novara Exped. t.

2, f. 24, . 43

89. Neritina incerta, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. iii, t. 4, f. 6, 44

90-93. Neritina dubia, Chemn. Conch. Icon. f. 90, . . 44

94. Neritina dubia, Chemn. Kuster, Conch. Cab. t. 12, f. 4, 44

95. Neritina apiata, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 98, 6, . . .44

96. Neritina cornea, Linn. Ibid. f. 7, b, . . . .44

97. Neritina cornea, Linn. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 12, f. 18, 44

98. Neritina subsulcata, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 10, 6, . . 45

99. Neritina subsulcata, Sowb. Kuster, Conch. Cab. t. 12, f.

11, 45

100. Neritina chimmoi, Reeve, Ibid. t. 12, f. 8, . .45

1. Neritina savesi, Gassies, (= cornea L.) Moll. Nouv.

Caled. iii, t. 3, f. 12, . 45

PLATE 15.

2-7. Neritina danubialis, Miihlf. Kuster, Conch. Cab. t. 3,

f. 7-29, 45

8. Neritina danubialis var. serratilinea, Zgl. Ibid. t. 22, f.

3, 46

9. Neritina danubialis var. chrysostoma, Kutsch. Ibid. t. 22,

f. 1, 46

10. Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. Conch. Icon. F. 125, b, . .46
11-25. Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. Kuster, Conch. Cab. t. 21,

f. 1-16; t. 3, f. 33, 46

298 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

PLATE 16.

FIGURE. PAGE.

26, 27. Neritina transversalis, Zgl. Kuster, Conch. Cab. t.

22,f.5,7, 47

28. Neritina dorire, Issel. Ibid. t. 21, f. 22, ... 47

29, 30. Neritina liturata, Eichw. Ibid. t. 21, f. 24-26, . 47
31, 32. Neritina heldreichi, Schw. Ibid. t. 22, f. 9, 10, . 47
33, 34. Neritina varia, Zglr. Ibid. t. 21, f. 17, 19, . . 47
35, 36. Neritina meridionalis, Phil. Ibid. t. 22, f. 11, 13, . 48

37. Neritina iiigrocsenilea, Parr. Ibid. t. 22, f. 14. . . 48

38. Neritina elongatula, Morel. Ibid. t. 22, f. 16, . .48

39. Neritina elongatula, var. violacea, Morel. Ibid. t. 22, f.

18, .48

40. Neritina lutesta, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 137a. . . .48

41. Neritina hispalensis, v. Mart. Kuster, Conch. Cab. t. 22,

f. 20, . . .48

42. 44. Neritina guadianensis, Morel. Ibid. t. 22, f. 22, 24, 49

43. Neritina guadianensis, var. valentina, Graells. Ibid. t.

22, f. 25, 49

45. Neritina callosa, Desh. Ibid. t. 22, f. 27, ... 49

46. Neritina prevostiana. Kuster, Conch. Cab. t. 3, f. 3, . 48

47. Neritina baetica, Lam. Ibid. t. 23, f. 1, . . .49

48. Neritina sardoa, Mke. Ibid. t. 4, f. 21, . . 49

49. Neritina sardoa, Mke. Ibid. t. 23, f. 3, . . .49

50. Neritina peloponnesia, Reel. Ibid. t. 3, f. 15, . . 50

51. 52. Neritina numidica, Reel. Ibid. t. 23, f. 5, 8, . . 50

PLATE 17.

53. Neritina syriaca, Bourg. Kuster, Conch. Cab. t. 23, f. 9, 50
54-56. Neritina hidalgoi, Crosse. Jour, de Conch, t. 11, f. 2,

1880, 49

57. Neritina pallida, Dkr. Kuster, Conch. Cab. t. 23, f. 11, 50

58-60. Neritina schultzii, Grimm. Ibid, t, 23, f. 13, 15, 17, ."in

•61. Neritina panayana, Reel. Ibid. t. 23, f. 17, . . . •">()

62. Neritina baconi, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 127, a, . . 51

63. Neritina africana, Parr. (= nilotica.) Ibid. f. 138, b, . ~>1

64. Neritina nilotica, Rve. Ibid. f. 157, b, . . . .51

65. Neritina euphratica, Mouss. Kuster, Conch. Cab. t. 15,

f. 9, 51

66. Neritina jordani, Sowb. Ibid. t. 2, f. 15, . . .51

67. Neritina jordani, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 129, a, . .51

68. Neritina anatolica var. hausknechti, Mart. Ibid. f. 148, a, 52

69. Neritina anatolica var. boissieri, Mart. Kuster, Conch.

Cab. t. 3, f. 5, . 52

70. Neritina anatolica var. olivieri, Mart. Ibid. t. 13, f. 18, . 52

71. Neritina anatolica var. bellardii, Mart. Ibid. t. 13, f. 25, 52
72-74. Neritina macrii, Reel. Ibid. t. 4, f. 12 ; t. 13, f. 13,

28, . ... . ..-. • • -52

75. Neritina uiesopotamica, Mouss. Ibid. t. 13, f. 20, . . 52

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 299

FIGURE. PAGE.

76. Neritina cinctella, Martens. Ibid. t. 13, f. 22, . . 52

77. Neritina perottetiana, Reel. Conch. Icon. ('. 124, a, . 53

78. Neritina coluber, Thorpe. Conch. Ind. t. 157, f. 10, . 53

79. Neritina jayana, Reel. Jour, de Conch, i, t. 7, f. 13, . 53

80. Neritina neritoides. Zool. Proc. t. 33, f. 19, 1881, . . f>(j

81. 82. Neritina showalterii, Lea. Obs. Gen. Unio. ix, t. 35,

f. 78, . . . 53

83. Neritina succinea, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 158, a, . . 54

84. Neritina rubida, Pse. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 23, f. 19, . 54

PLATE 18.

85. Neritina rubida, Pse. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 23, f. 20, 54

86. Neritina consimilis, Mart. Ibid. t. 23, f. 25, . . .54

87. Neritina manoeli, Dohrn. Ibid. t. 23, f. 21, . . .54
88-. Neritina viridis, Linn. Conch. Icon. f. 153, a, . . 54
<S1). Neritina rangiana, Reel. Ibid. f. 142, a, . . . 55
!M>. Neritina rangiana, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 23, f. 27, 55
91, 92. Neritina viridissima, = rangiana. Ann. Mus. Genova,

xix, t, 1, f. 10, 11, . .55

Do. Neritina souverbiana, Montr. Moll. Nouv. Caled. i, t. 8,

f. 7, - .55

1)4, 95. Neritina pulcherrima, Angas, (— souverbiaua.) Zool.

Proc. t. 1, f. 25, 1871, 55

9<), 07. Neritina semen, Tap-Can. (.— souverbiana.) Ann.

Miis. Genova,xix, t. l,f. 8, 9, . . 55

98. Neritina paulucciana, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. ii, t.

X, f. 6, . . . . ^ . . . . . .55

99. Neritina paulucciana, (lassies. Specimens, . . 55
100, 1. Neritina suavis, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. iii, t. 4,

f. 10, .... . .... 56

2-5. Neritina glabrata, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 134, 135, . 56

6. Neritina canalis, Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 1, f. 13, 57

7. Neritina canalis, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 1, a, . . .57

8. Neritina ovalis, Sowb. Ibid. f. 17, b, . .57

9. Neritina larga, H. et J. (— pulligera.) Voy. Astr. et

Zel. t. 17, f. 18, ... . . . 57

10. Neritina pulligera, Linn. Voy. Astrol. t. 65, f. 1, . . 56

11. Neritina pulligera, Linn. Conch. Icon. f. 9, a, . . 56

12. Neritina petiti, Reel. Ibid. f. 8, b, . . . .57

13. Neritina californica, Rve. Ibid. f. 20, 6, . . .58

PLATE 19.

14. Neritina expansa, Gassies. (— petiti.) Moll. Nouv. Caled.

iii, t. 4, f. 3, 58

15. Neritina bruguieri, Reel. (— petiti.) Conch. Icon. f. 46, b, 58

16. Neritina kftorri, Rve. (— pulligera.) Kiister, Conch. Cab.

t.8,f.4 57

300 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

17. Neritina beckii, Reel. (— pulligera, Var.) Conch. Icon.

f. 11, a, ....'.... 57

18. Neritina cryptospira, Mart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 8, f.

W, . . . 57

19. Neritina lenormandi, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. ii, t. 8,

f. 2, 58

20. 21. Neritina cornuta, Rve. -Conch. Icon. f. 63, a, b, . 58

22, 24. Neritina conglobata, Mart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t.

8, f. 7, 8, 57

23. Neritina iris, Mouss. Ibid. t. 9, f. 5, . . . . 58

25. Neritina knorri, Rve. (= Beckii Reel.) . . . 58

26. Neritina sanguinea, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 44, a, . . 58

27. Neritina squamipicta, Reel. Ibid. f. 4, a, 58

28. Neritina powisiana, Reel. Ibid. f. 76, b, ... 59

29. Neritina immersa, Mart, Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 9, f. 18, 59

30. 31. Neritina asperulata, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 45, a, 6,t. 59

PLATE 20.

32. Neritina arcifera, Morch. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t, 9, f. 28, 59

33. Neritina piperina (= pennata). Conch. Icon. f. 19, b, . 59

34. Neritina hieroglyphics, AVatteb. Jour, de Conch, t. 3, f.

1,1886, 59

35. Neritina solomonensis Rve. (— porcata.) Conch. Icon.

f. 106, 6,

36. Neritina spiralis, Mart. (— sulculosa.) Kiister, Conch.

Cab. t. 8, f. 24, . . . .

37. 38. Neritina punctulata, Lam. Conch. Icon. f. 48, a, b, . 60

39. Neritina cassiculum, Sowb. (— punctulata.) Ibid. f. 118,

5, ... ..'.-... 60

40. Neritina bahiensis, Reel. (— punctulata.) Jour, de Conch.

i, t. 7, f. 10, 00

41. Neritina turbida, Morel. (— = punctulata.) Conch. Icon.

f. 133, b, CO

42. Neritina listeri, Rve. (= afra.) Ibid. f. 71, b, . . 61

43. 44. Neritina rubricata, Morel. (— afra.) Kiister, Conch.

Cab. t. 13, f. 9, 11, . 61

45. Neritina fraseri. Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 113, b, . .61

46. Neritina sandalina, Reel. Ibid. f. 58, fe, ... 61

47. Neritina cholerica, Old. (— sandalina.) Moll. AVilkes,

Exped. f. 187, . 61

48. Neritina vanicorensis (= sandalina.) Voy. Astrol. et

Zel. t. 17, f. 30, . ' . . . . 61

49. Neritina adumbrate, Rve. Couch. Icon. f. 57, a, .61

50. Neritina inarch ionata, Rve. Ibid. f. 12, b, . . .62

PLATE 21.

51. 52. Neritina granosa, Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 1, f.

1,2, - . 63

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 301
FIGURE. PAGE.

53. Neritina labiosa, So\vb. Condi. Icon. f. 3, 6, . . (>2

54, 55. Neritina planissima, Mouss. Kiistor, Conch. Cal). t.

9, f; 1 , 2, . 62

56, 57. Neritina macgillivrayi, Kve. Conch. Icon. f. 16, «, b, <>2

58, 59. Neritina auriculata, Lain. Ibid. f. 83, a, b, . . 73

60. Neritina subauriculata, Reel. Ibid. f. 80, a, . . .73

61, 62. Neritina rostrata, Kve. Ibid. f. 151, a, b, . . 73

63. Neritina layardi, Rve. Ibid. f. 105, o, ' . . . . 73

64, 65, Neritina rubicunda, Mart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t.

6, f. 21, 22, 73

66, 67. Neritina taheitensis Less. Conch. Icon. f. 62, a, b, . 73

<>S, (ID. Neritina christovalensis Rve. Ibid. f. 150, a, b, . 74

70. Neritina bicanaliculata Reel. Ibid. f. 79, b, . . 74

PLATE 22.

71. Neritina vespertina Nutt. (= tahitensis.) Conch. Icon. f.

61, a, . . .73

72. Neritina lamarckii Desh. (= tahitensis.) Moll. Wilkes

Kxped. f. 180, 73

73. Neritina sandwichensis, Rve. (— tahitensis.) Conch. Icon.

f. ,S2, 6, 73

74. Neritina lecontei, Reel. Jour, dc Conch, iv, t. 8, f. 3, . 74

75. Neritina lecontei, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cal). t. 9, f. 22, 74
7<>. Neritina novie Caledonia?, Rve. (-— lecontei.) Conch. Icon.

f. 107, a, 74

77, 7'S. Neritina aciculata, Moivh. Ibid. f. 108, a, It, . . 74
79— si. Neritina cariosa, 'Gray. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 6, f.

1, 2; t. 4, f. 9, .' 75

•^2. Neritina niauritii, Lesson. Ibid. t. G, f. 8, . . 75
#3. Neritina luii'ubris, So\vb. ( cariosa.) Conch. Icon, f

1(50, ....... . 75

84. Neritina litbuana, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled, iii, t. 3, f

10, 75

«S5, S(). Neritina dilatata, Brod. C'onch. Icon. f. 81, a, b, . 75

87. Neritina latissima, Rrod. Ibid. f. 13, b, ... 76

NS. Neritina latissinia, Rrod. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 1, f. 6, 76

89. Neritina intermedia, Sowb. ( Vmch. Icon. f. 14, a, . . 76

90. Neritina oweniana, G ray. Ibid. f. 59, a, . . .76

91. Neritina latissinia, var. pilsbryi, Tryon. Specimen, . 70

PLATE 2:).

92. 93. Neritina Fontaineana, d'Orb. Voy. Amer. merid, t.

76, f. 14, 15, . . . . * . . . .76

94. Neritina guayaquilensis, 8owb. (= fontainiana.) Conch.

Icon. f. 103, b, ' . . .76

95-99. Neritina crepidnlaria, Lam. Thes. Conch, t. 113, f.

139-143, 77

302 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

100. Neritina depressa, Bens. (= crepidularia.) Ibid. t. 113

f.147, 77

1. Neritina siquijorensis, Reel. (— crepidularia.) Ibid. t.

113, f. 145, 77

2. Neritina montrouzieri, Gassies. (— crepidularia.) Moll.

Nouv. Caled. iii, t. 4, f. 7, . . . . . .77

2, 4. Neritina longispina, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 21, a, c, . 63

5. Neritina mauritiana, Moivl. Specimen, . . . 63

6. Neritina spinosa, Budgin. Conch. Icon. f. 52, a, . .63

7. Neritina spiimsa, var. inermis. Kiister, Conch. Cab. 1. 15,

f. 15, 64

8. 9. Neritina souleyetana, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 115, a, 6, <>4

10. Neritina recluziana, Guill. (— souleyetana.) Ibid. f. 53, b, 64

11. Neritina madecassina, Morel. Kiister, Couch. Cab. t. 16,

f. 1, r,4

12. Neritina donovana, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 25, a, . . «'»">

13. Neritina donovana, (= diadema.) Ibid. f. 25 c, . . (55

14. Neritina spinifera, (= diadema.) Ibid. t. 49, a, . . 65

15. Neritina diadema, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 15, f. 24, <>4

16. Neritina corona, L. (= brevispina.) Conch. Icon. f. 27, e, 65

17. 18. Neritina subgranosa, Sowb. (— brevispina.) Ibid. f.

24, 6, c, 65

PLATE 24.

19. Neritina brevispina, Lam. Conch. Icon. f. 28, . . 65

20. Neritina corona, L. (= brevispina.) Ibid. f. 27, a, . <'»•">

21. 22. Neritina angulosa, Reel. Ibid. f. 51, «. /,, . . 65

23. Neritina pritchardi, Dohrn. (= brevispina.) Kiister,

Conch. Cab. 1. 16, f. 24, . ... i;.">

24. Neritina discors, Mart. (= angulosa.) Ibid. t. 17, f. 8, . Uf>

25. Neritina squamosa, Reel. (= squarrosa.) Conch. Icon.

f. 56, b, ... . . U5

26. Neritina squarrosa, Reel. (= brevispina.) Kiister, Conch.

Cab. t. 16, f. 18 . . . . <;•>

27. 28. Neritina ruu'ata, Reel. (== brevispina.) Conch. Icon.

f. 69, a, b, . 65

29, 30. Neritina rhytidophora, Tap.-Can. Ann. Mu^. Geneva

xix, t. l,f. 5,0, .66

31, 32. Neritina ruginosa, Reel. (— angulosa.) Kuster,

Conch. Cab. t. 16, f. 19, 23, .. . <'>•">

33. Neritina aspersa, Reel. (— angulosa.) Conch. Icon. f.

114, a, .65

34. Neritina subrugata, Bd. (— angulosa.) Voy. C'uracoa,

t. 38, f. 7, . fio

35. 36. Neritina thermophila, Mart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t.

17 f. 12, 13, 66

37. Neritina hsemastoma, Mart. Ibid. t. 13, f. 6, . . . 66

38, 39. Neritina chlorostoma, Brod. Conch. Icon. f. 94, a ,6, 66

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 303

FIGURE. PAGE.

40. Neritina retropicta, Mart, Kiister, ('oncii. Cab. t. 17, f.

20, 67

41. Neritina obtusa, Rve. (— retropicta.) Conch. Icon. f.

116, b, 67

42. Neritina castanea, Hombr. et Jacq. Kiister, Conch. Cab.

t. 17, f. 21, , . . 67

43. 44. Neritina retusa, Morel. Jonr. de Conch. ivr, t. 11, f.

9,10, 67

45. Neritina sovverbyana, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 18, f.

1, 67

PLATE 25.

46, 47. Neritina sowerbyana, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t.

18, f. 3, 4, 67

48, 49. Neritina sowerbyana, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 89. a, e, 67
50, 51. Nerkina pulchella, Reel. (== sowerbyana.) Ibid. f.

91, a, c, 67

52. Neritina avellana, Reel. Ibid. f. 64, . . . . 68
53-55. Neritina avellana, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 18,

f. o,7,8, 68

56. Neritina interrupta, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 66, . . 68
57-5!). Neritina faba, Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 18, f.

14-16, 68

60. Neritina faba Sowb. Thes. Conch, t. 115, f. 221, . . 68

61. Neritina tritonensis, Guill. Conch. Icon. f. 68, b, . .69
f>2. Neritina lentiginosa, Rve. (= chlorostoma.) Ibid. f. 110, b, 66
63, (54. Ncriiina nucleolus, Morel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 16,

f.4,8, . ._ ea

65, ()<>. Ne.ritina rarispina, Mouss. Moll. Java. t. 12, f. 6, 5, 69
()7. Neritina Bubpunctata, Reel. (= bicolor.) Conch. Icon. f.

26, 6, 69

68. Neritina bicolor, Reel. Ibid. f. 5, b, ... 69

69. Neritina cielata, Reel. (— bicolor.) Ibid. f. 67, a, . . 69

70. Neritina suhocellata, Schep. (— olivacea.) Notes Leyden

.Aftis. vii, t. 4, f. 3, 70

PLATE 26.

71. Neritiiia olivacea, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 2, . .69

72. Neritina doliuin, Rve. Ibid. f. 15, b, . . . . 70'

73. 74. Neritina obscurata, (= brevispina.) Ibid. f. 23, a, b, 65
7-"). Neritina rugata, (lassies. (Wallisii Mouss.) Moll. Nouv.

(1ale<l. i, t. 8, f. 3, 69

76. Neritina flavovirens, Busch. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 19,

f. 1 .70

67. Neritina cyanostoma, Morel. Jour, de Conch, iv, t. 12, f.

10, . 70

78. Neritina spiniperda, Morel. Ser. Conch, ii, t. 6, f. 3, . 70

304 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

79. Neritina fuliginosa, Busch. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t, 19, f.

18, 70

80, 81. Neritina aculeata, Gmel. Conch. Icon. f. 84, a, c, . 70
• 82. Neritina circumvoluta, Reel. Ibid. f. 35, b, . . .71
•83. ]S"eritina siderea, Old. (-— - chlorostoma.) Moll. Wilkes

JExped. f. 190, 66

84. Neritina dispar, Pse. (— chlorostoma.) Am. Jour. Conch.

III. t. 24, f. 3, .66

85. Neritina tristis, Rve. (— chlorostoma.) Conch. Icon. f.

144, 66

86. Neritina luctuosa, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 19, f. 21, 71

87. Neritina peguensis, Blanf. Ibid. t. 19, f. 10, . . .71

88. Neritina retifera, Bens. Thes. Conch, t. 116, f. 264, . 71

89. Neritina michaudi, Reel. (== retifera.) Ibid. 1. 115, f. 217, 71

90. 91. Neritina dringi, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 132, a, b, . 72

92. Neritina nexuosa, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. Ill, t. 4,

f. 5, . . . . . . . . ' . .72

93. Neritina unidentata, Reel. Jour, de Conch. I, t. 7, f. 8, . 72

94. 95: Neritina comorensis, Morel. Ibid. t. 13, f. 156, 1877, 72
96 Nerita anthracina, Busch. Phil. Abbild. 1, t. 1, f. 7, . 22

PLATE 27.

1. Navicella laperousi, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 1, f. 1, 80

2. Navicella porcellana, Rve. (= borbonica.) Reeve, Conch.

Icon. f. 6, «, 78

3. Navicella elliptica, Lam. (= borbonica.) Ibid. f. 10, a, 78

4. 5. Navicella cookii, Reel. (— borbonica.) Ibid. f. 14, a,

b, . 78

6. Navicella bimaculata, Rve. (— borbonica.) Ibid. f. 2, b, 78

7. Navicella apiata, Sowb. (— borbonica.) Ibid. f. 22, b, . 78

8. Navicella affinis, Rve. (= borbonica.) Ibid. f. 15, a, . 78

9. Navicella livida, Rve. (— borbonica.) Ibid. f. 13, a, . 78

10. Navicella depressa, Lesson (— borbonica, var.) Kiister,

Conch. Cab. t. 5, f. 3, 78

11. Navicella depressa, Lesson (= borbonica, var.) Reeve,

Conch. Icon. f. 3, 6, 78

12. Navicella haustrum, Rve. (= depressa.) Ibid. f. 18, a, . 78

13. 14. Navicella sanguisuga, Rve. (== macrocephala.) Ibid.

f. 17, a, bf 79

15. Navicellla scarabseus, Rve. (= macrocephala.) Ibid. f.

12, b, 79

16. Navicella magnifica, Rve. (= macrocephala.) Ibid. f.

16, 6, t ; . . . 79

17. 18. Navicella sculpta, v. Mart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t.

2, f. 5, 6, 79

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 305

•FIGURE. PAGE.

19. Navicella luzonica, Soul. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 11, 6, . 79

PLATE 28.

20. Navicella crepiduloides, Rve. (= luzonica.) Reeve,

Conch. Icon. f. 15), tt, . ; . . . . 79

21. Navicella luzonica, Soul. var. compressa. Kiister, Condi.

Gab. f. 18, 79

22. Navicella luzonica, Soul. var. depressa. Ibid. t. 2, f. 11, 79

23. '24. Navicella parva, Mouss. (= macrocephala.) Ibid. t.

2, f. 20, 21, 79

25, 20. Navicella bougainvillei, Reel. Reeve, Conch. Icon.

f. .'JO, a, c, . .79

27, 2<S. Navicella macrocephala, Guill. Ibid. f. 28, a, c, . 79

2!). Xavirdla cuminiriaiui, Reel. Ibid. f. 7, 6, . . . 80

30, 31. Navicella janella, Reel. Ibid. f. 1, a, c, ... 80

32. Navicella janella, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 1, f. 18, 80

33. Navicella lentiginosa, Rve. (= janella.) Reeve, Conch.

Icon. f. 9, a, . . . • 80

34. Navicella laperousi, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 5, f. 12, 80
:jr>, 36. Navicella lutea, Mart. Ibid. t. 6, f. 1, 3, . . 80
3<, 31). Navicella freycineti, Reel. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 4,

a, b, c, . 80

40, 41. Navicella psittacea, Rve. (= freycineti.) Ibid.'f. 23,

a, 6, ....'. . .80

42, 43. Navicella junghuhni, Herklots. Kiister, Conch. Cab.

1, 4, f. 13, 15, 81

PLATE 29.

44. Navicella suborbicularis, Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t.

6,f.J, . . f . . 81

45, 46. Navicella orbicularis, Reeve. (— suborbicularis).

Reeve, Condi. Icon. f. 5, «, 6, ... . . 81
47, 48. Navicella variahilis, Reel. (— suborbicularis). Kiister,

Conch. Cab. t. <>, f. 15, 16 81

49. Navicella apiata, Gull. Ibid. t. 7, f. 3, . . . .81
50-52. Navicella clypeolum, Reel. (= tessellata). Reeve,

Conch. Icon. f. 24, a-c, 81

53, 54. Navicella variabilis, Eve. (= tessellata). Ibid. f. 8, a, c, 81

55. Xavi<'clla insiunis, Rve. (= tessellata). Ibid. f. 21, b, 82

56. Navicella pulchella, Rve. (= tessellata). Ibid. f. 25, a, 82

57. Navicella tessellata, Lam. Ibid. f. 27, a, : 81

58. Navicella lineata, Lam. Ibid. f. 31, b, . . . .82

59. Navicella entrecasteauxi, Reel. (= tessellata). Ibid. f.

32, 6, ; . .82

(>0. Navicella pictinata, Garrett. (= lineata). Specimen, . 82
til. Navicella exiinia, Rve. (== reticulata). Reeve, Conch.

Icon. f. 26, 6, 82

62. Navicella reticulata, Rve. Ibid. f. 20, a, ... 82

20

306 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE,.

63-6o. Xavicella cserulescena, Reel. Ibid. f. 29, d, b, a, . 82

66. Xavicella orientalis, Rve. (— oerulescens). Ibid. f. 33, a, 82

67. Xavicella compressa, Bens. (== cserulescens). Kuster,

Conch. Cab. t. 8, f. 30, 82

68. Xeritopsis raclula, Linn. Woodward's Manual, t. 8, f. 9, 82.

PLATE 30.

69. 70. Adeorbis plan a, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, iii, t. 256, f.

3,4, 83:

71. Adeorbis elegans, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 256, f. 1, . . .83

72. Adeorbis depressa, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 256, f. 14, . . 83

73. 74. Adeorbis striatella, Montr. Jour, de Conch, t. 14, f.

7, 1870, 85

75. Adeorbis orbella, A. Ad. Thes Conch, t. 256, f. 16, . 83

76. Adeorbis clausa, A. Ad. Ibid, t, 256, f. 14, . . . 83

77. Adeorbis japonica, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 256, f. 10, . .83

78. Adeorbis adamsi, Fischer. Ibid. t. 256, f. 8, . . . 84

79. Adeorbis segueiizianus, Try on. Zool. Proc. t. 4, f. 8,

1885, . . . . . . . . '. .84

80. Adeorbis fragilis, G. O. Sars. Moll. Arct. Xorwav, t. 22,

f. 19, * . . 84

81. 82. Adeorbis prominula, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, f. 23, 24, 84

83. Adeorbis nanula, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 32, . . . 84

84. Adeorbis trochula, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 13, . . . .84

85. 86. Adeorbis patruelis, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 35, 36, . .84
87, 88. Adeorbis subangulata, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 33, 34, . . 85
89, 90. Adeorbis sinensis, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 21, 22, . . 85
91, 92. Adeorbis nitida, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 9, 10, ... 85
93, 94. Adeorbis carinata, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 18, 19, . • 85
95, 96. Adeorbis planorbula A. Ad. Ibid. f. 5, 6, . 85

97. Adeorbis subcarinata, Mont. Ibid. f. 7, . . . .85

98. 99. Adeorbis angasi, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 37, 38, ... 85

99. a, b, Adeorbis scaber, Phil. Kuster, Conch. Cab. t. 1,

f.2, 86

100. Adeorbis vincentiana, Angas. Zool. Proc. t. 40, f. 9, 1880, 86
1-3. Adeorbis tenuilirata, Smith. Specimen, . . .86
4, 5. Art-hytiea suturalis, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, f. 27, 28, . 87

6. Arehytaea llelicatum, Phil. Moll. Rei^. Arct. Xorv. t. 22,

f. 18a, '. - . . . .87

7. Archytaea delicatum, var. expansum, Sars. Ibid. t. 22, f,

17, a, 87

8. 9. Archytrea corniculum, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, f. 29, 30, 87
10, 11. ArciivUea (liaphana, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 39, 40, . . 87
12, 13. Archytsea exquisitum, Jeff'. Ann. Mao;. X. Hist, ii, t.

16, f. 8,' 1883, . .87

14. Archyteea granulum, Brugn. Misc. Malacol, f. 25, . 87

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 307

FIGURE. PAGE.

PLATE 31.

15, 16. Cyclostrema amiglypta, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 255,

f. 28, 20, . 88

17, 18. Cyclostrenia micans, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 7, 27, . . 88

19, 20. Cyclostrema pulchella, Dkr. Dunker, Moll. Jap. t.

3, f. 5, . . 88

21, 22. Cyclostrema Calameli, Jouss. Guerin's Mag. t. 19,

f. 5, 1872, . 88

23, 24. Cyclostrema marchei, Jouss. Ibid, t, 19, f. 3, . . 88
25. Cyclostrema sculptilis, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad. t. 2,

f. 15, 1873, . 88

2(>. Cyclostrema reeveana, Hinds. Thes. Conch, t. 255, f. 9, 88
27, 28. Cyclostrema cancellata, Marr. Thes. Conch, t. 255,

f. 5, 6, 89

20, 30. Cyclostrema eburnea, Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soc. xliv,

t. 8, f. 21, 22, 89

31, 32. Cyclostrema alveolatum, Jouss. Guerin's Mag. t. 19,

f. 4/1872, ...... . 89

')•'). Cyclostrema schrammi, Fischer. Thes. Conch, t. 255, f.

26, 89

34, 35. Cyclostrema ammonoceras, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t.

255; f. 21,22, 89

• >»), •>". Cyclostrema excavata, Cpr. Ibid. f. 15, 16, . . 90
38, 39. Cyclostrema atomus, Issel. Mar. Rosso, t. 2, f. 11, . 90

40. (Cyclostrema nevilli, H. Ad. Zool. Proc. t. 28, f. 17, 1868, 90

41, 42. Cyclostrema militaris, Jouss. Guerin's Magazine, t.

19, f. 6, 1872, ...... . 90

43-45. Cyclostrenia areolatum, Sars. Moll. Reg. Arct. Xorv.

t. 34, f. 6, . . . . . . . . .90

46. Cyclostrema verrilli, Try on. Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, t. 32,

f. 14, 90

47. Cyclostrema diaphana, Verrill. Ibid. t. 32, f. 16, . . 90

PLATE 32.

4S, 40. Cyclostrema dunkeri, Tryon. Thes. Conch, t. 255, f.

23, 24, . .91

•">0, 51. Cyclostrema philippii, Issel. Savigny, Moll. Egypte,

t.5,f.33, . -..-.• • ' • 91

52. Cyclostrema verreauxii, Fischer. Jour, de Conch, vi, t.

10, f. 13, 91

5:>, 54. Cyclostrema cingulata, Phil. Savicrny, Moll. Egypte,

t.5, f. 32, . ........ 91

55. Cyclostrema Irevis, Kiener. Thes. Conch, t. 255, f. 3, . 92

56, 57. Cyclostrema biporcata, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 255. f. 30, 31, 92
5S. Cyclostrema duplicata, Lischke. Jap. Meeres Conch, iii,

t.3,f.9, 92

308 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

59, 60. Cyclostrema lactea, Jouss. (— Isevis.) Guerin's Mas:.

1. 19, £ 1, 1872, . ..'... . . 92
61, 62. Cyclostrema virginise, Jouss. Ibid. t. 19, f. 2, 1872, . 92

63. Cyclostrema beani, Fischer (= angalata, Ad.). Jour.

de Conch, vi, t. 10, f. 12, 92

64, 65. Cyclostrema aii^ulata, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 255,

f. 1/2, 92

66-68. Cyclostrema tricarinata, Smith. Zool. Proc. t. 75, f.

26, 1871, . . . 93

69. Cvclostrema sphaeroides, S. Wood. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

*ix, t. 5, f. 3, 1842, 98

70. Cyclostrema roseotincta, Smith. Zool. Proc. t. 75, f. 27,

1871, . 93

71. Cyclostrema carinata, H. Ad. Ibid. t. 23, f. 8, 1873, . 93

72. 73. Cyclostrema cingulifera, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 255,

f. 13, 14, 03

74, 74a. Cyclostrema tatei, Angas. Zool. Proc. t. 54, f. 10,

1878, 93

75, 76. Cyclostrema tornata, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 255, f.

19, 20, 94

77, 78. Cyclostrema suleata, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 255, f. 11, 12, . 94
79, 80. Cyclostrema exigua, Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ])el-

ph in ula, t. 5, f. 16, 94

81, 82. Cvclo.strema watsoni, Try on. Voy. Challenger, xv,

t. 8,f. 11, . . . . . . . . .94

PLATE ,°>::>>.

83. Cyclostrema conica, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xv, t. 8,

f. 9, . . . 94

84, 85. Cyclostrema archeri, Tryon. Specimen.

87, 88. Cyclostrema divisa, Ad.' Thes. Conch, t. 255, f. 39,

40, D6

89, 90. Cyclostrema nivea, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 35, 36, . .96

91, 92. Cyclostrema rugulosum, Jeff. Moll. Re^. .Vrct. Xorv.

t. 21, i. 1, . . 1)6

93, 94. Cyclostrema basistriatum, Briurnoue. ^Eoll. Ixi-u1.

A ret. Xorv. t. 8, f. 8, ....... 96

95. Cyclostrema minutum, Jeffr. Ann. ^ls\<r. N. Hisi. 5 .-er.

xi, t. 16, f. 1, . . 96

96. Cyclostrema cutlerianum, Clark. Sown. Ind. Brit Shells,

til, f. 24, 1M>

97. Cyclostrema nitens, Phil. Ibid. t. 11, f. 23, ... 97

98. 99. Cyclostrema trochoides, Jeff. Moll. Keg. Aret. Xorv.

t. 8, f. 9, . . . . . . . .97

100. Cyclostrema dalli, Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. v, t. 57,

f. 39, . 97

1. Cyclostrema ornatum, Verrill. Ibid, vi, t. 32, f. 17, . 97

RKFKKKXCK TO PLATK.s. 309

FIGURK. PACK.

2, 3. Cyclostrema bythinoides, Jeff. Zool. Proc. t. 19, f. 6,

1883, 97

4. Cyclostrema proxima, Tryon. Trans, Conn. vi,t. 32, f. 15, 98

5. Cyclostrema atfinis, Jeff/ Zool. Proc. t. 19, f. 5, 1883, . 97

6. Cyclodtrema tenera, Jeff. H>i<l. t. 19, f. 2, 1883, . . <)<s

7. Cyclostrema similis, Jen". Ibid. t. 1!), I*. 4, 1883, . . <)<s

8. Cyclostrema yalvatoides, Jeff. Ibid. 1. 19, f. 3, 1883, . 98

9. Cyclostrema josephi, Tenison- Woods. Specimen, . . 1)5

10. Cyclostrema susonis, Tenison- Woods. Specimen, . . 1)5

11. Cyelostrema weldii, Tenison-Woods. Specimen. . . 95

12. 13. Cvclostrema micra, Tenison-Woods. Specimen, . 95
14, I-"). Cv;-lostrenia eonmella, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 255,

f. :J7, 38, <>5

16. Cyclostrema cyclotina, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 255, f. 34, . . 99

17, 18. Cyclostrema subexcavata, Tryon. Voy. Challenger,

xv, t. 8, f. 10, . . . ' . . . . .99

19. Cyclostrema semisulcata, Issel. Mar Rosso, t. 5, f. 6, . 99

PLATE 34.

20, 21. Cyclostrema catenoides, Monts. Ann. Mus. Geneva,

ix, 417, . . . 99

2'J. Cyclostrema semisulcata, Issel. Mar. Rosso, t. 5, f. 6, . 99

23, 24. Cyclostrema octolyrata, Carp. Ibid, t, 5, f. 5, . . 99
25, 20. Cyclostrema spirilla, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 255, f.

-°,2, :',:; 100

27. ( 'yclostromu subdisjuncta, H. Ad. Zool. Proc. t. 28, f. 18,

'1S(!8, .100

28. Cyclostrema romcttensis, Seguenza. Zool. Proc. t. 19, f. 7,

'.1S.S3, 100

2!). Cyclbstrema nitidiuscula, Jeff'. Ibid. t. 19, f. 9, 1883, . 100

30. Cvclostrema pruinosa, Jeff. Ibid. t. 19, f. 8, 1883, . . 100

31. Vitrinella pura, Garrett. Proc. Philacl. Acad. t.2, f. 13,

1873, 101

32. Vitrinella liricincta, Garrett. Ibid. t. 2, f. 14, 1873, . 101

33. Vitrinella coelata, Garrett. Ibid. t. 2, f. 16, 1873, . 101

34. Vitrinella nodosa Garrett. Ibid. t. 2, f. 17, 1873. . . 101
o5. Vitrinella ponceliana Folin. Meleagrin, t. 5, f. 7, . 101
31). Vitrinella parva C. B. Ad. Specimen, .... 101

37, Vitrinella decussata, Carp. Specimen, .... 102

38. Vitrinella monile, Carp. Specimen, . . . .102
.l>>(.). Vitrinella subquadrata, Carp. Specimen, . . . 102
40. 41. Vitrinella helicoidea, C. B. Ad. Specimen, . . 102
42', 43. 'Vitrinella striata, d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 18, f. 29, 31, 102
44, 45. Vitrinella anomala, d'Orb. Ibid. t. 18, f. 32, 33, . 102
46, 47. Teinostoma politum, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 256, f.

43, 44, 103

48, 49, Teinostoma punctatum, Jouss. Guerin's Mag. t. 18,

f. 5, 1872, 104

310 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

50, 51. Teiuostoma morlieri, Jouss. Ibid. t. 18, f. 4, 1872, . 104

PLATE 35.

52, 53. Teinostoma carpenter!, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 256, f.

41, 42, . . . .103

54, 55. Teinostoma concentricum A. Ad. Ibid. t. 265, f. 45,

46, . .103

56, 57. Teinostoma radiatum, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 47, 48, . . 103
58, 59. Teinostoma lucidum, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 49, 50, . . 104
60, 61. Teinostoma amplectans, Carp. Ibid. f. 51, 52, . . 104
62, 63. Teinostoma substriatum, Carp. Ibid. f. 53, 54, . 104
64, 65. Teinostoma diaphanum, Orb. Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 18,

f. 23, 24, 104

65a. Teinostoma tuberculosa. Ibid. t. 19, f. 29, .

66, 67. Teinostoma carinatum, Orb. Ibid. t. 18, f. 26, 27, . 104

68. Teinostoma solidum, E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc. t. 75, f. 25,

1871, 105

69, 70. Teinostoma pusillum, C. B. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 256,

f. 55, f>C>, 105

71-73, Teinostoma semistriata, d'Orb. Voy Cuba, t, 18, f.

20-22 105

74. Teinostoma omalos, Folin. Fonds de la Mer. I, t. 23, f. 6, 10.")

75. Teinostoma costulatum, Folin. Ibid. I, t. 29, f. 4, . . 106

76. 77. Teinostoma crenelliferum, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 256,

f. 41,42, . . 106

78. 79. Teinostoma obvoluta, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 255, f. 43, 44, 106
80-82. Teinostoma moreleti, Fischer. Jour, de Conch, t. 4, f.

I, 1877, 106

83, 84. Teinostoma austral is, Angas. Zool. Proc. t. 5, f. 16,

1877, . . . . . .... .107

85, 86. Leucorhynchia caledonica, Crosse. Jour, de Conch.

1. 11, f. 4, 1867, 106

8Qa, 866. Leucorhynchia crossei, Tryon. Specimen, . . 106

PLATE 36.

87. Liotia scalaroides, Rve. Conch. Icon. Delphinula, f.

II, c, 108

88. Liotia depressa, Rve. Ibid. f. 14, />, .... 108

89. Liotia varicosa, Rve. Ibid. f. 12, b, . . . . 108

90. Liotia cidaris, Rve. Ibid. f. 27, 108

91. 92. Liotia peronii, Kien. Coq. Viv. Dclpliin. t, 3, f, 5, . 108

93. Liotia hermanni, Dkr. (= peronii Kn.) Specimen. . 108

94. Liotia crassilmsis, Smith. Zool. Proc. t, 48, f. 10, 1880, . 108
a~>. Liotia clathrata, Rve. Conch. Icon. Delph. f. 21, 6, . 109
<)<!. Liotia irninulosa, Dkr. Siidafr. Moll, t, 5, f. 28, . . 109
97. Liotia fenestrata, Carp. Thes. Conch, t. 478, f. 23, . 109

KXCi: TO I'LATKS. 311

FIGURE. PAGE.

98-100. Liotia semiclathratula, Schr. Anuirl. Moll. t. 16, f.

19-21, 109

1. Liotia acuticostata, Carp. Specimen. .... 109

2. Liotia cobijensis, live. (= cancellata Gray.) Reeve,

Delphin. f. 22, 109

3. Liotia discoidea, Rve. Ibid. f. 15, a 109

4. Liotia angasi, Crosse. Jour, de Conch. 3d Ser. iv, t. 13,

f. 4, 110

5. Liotia speciosa, An -as. Zool. Proc. t. 1, f. 26, 1871, . 110

6. Liotia asteriscus, Gld. Specimen, . . . . .110

7. 8. Liotia gowllandi, Brazier. Zool. Proc. t. 83, f. 1, 2,

1S74, . ' 110

9. Liotia radiata, Kn. Conch. Icon. Delphin. f. 24, a, . Ill

10. Liotia sidcrea, Rve. Ibid. f. 23, b. . . . . .110

11. Liotia bellula, H. Ad. Zool. Proc. t. 23, f. 7, 1873, .111

12. 13. Liotia crenata, Kn. Concb. Icon. Delphin. f. 19, . Ill

14. Liotia cancellata, Kn. (== Kiener, Phil.) Ibid. f. 25, a, 111

15. Liotia stelluris, Ads. & Reeve. Thes. Conch, t. 478. f. 14, 112

16. 17. Liotia muricata, Reeve. Conch. Icon. Delphin. f. 18, 112
18/19. Liotia australis, Kien. Coq. Viv. Delphin. t. 4, f. 7, 112

20. Liotia anmilata, Tenison-Woods. Specimen, . . . Ill

21. Liotia tamsiana, Dkr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. Delphin. t.

5, f. 9, • .112

PLATE 37.

22. 25. Phasianella australis, Gmel. Conch. Icon, xiii, f. la,

19, 164

23. Phasianella australis, Gmol. Coq. Viv. t. 1, f. la, . . 164

24. Phasianella venusta, Rve. (— australis, Gmel.) Conch.

Icon. f. 2fi 165

26. Phasianella australis, Gmel. Ibid. f. le, ... 164

27, 28. Phasianella australis, (operculum.) Coq. Viv. t. 1, f.

a, b, . . . , . . . . . . 164

29-32. Phasianella vieuxii, Payr. (== speciosa Muhl£) Ibid.

t. "), f. 2, . . . .' 167

^33. Phasianella vieuxii, var. spirolineata, Moll. Rouss., t. 40,

f. 14, 167

34. •';">. Phasianella histrio, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 15, . .166
315. Phasianella jaspidea, Rve. Ibid. f. 11, . . . . 177
37, 38. Phasianella kochii, Phil. Ibid. f. 13, . . . 170

PLATE 3X.

39. Phasianella venosa, Rve. (— - ventricosa.) Con. Icon. f.

5o, .165

4-0. Phasianella sanguinea, Rve. (= ventricosa.) Ibid. f. 36, 165

41. Phasianella ventricosa, Q. et G. Ibid. f. 66, . . . 165

42. Phasianella reticulata, Rve. (= ventricosa.) Ibid. f. 7, . 166

43. Phasianella zebra, Rve. (== ventricosa.) Ibid. f. 4, .166

312 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE..

44. Phasianella jaspidea, Rve. Ibid. f. 11, .... 179

45. Phasianella sanguinea, Rve. (•— ventricosa.) Ibid. f. 3a, 165

46. Phasianella bulimoides, Lam. (= australis.) Cpq. Viv.

t. 1, f. 1, 164

47. 48. Phasianella rubens, Lam. (— variegata Lam.) Ibid.

t. 4, f. 4, 179

49, 50. Phasianella nivosa, Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 8«, 8c, . 179'

51. Phasianella lentiginosa, Rve. ( — variegata, Lam.) Ibid.

f. 10a, . 179

52. Phasianella australis, var. subsanguinea, Pils. Specimen. 165

53. 54, Phasianella aethiopica, Phil. Con. Icon. f. 126, 12c, 166-

55. Phasianella fulgurata, Rve. (= varieirata.) Ibid. f. 9, .179

56, 58. Phasianella pulla, L. Ibid. f. 20, o, 6, c, . . .168
59, 60. Phasianella pulla, L. Coq. Viv. t. 5, f. 1, . . 168

61, Phasianella strigata, Rve. (— dubia.) Con. Icon. f. 19, . 169

62. Phasianella perforata, Phil. Ibid. f. 17, .- . . 172

PLATE 39.

63-66. Phasianella brongniarti, And. (— splendida Phil.)

Savigny, Moll. Egypte t. 5, f. 23, 24, , 271

67, 68. Phasianella angasi, Crosse. Jour, de Conch. 1864, t.

13, f. 5, . . , 180

69-72. Phasianella compta, Gould. Specimens, . . .173
73, 74. Phasianella wisemanni, Bd. Voy. Curacoa, t, 38, f.

3, 4, . . .181

75, 76. Phasianella histrio, Rve, Con. Icon. f. 15, a, 6, . 166
77-80. Phasianella tennis, Mich. Moll. Rouss, t, 39, f. 1, 2, 168
81, 82. Phasianella sraeffei, Dkr. Specimen, . . . 181

83, Phasianella vitwea, Desh. Moll. Is. Reunion, t. 8, f. 8, . 169

84, 85. Phasianella petiti, Craven. Bull. Soc. Mai. Belg.

xvii, t. 11, f. 3, 169

86-88. Phasianella capensis, Dkr. Thes. Conch, t, 476, f.

34-36, 170

89, 90. Phasianella munieri, Velain. Arch. Zool. Exper. vi,

t. 4,f. i,2, . . . . . . . . 176

91. Phasianella brevis, (= munieri.) Ibid. t. 4, f. 3, . .176

92. Phasianella rosea, Angas. P. Z. S. 1867, t, 13, f. 24, . 174

93. Phasianella virgo, Angas. Ibid. f. 25, .... 181

94. Phasianella aethiopica, Phil. Con. Icon. f. 12a, . .166

95. Phasianella umbilicata, d'Orb. Specimen, . . . 171

96. Phasianella unifascialis Kn. Coq. Viv. t. 4, f. 2, . . 179

97. 98., Phasianella variegata, Lam. Ibid. t. 4, f. 1, . .179
99, 100. Phasianella zebrina, d'Orb. (= tessellata P. et M.)

Moll. Cuba, t. 19, f. 35, 36, 171

1, 2. Phasianella affinis, C. B. Ad. Specimens, . . . 17O
3, 4. Phasianella umbilicata, d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, 1. 19, f. 32,

33, 171

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 313

PLATE 39o.

FIGURE. PAGE.

5. Phasianella splendida, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 3, f. 6,

6, 7. Phasianella rubens, Lam. Ibid, t, '2, f. 11, lo, . , 179

8. Phasianella ("Helix") solida, Born. Test. Mas. Ores.

Vindob, t. 4, f. 2, 166

9. Phasianella flammulata, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 4, f. 1, . 180

10. Phasianella bicarinata, Dkr. Ibid, t, 4, f. 10, . .176

11. Phasianella amoenula, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 7, f. 7, . 180

12. Phasianella perforata, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f. 14, . . . 172

13. Phasianella stri^ata, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f. 6, ... 168

14. Phasianella grata, Phil. Ibid. t. 3, f. 8, . . . .179

15. Phasianella pygraea, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f. 11, . . .174

16. Phasianella guttata, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f. 15, . . .175

17. Phasianella coturnix, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f. 2, ... 166

18. Phasianella fulgens, Koch. Ibid, t. 4, f. 13, . . .175

19. Phasianella inconspicua, Phil. Ibid, t, 4, f. 16, . . 175

20. Phasianella pulchella, Reel. (= pnlla, L.) Ibid. t. 5, f. 3, 168

21. 22. Phasianella variabilis, Pse. Specimen, . . . 176
23-25. Phasianella elong-ata, Kranss. Specimen, . . . 168
26-29. Leptothyra carpenteri, Pilsbry. Specimen, . . 247
30, 31. Leptothyra verruca, Gld. Specimen, . . . 257

32. Leptothyra rubricincta, Mi^h. Specimen, . . . 257

33. Leptothyra bacnla, Carp. Specimen, .... 248

34. Turbo trochoides, Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 58, . . .207

PLATE 40.

5. Phasianella fordiana, Pilsbry. Specimen, . . . 173

6, 7. Alcyna rubra, Pse. Con. Icon. f. . . .-— . 182
8, 9. Encosmia brevis, d'Orb. Moll. Cuba. t. 20, f. 19, 20, 178

10, 11. Phasianella neritina, Dkr. Specimen, . . , 176

12. Alcyna occellata, A. Ad. Jour, de Conch. 1868, t. 4, f. . 182

13. Turbo mao;mh'cus, Jonas. Con. Icon. f. 166, . . . 192

14. Turbo petholatus, L. Ibid. f. 12, . . ' . . .193

15. 16. Turbo variabilis, Rve. (= petholatus.) Ibid. f. 8, . 194

17. Turbo sarmatictis, L. Ibid^. f. 15, 218

18. Turbo mariraritaeeus, Rve. (= argyrostomus.) Ibid. f. 29, 198

19. Turbo chrysostomus, L. Ibid. f. 28, . . . . 200

20. Astralium ragosum, L. Ibid. f. 26, .... 229

21. 22. Trochus viridis, Gmel. Ibid. f. 79a, 796, . Vol. xi.

PLATE 41.

23. Turbo marmoratus, L. Conch. Icon. f. 2, . . .191

24. Turbo circularis, Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 466, . . - 214

25. 26. Euchelus asper, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. 94, f. 3, Vol. xi.

27. Eutrochus scitulus, H. Ad. Ibid. t. 90, f. 3, . Vol. xi.

28. Calliostoma eximia, Rve. Ibid. t. 64, f. 1, . Vol. xi.

29. Calliostoma bicingulatum, Lam. 'Ibid. t. 64, f. 2, Vol. xi..

30. Calliostoma granatum, Chem. Ibid. t. 15, f. 1, . Vol. xL

314 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

31-33. Trochus carinifertis, Beck. Ibid, t. 75, f. 1, 2, Vol. xi.

34. Calliostoma doliarium, Mart. Ibid. t. 16, f. 1, . Vol. xi.

35. Calliostoma meyeri, Phil. Ibid. t. 17, f. 2, . . Vol. xi.

36. Calliostoma pellticida, Val. Ibid. t. 15, f. 2, . . Vol. xi.

37. Calliostoma moniliferum, Lam. Ibid. 16, f. 2, . Vol. xi

PLATE 42.

38. Turbo torquutus. (= stamineus.) Con. Icon. f. 256, . 212

39. Turbo versicolor. (— porphyrites.) Ibid. f. 19, . . 215

40. Turbo unduhitus, Martyn. Ibjd. f. 3«. . . . .216

41. Turbo ariryrostomus, L.. Ibid. f. 7, . . . .197

42. Turbo niger, Gray. Ibid. f. 49, 219

43. Turbo spenglerianus, Gniel. Ibid. f. 20, . . . 208

44. Turbo nivosus. (= radiatus.) Ibid. f. 43, . . . 200

45. Turbo caualiculatus, Rve. (= crassus, Wood.) Ibid. f.

27,' . . . . . . . . . .194

46. Turbo nivosus, Rve. (= radiatus, Gin.) Ibid. f. 44, . 200

47. Trochus lineatus, Lain. Coq. Viv. t. 28, f. 2, . Vol. xi.

PLATE 43.

48. 49. Turbo fluctuosus, AVood. Con. Icon. f. . . .210
48a, Turbo tessellatus, (= fltu-tuosus.) Con. Icon. f. 18, . 210

50. Turbo cornutus. Gmel. Ibid. f. 4 210

51. Turbo ticaonicus, Rve. Ibid. f. '2:1 202

52. Turbo japonicus, Rve. (— cornutus.) Ibid. f. 33, . . 210

53. Turbo imperialis, Gmel. Ibid. f. 6, . . . .192
•)4. Turbo lamellosus, (= foliaceus.) Ibid. f. 25, . . . 2D1
•")•">. Trochus surgillatus, Reeve. Ibid. f. 85, . . Vol. xi.

56. Euchelus gallina, Forbes. Coq. Viv. t. iii, f. 2, Vol. xi.

57. Trochus tenebricus, Reeve. (-— sandwichensis, Soul.) Con.

Icon. f. 81, , Vol. xi.

58. Trochus sacellum, Phil. Var. Ibid. f. 78, . . Vol. xi.

59. Trochns fasti.iriatus, Ad. Ibid. f. 88, . . , Vol. xi.

60. Trochus cumingi, Ad. Ibid. f. 87, . . . Vol. xi.

61. 62. Omphalius impressus, Jonas. Coq. Viv. t. 85, f. 2,

Vol. xi.

63. Trochus textilis. Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 82, . . Vol. xi.

PLATE 44.

64, 65. Turbo smithi, Sowb. Thes. Conch, f. 182, 183, . 206

66. 66a. Turbo squaniatus, Ad. Sowb. Ibid. f. 88, . . 264

67. Turbo pyropus, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 61, . . . . 2(53

68. Turbo eemmattis, Rve. Ibid. f. ()2, .... 206

69. Turbo gemmatus, Rve. Thes. Conch. f; 56, . . .206

70. Leptothyra pusio, Anton. Conch. Cab. t. 16, f. 10, . 260

71. Turbo bicolor, Sowb. Thes. Conch, f. 33, . . .198

72. Turbo splendidulus, Sowb. Ibid. f. 181, . . .197

73. 74. Turbo parvulus, Phil. Conch. Cab. t, 19, f. 15, 16, . 206

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 315

FIGURK. I',\(;K.

75. Turbo hotus, Phil. Ibid. t. 17, f..l, . . . .11)7
76; Turbo moluccensis, Phil. Ibid. t. 11, f. 5, . . . .20:*,
77. Turbo ferrugineus, Ant. Ibid. t. 17, f. 7, . . . H>9
7-s. Turbo cepoides, Smith. Thes. Conch, f. 65, . . .193
79. Turbo ([uadriseriatus, Ant. Conch. Cal). t. 17, f. 8, . 204

80; Turbo pu.stulatus, Brocchi. Savitrny, Drsr. Ku-ypte t. 5,

f. 2(>2, . . . . . .207

SI. Turbo oernicus, Sowb. (: Japonicns; Rve.) Thes. Conch.

f. 29, . . 197

PLATE 45.

. 89. Turbo eastaneus, dm. Coq. Yiv. t. 27, f. 1, 2, . 203

90. Turbo cremilatus ( rastaneus,.) Con. Icon, f. 38, . 203

91,92 Goq.Viy.i. 36, f.. 5,

93-95. Astralium sirius, Old. Wilkes Exped. t. 12, f. 203, 23:',

9(J. Turbo artensis, Montr. Jour, de Conch. 1861, t. 11, f. 5, 196

1)7. Turbo artensis, Montr. Coq. Viv. t, 37, f. 1, . . .196

98. Turbo articulatus, Rve. Con. Icon. t. 39, . . .202

9!). Turbo petholatus, var. caledonieus. Co(j. Viv. t. 24, f. la, 199

100. Turbo margaritaceus, ( ar^yrostomus. ) Jbid. t. 37, f. 3, 197

1. Phasinella tessellata, var. concolor Ad. Specimen, . 171

PLATE 46.

4. Turbo articulatus. Con. Icon. f. 41, .... 202

5, (>. Turbo oleirans, Pliil. (=. T. intercostaiis.) Coq. Viv. t.

41, f. 1, . . 202

7. Turbo pulcher, live. Con. Icon. f. 9, . . . - 203
8.' Turbo argyrostomus, L. Coq. Viv. t. 7, f. 1, . . _ . 197
!). Turbo lamelliferus, ( foliaceus.) Ibid. t. 28, f. 1, . . 201

10. Turbo pustulatus, Rve. (= sub eastaneus.) Con. Icon. f.

59, . . .204

11. Turbo subcastaneus, PiUbrv. Specimen, . . . 204

12. 13. Turbo clevatus, Souleyet. Coq. Viv. t. 41, f, . . 219

14. Turbo elevntus, Souleyet/ Voy. Bonite. t. 37, f. 15, . 219

15. 16. Elenchus ]>eroni, Phil. Coq. Viv. t. 50, f. 4, Vol. xi.

17. Elenchus peroni, Phil. var. Ibid. t. 51, f. 3, Vol. xi.

18. Turbo coronatus, var. Ibid. t. 28, f. 2, 216

PLATE 47.

19. Turbo coronatus, var. coreensis Reel. Jour, de Conch.

1853, t. 8, f. 3, . .217

20. Turbo crassus, Wood. Coq. Viv. t, 1 1, f. 1, . . . 194

21. Turbo canaliculatus, Kn. (=-cras8U8.) Ibid. t. 21, f. 2, . 194

22. Turbo ticaonicus, Reeve. Ibid, t, 32, f. 2, . . 202

23. Turbo spinosus, Gmel ( radiatus.) Con. Icon. f. 74, . 200

24. Turbo spociosus, Rccvc. Co<{. Viv. t. 33, f. 1, . . 201

25. Turbo curduiis, Fischer. (\»(|. Viv. t. 42, f. 6, . . 198

26. Turbo sparverius, GmeL Ibid. t. 21, f. 1, . . .194

316 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAOE.

27. 28. Leptothyra, sangarensis Schrenck. Ibid. t. 39, f. 4, . 250

29. Elenchus laucostigma, Mke. Ibid. t. 52, f. 1, Vol. xi.

PLATE 48.

30. Turbo aurantius, Kn. Coq. Viv. t. 27, f. 3, . . .198.

31. Turbo saxosus, Wood. Con. Icon. t. 14b, . . .211

32. Turbo saxosus, Wood. Coq. Viv. t. 16bis, f. 2. . .211

33. Turbo funiculosus, Kn. Ibid. t. 30, f. 1, ... 196

34. Turbo porcatus, Eve. Ibid, t, 35, f. 3, . . . . 21<>

35. Turbo tursicus, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 60, .... 230

36. Turbo filosus, Kn. Coq. Viv. t. 13, f. 2, . . . . 205

37. Turbo cailleti, F. et. B. Ibid. t. 38, f. 3, ... 205

38. Leptothvra macandrewi, (— L. coelata.) Ibid. t. 39, f. 3, 255

39. Turbo granosus, Martyn. Il)id. t. 12, f. 1, . . . 213.

40. Turbo regenfussi. Desh. Ibid. t. 13, f. 1, ... 193

41. Turbo japonicus, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 33, . . . 196-

PLATE 49.

42. Turbo lajonkairii, Desh. Coq. Viv. t. 17, f. 1, . . 199

43. Turbo squamiger, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 21, . . . 204

44. 45. Turbo inoltkiaiius. Specimen, ..... 204

46, Turbo torquatus, (= stamineus.) Voy. Astrol. t. 60, f.

15, . . . . . . . . . . 212

47, Turbo heteroclitus, Kn. (— lamellosus, Brod.) Coq. Viv.

t. 5, f. 1 213

48, 49. Leptothvra sanguinea, L. Ibid. t. 39, f. 2, . 249

50. Astralium petrosum, var. virescens, Pse. Am. Jour. Conch.

v, t. 8, f. 10, . 235

51. Elenchus fulmineus, Kn. (peroni Phil.) Coq. Viv. t. 50,

f. 8, . . . . . . . . . Vol. xi

52. .Elenchus nitidus, Kien. (— gracilis, Anton.) Ibid. t.

51, f. 2 Vol. xi

53. Turbo jourdani, Kn. Coq. Viv. t. 18, .

PLATE 50.

54. Turbo fluctuosus, var. tessollatus, Kn. Coq. Viv. t. 9, f. 2, 211

55. Turbo assimilis, Kn. (= fluctuosus.) Ibid. t. 34, f. 1, . 211

56. Turbo saxosus. Wood. Con. Icon. f. . . . .211

57. Turbo lu^ubris, Kiener. (— porphyritcs.) (.'oq. Viv. t.

28, f. 3, . . . 215

58. Turbo porphyrites, Martyn. Ibid. t. 28, f. 2, .

59. Turbo coronatus, Gmel. Con. Icon. f. 22, . . . 216

60. Turbo creniferus. Kn. (— coronatus.) Coq. Viv. t. 34, f.

3, 217

61. Turbo coronatus, var. Ibid. t. 40, f. 4, . . . .216

62. 63. Turbo cidaris, Gmel. Ibid. t. 5, f. 2, . . . 214

64. Turin) stcnoo-ynis, Fischer. Ibid. t. 41, f. 3, . . . 205

65. Turbo spenglerianus, Gmel. Ibid. t. 25, f. 1, . . . 20&

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 317

PLATE 51.
FIGURE. PAGE.

1. Astralium lon<rispina, Lam. Coq. Viv. t, 4, f. 1, . 221

2. Astniliuin lonirispimi, Lam. Specimen, .... 221

3. Astralium lonirispiua. Lain, (juv.) Coq. Viv. t. 4, f. la, 221

4. 5. Astralium louirispina, var. costulosum. Ibid, t. 5, f. 2, 222

6. Astralium louirispiua, var. spiimlosum. Specimen, . . 222

7. Astralium louu'ispiua, var. costulosum. Coq. Viv. t. 5, f.

1, . . . . 222

8, 9. Astralium longispina, (A. orichalceum, Phil.) Conch.

Cal). t. 41 , f. 2, 222

10, 11. Astralium armatum, Phil. Ibid. t. 41, f. 1, . .222

PLATE 52.

12, 13. Astralium brevispina, Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 7, f. 2, . 222

14, 15. Astralium papillatum, P. ct. M. Ibid. t. 7«, f. 3, . 225

16, 17. Astralium papillatum, P. et. M. Galerie Moll. t. 30,

f. 10, 11, 225

18. 19. Astralium americanum, Gmel. Specimens, . . 224

20. Astralium americanum, Gmel. Con. Icon. f. 31, . . 224

21, 22. A,tralium babelis, Fischer. Coq. Yiv. t. 78, f. 2, . 238
23, 24. Leptothvra transenna, Watson. Challenger, Kept, t,

6, f. 12, 262

25, 2(J. Astralium licuicum, Watson. Ibid. t. (5, f. 11, . . 235
27, '>(). Asti'alium calcar, L. var. aculeatuin. Coq. Viv. t. 23,

f. 1, 232

2*, 31. Astralium calcar, var. helicimim. Ibid. t. 23, f. 3, . 232
2!). Astralium calcar, var. aculeatum. Con. Icon. f. 52c. . 2-')2

PLATE 53.

32. Astralium calcar, var. laciiiiatum, Old. Coq. Viv. t. 79,

f. 3, ' . . . 232

-}•}. Astralium calcar, var. laciniatum, Gkl. Wilkes Exped.

Moll. t. 12, f. 204, 232

34, 3«J. Astralium uno'uis, Wood. Couch. Cab. t. 46, f. 2, . 242

•°>5. Astralium uuiruis, Wood. ("/on. Icon. f. 50, . . . 242

37. Astralium buscbi, Phil. Ibid. f. 42 241

\<iralitim buschi, Phil. Coq. Viv. t. 14, f. 2, . . 241

40. Astralium olivaceus, Wood. Ibid. t. 13, f. 2, . . 241

Astralium tentoriiforme, Jonas. Couch. Cab. t. 32, f. 4, . 240

42. Astralium teiitoriiibrme, Jonas. Con. Icon. f. 43, . . 240

43, 44. Astralium guadaloupense, Crosse. Jour, de Conch.

1865, t. 1, f. 10, 11, 226

45. Astralium guadaloupense, Crosse. Specimen, . . 226

PLATE 54.

46. Astralium fimbriatum, Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 32, f. 2a. . 239

47. Astralium fimbriatun, Lam. Delessert, Kecuel. etc. t. 34,

f. 6b, . 239

318 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

48, 49. Astralium fimbriatum, Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 32, f. 2, . 239
50, 51. Astralium fimbriatum, Lam. Ibid. t. 32, f. 3, . . 239

52. Astralium fimbriatum, var. squamiferum. Specimen, . 240

53, 54. Astralium fimbriatum, var. pileolum. Coq. Viv. t.

32, f. 1, 239

55. Astralium rotularium, Lam. Con. Icon. f. 48, . . 238

56. Astralium confragosum, Gld. Wilkes Exped, t. 12, f.

202, . . 234

57. 58. Astralium hsematragus. Coq. Viv. t. 78, f. 1, . . 236
59, 60. Astralinm plicatospmosum, Pilsbry. Specimen, . 235

61. Leptothyra purpurata, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 9, f. 11, 25.1

62. Leptothyra cicer, Menke. Conch. Cab. t, 29, f. 24, . 254

63. Astralium modestum, Rve. Coq. Viv. t. 109, f. 1, . 229

64. Astralium modestum, live. Ibid, t, 76, f. 1, . . . 229

65. Astralium modestum, var. girgyllus. Con. Icon. f. 53, 230

66. Astralium cheinnitzii, (= stellare.) Moll. Voy. Venus,

t. 2, bis, f. la, .233

67. Astralium stellare, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. 3, f. 2, . . 232

68. Astralium stellare, Gmel. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 61, f. 5, . '232

69. Astralium asterisous, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 44, . . . 233

70. Astralium imbricatum, Gmel. Ibid. f. 37, . . . 226

71. 72. Leptothyra amussitata, Gld. Specimen, . . . 250

73. Turbo propinquus, Hupe (== elevatus Soul.) Hist. Chili,

t. 45, f. 6, . 219

PLATE 56.

74. Astralium calcar. L. var. Specimen, .... 231

75. 76. Astralium calcar, var. planorbis. Specimen, . . 232

77. Astralium cubanum, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 40, f. 5, . 225

78. Astralium cubanum, Phil. Coq. Viv. t. 30, f. 2, . 225

79. 80. Astralium tuber, L. Ibid. t. 35, f. 1, ... 223

81. Turbo cidaris. Ibid. t. 35, f. 1, 214

82. Turbo gruneri, Phil. (= circularis Rve.) Conch. Cab. t.

12, f. 7, 214

83. Turbo natalensis, Krauss. Coq. Viv. t. 42, f. 5, . . 218

84. Turbo natalensis, Krauss. Con. Icon. t. 1, f. 1, . . 218

85. Astralium rugosum, L. Coq. Viv. t. 15, f. 1, . . 229
87. Astralium heliotropium, Marty n. Con. Icon. f. 30, . 228

PLATE 57.

45, 46. Astralium coelatum, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. 23, f. 1, . 224

48, 49. Astralium olfersi, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 22, f. 1, . 220

47. Astralium olfersi Phil. Coq. Viv. t. 77, f. 1, . . . 226

50. Turbo saxosum, Wood. Con. Icon. f. 14a, . . .211

51, 52. Astralium imequale, Martyn. Coq. Viv. t. 14, f. 1, . 244
53. Leptothyra munda, A. Ad. P. Z. S. 1873, t. 23, f. 6, . 261

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 319

FIGURE. PAGE.

f>4, •")•"). Leptothyra roseopunctata, Ansras. Ibid. 1880, t. 40,

f. 8, 258

56, 57. Leptothyra euimingbami, Smith. Ibid. t. 4, f. 10, . 249
T>s. Leptothyra sanguinea, Folin, (— folini.) Fonds do la

Mer., t. 9, f. 11, . . 252

f)9. Leptothyra graDulosa, Pse. Am. Jour. Conch, iv, t. 11,

f. 4, 259

00. Leptothyra maculosa, Pse. Ibid, iv, t. 11, f. 1, . . 256

PLATE 58.

51. Leptothyra marginata, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 57, . .248
r>± Leptothyra marginata, Eve. Thes. Conch, f. 94, . . 248
52«, Leptothyra seiiiilu^ubris, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 9,

f. 9, 2.",2

53, 54. Leptothyra californicus, Phil. Conch. Cab. 1. 16, f. 3, 260
55, 56. Leptothyra nanina, Souverbie. Jour, de Conch. 1875,

t. 13, f. 9, .259

57, 58. Leptothyra filifer, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 8, f. 12,

13, .'.... 254

59. Leptothyra pilula, Dkr. Specimen, .... 258
00. Leptothyra eroopolitanus. Savigny, Desc. Egypte, t. 5, f.

'27, 201

61. Leptothyra arsinoensis. Ibid. t. 5, f. 28, . . . 261

02. Leptothyra murreus, Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 54, . . 264

03. Astralium japonicum, Dkr. Coq. Viv. t. 36, f. la, . 243

04. Astralium japonicum, Dkr. Con. Icon. f. 23, . . 243
65, 00. Astralium heimburgi, Dkr. Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. t. 6,

f. r,, 7, . . _. 238

67, 08. Astralium trinmphans, Phil. Coq. Viv. t. 9, f. 2, . 228

01). Astralium undosum, Wood. Ibid. t. 12, f. 1, . . .243

70. Astralium undosum, Wood, (juv.) Specimen, . . 243

PLATE 59. (OPERCULA.).

1, 2. Turbo argyrostomus, L. Specimen, .... 197

3. Turbo smaragdus, Martyn. Specimen, .... 217

4. Turbo dirystomus, L. Specimen 200

">, 0. Astralium heliotropium, Mart. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 01,

f. 3, 4, . . . .f . . . . . .228

7. Turl)o argyrostomus, L. (juv.) Specimen, . . . 197

8. Turbo castaneus, Gmel. Specimen, .... 208
10. Turbo lajoukairii, Desh. Specimen, . . . . 199
13, 12. Turbo foliaceus, Phil. Voy. Astrol. et Zelee, t. 14, f.

:'><;, 37, . . . ' . . . .;•-.., . .201

13, 14. Turbo sarmaticus, L. Specimen 218

15, 10. Turbo stamineus, Mart. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 00, f. 17,

18, . . . .212

17. Astralium uuguis, Wood. Specimen, .... 242
18-20. Astralium undosum, Wood. Specimen, . . . 243-

320 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

21. Turbo marmoratus, L. Coq. Viv. t. 1, . . . . 191

22, 23. Astraliuin olfersii, Trosehel. Ibid. t. 77, f. 1. la, . 226
24, 25. Astraliuin olivaceum, Wood. Specimen, . . . 241

26. Astraliuin sulcatum, Mart. Specimen, .... 242

27. Astraliuin buschii, Phil. Specimen, .... 241

28. Astralium tentoriiforme, (see pi. 60, f. 46.) Specimen.

29. Turbo fiuctuosus, Wood. Specimen, .... 210

30. 31. Turbo saxosus, Wood. Specimen, . . . .211

32. Turbo crassus, Wood. Specimen, ..... 194

PLATE 60. (OPERCULA AND RADULJE.)

33. Turbo cornutus, Gmel. Specimen, .....

34. Turbo cornutus, Gmel. (juv.) Specimen,

35. Turbo spenglerianus, Gmel. Specimen, ....

36. 37. Turbo radiatus, Gmel. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 60, f. 4, 5,

38. Turbo tumidulus, Rve. Specimen,

39, 40. Astralium rugosum, L. Specimen, ....

41. Turbo petholatus, L. Specimen, ...

42, 43. Astralium tuber, L. Specimen, ....

44. Astralium coelatum, Gmel. Specimen, ....

45. Astralium americanum, Gmel. Specimen,

46. Astralium tentoriiforme, Jonas. Specimen,

47. Turbo ticaonicus, Rve. Specimen,

48. Astralium cubanum, Phil. Specimen, ....

49. Turbo porphyrites, Martyn. Specimen, ....

50. Astralium phcatospinosum, Pilsbrv, ....

51. 52. Leptothyra amnssitata, Gld. Specimen, .

53. Turbo h'losus, Ivn. Specimen, .....

54, 55. Leptothyra sanguinea, L. Specimen,

56. Leptothyra transenna, Watson. Chellenger, Rept.

57, 58. Astralium longispina, Lam. Specimen, .

59. Astralium henicurn, Watson. Challenger Rept. t. f. lie, 2.'!5

60. Astralium triumphans, Phil. Ads. Gen. Rec. Moll, t. 44, 228

61. Collonia maririnata, Lam. (shell and operculum.) Desh.

Coq. Foss. t. 23, f. 18, 20, . . . . ' . . 246

62. Collonia maririnata, Lam. Woodwards' Manual, t. 10, f.

15, 246

63. Leptothyra picta, Pse. Am. Jour. Conch, t. 11, f. 3,

64. Astralium chemnitzi, Val. Voy. Venus t. 2 bis, f. 1,

65. Leptothyra heta, Montr. Specimen, ....

66. Leptothyra carpenteri, Pilsbry. Specimen,

67. Astralium stellare, Gmel. Astrolabe, t. 61, f. 6, 7,

68. 68a, Astralium insequale, Martyn. Specimen,

69. Tricolia fordiana, Pilsbry (jaws.) Specimen,

70. Orthomesus virgo, Annas, (central, 1st lateral, and 1st,

2d and 3d marginal teeth.) Specimen, . . . 163

71. Lithopoma americanum Gmel. (central tooth.) Specimen, 186

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 321

riGURK. ^ PAGE.

72. Tricolia speciosa, Miihlf. (central, 1st lateral, 1st, 2d and

3d marginal teeth.) Specimen, 163

73. Leptothyra carpenteri, Pilsbry. (central, 1st lateral, 6th,

7th, 8th, llth and 12th marginal teeth.) Specimen. . 188

PLATE 61. (RADUL^E.)

1. Phasianella australis, Gmel. Troschel, Das Gebiss der

Schnecken ii, t. 18, f. 9, 162

2. Tricolia pulla, L. Ibid. t. 18, f. 10, . . . . 163

3. 4. Orthomesus lineolata, Lam. Ibid. t. 18, f. 15, . . 163

5. Turbo argyrostomus, L. Ibid. t. 19, f. 4, . . . 185

6. Turbo radiatus, Gm. Ibid. t. 19, f. 7a, 185

7. Sarmaticus sarmaticus, L. Ibid. t. 19, f. 14, . .186

8. Lithopoma tuber, Gmel. Ibid. t. 20, f. 13, . . . 186

9. Prisogaster niger, Gray. Ibid. t. 20, f. 6, . . . 186

10. Marmorostoma porphyrites, Grnel. Ibid. t. 20, f. 1, . 185

11. Pomaulax undosum, Wood. Specimen. . . . 187

12. Astralium spinulosum, Lam. Specimen, . . . 186

13. Bolma rugosa, L. Specimen, ...... 186

14. Cyclocantha plicatospinosa, Pilsbry. Specimen, . . 187

15. Leptothyra sangarensis, Shrenck. Specimen, . . 188

PLATE 62.

1. Turbo radiatus, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. 20, f. 1, . . . 200

2. Turbo histrio, Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 32, . . .201
3-5. Leptothyra exilis, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 15, f. 6, . . 257

6. Turbo filosus, Kn. Specimen, 205

7. Turbo intercostalis. Specimen, ..... 201

8. Turbo irnperialis. Coq. Viv. t. 3, f. 1, . . . .192

9. Turbo turbinopsis, Lam. Ibid. t. 42, f. 4, . . . 199
10-12. Leptothyra globula, Phil. Specimen, . . . 262

13. Turbo smaragdus, Martyn. (Jon. Icon. f. 13, . . .217

14. Turbo speciosus, Rve. Ibid. f. 35, 201

PLATE 63.

15. 16. Astralium semicostatum, Kn. Coq. Viv. t. 38, f. 1, . 237
17, 18. Astralium semicostatum, Kn. Specimens, . . 237

19. Turbo semicostatus, Pse. Thes. Conch, t. 14, f. 199, . 206

20. Turbo corallinus, Rve. (— Leptothyra sangarensis.) Con.

Icon. f. 56, 250

21. 22. Astralium latispina, Phil. Coq. Viv. t. 31, f. 1, . 223
23, 24. Leptothyra albida, Ball. Specimen, . . . 253
25, 26. Turbo exquisilus, Angas. P. Z. S. 1877, t. 26, f. 18, 207

27. Leptothyra pancicostata, Dall. Am. Jour. Conch. 18^2,

t. 15, f. 10, 248

28. Astralium aculeatum, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 62, .

29. 30. Leptothyra laeta, Montr. Jour, de Conch. 1863, t.

12, f. 2, 258

21

322 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGF.

31. Astralium taylorianum, Smith. P. Z. S. 1880, t. 48, f. 9, 24-!

32. Turbo setosus, Gniel. Coq. Viv. t. . . . . 19.*

33. Turbo setosus, var. patulus, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 17, f. 5, 195

34. Leptothyra peloritana, Cantraine. Mai. Med. t. 6, f. 23, '2~)°2

35. Leptothyra carinata, Cantraine. Ibid. t. 6, f. 22, . . 252

36. Leptothyra induta, Watson. Challenger. Kept. t. 6, f. 1,

a, b, c. . . 252

37. Astralium nobilis, Gray. Voy. H. M. S. Fly, t. 2, f. 7, . 238

38. Astralium prevosti, Sowb. Thes. Conch, t. 12, f. 134, . 23c

39. Turbo guttatus, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 7, f. 68, ... 213

40. Leptothyra Candida, Pse. Ibid. t. 13, f. 162, . . . 256

PLATE 64.

40-43. Phasianella deaniana, Pilsbry. Specimens, . . 169
44, 46. Astralium hexagonum, Phil. Conch Cab. t. 22, f. 6, 237
47, 48. Leptothyra fluctuosa, Huttoii. Specimens. . . 25!-)

49. Astralium lapillus, Eve. Con. Icon. f. 65,

50, 51. Astralium rotularium, Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 12, f. 2. . 23fc

52. Astralium aureum, Jonas. Ibid. t. 104, f. 3, . . . 240

53, 54. Astralium aureum, Jonas. Con. Icon. f. 58, 59, . 24C

55. Astralium sulcatum, Martyn. Coq. Viv. . . . 242

56. Leptothyra globula, Phil. " Conch. Cab. t. 35, f. 3, . . 262

57. 58. Astralium tuberosum, Phil. Ibid. t. 22, f. 2, . . 227

59. Leptothyra sangarensis, Schrenck. Specimen, . . 25(,

60, 61. Leptothyra sanguinea, Linn. Specimen, . . . 24!
62, 63. Astralium plicatulum, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 32, f. 5, 227
64—66. Astralium petrosum, Martyn. Specimen, . . . 234

PLATE 65.

6. Delphi nula imperalis, Rve. (= melanacantha.) Con. Icon.

f. Ib, 26£

7. DelphinuladistortaKn. (— melanacantha Rve.) Coq. Viv.

t. 2, f. 2 . 26l

8. Delphinula rugosa, Kn. (= distorta Lam.) Ibid. t. 3, f.

4a, 26£

9. Delphinula formosa, Rve. (= laciniata.) Conch. Cab. t.

1, f. 6, 267

10. Delphinula (?) nitida, Verrill and Smith. Trans. Conn.

Acad. vi, t. 44, f. 21, 26£

11. Delphinula formosa, Rve. (= laciniata.) Con. Icon. f. 26, 267

PLATE 66.

12. 13. Delphinula tyria, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 6, . . 26£

14. Delphinula aculeata, Rve. (= laciniata.) Ibid. f. 3, . 267

15. Delphinula atrata, Rve. Ibid f. 4,

16. Delphinula incisa, Rve. (— laciniata.) Ibid. f. 5, . 267

17. Delphinula euracantha, (= laciniata var.) Thes. Conch.

t. 477, f. 8, 267

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 323

FIGURK. PAGE.

18. Delphinula nodosa, Rve. (= laciniata.) Con. Icon. f.

8, 267

1<>. Delphinula martinii, A. Ad. P. Z. S. 1854, t. 27, f. 8, . 268

PLATE 67.

1. Delphinula laciniata, Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 1, f. 1, . . 266

2 Delphinula laciniata, Lam. Con. Icon. f. 9«, . . . 266

3. Delphinula, formosa, Rve. Ibid. f. 2, . . . . 267

4. Delphinula aculeata, var. /?. Rve. (— laciuiata.) Ibid.f.

36, 267

5. Delphinula sphserula, Kiener. Coq. Viv. t. 3, f. 3, . 268

PLATE 68.

6-8. Angarina lesourdi, Wright. Jour, de Conch. 1898, t.

3, f. 1 269

9-11. Neritina nordquisti, Westrl. Vega Exped. t. 5, f.

24, . . 270

12, 13. Delphinula distorta, Lam. Specimen . . . 268
14—19. Leptothyra roseocincta, Martens. Mobius Reise n.

Mauritius, t. 20, f. 22-25 251

20, Delphinula sphserula, Kiener. Spec. Delphinula, t. 5, f. 3, 268

PLATE 69.

21, Turbo magnificus, Jonas. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 14, f. 1, 192

22, 23. Turbo heterocheilus, Pilsbry. Specimen, . . 209

24. Leptothyra purpurascens, Dkr. Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. t.

12, f. 2, 251

25. Leptothyra marmoreus, Pse. Thes. Conch, t. B. f. 171, . 263

26. Leptothyra rubra, Dkr. Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. t. 12, f. 9, 251
'27. Turbo tursicus, Reeve. Zool. H. M. S. ' Alert ' t. 44, f. u, 230

28. Turbo militaris, Reeve. Thes. Conch, t. vii, f. 64, . . 271

29, 30. Turbo gestroi, Caramagna. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. xiii,

t. 8, f. 10, 262

31. Turbo militaris, Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 40, ... 271

32, 33. Turbo niger, Gray, (operculum.) Specimen, . . 219
35. Leptothyra picta, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch. 1868, t. 11,

f. 2, ..... . . 256

TURBIN1D/E.

PLATE 46

18

TURBINID^E.

PLATE 47

TURBINID^E.

PLATE 48

TURBINID>E.

PLATE 49

TURBINID^.

PLATE 5O

TURBINID>E.

PLJ^TE 51

.n

PLATE 52

TURBINID>E,

PLATE 53

37

TURBINID^E.

PLATE 54

TURBINID^E.

PLATE 55

TURBINID^E,

PLATE 56

SO

TURBINID>E.

PLATE 57

TURBINID^E,

PLATE 58

70

TURBINID^E.

PLATE 59

TURBINIDyG,

PLATE 6O

*

H.R etHoss.de/.

PLATE 61

11

14-

TURBINID>E,

PLATE 62

TURBINID^E,

PLATE 63

37

TURBINID^E,

PLATE 64

DELPHINULA,

PLATE 65

PLATE 66

19

DELPHINULA.

PLATE 67

V U

DELPHINULA.

PLATE 68

20

TURBINIDvE,

PLATE 69

28

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